Letters æsthetic, social, and moral, written from Europe, Egypt, and Palestine

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PROFESSOR OP MENTAL, TEHOSQEHT Zc.lN BOWDQM

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Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1855.

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PREFACE.

I have assented to the wishes of a few friends, and al-
lowed this small edition of four hundred copies of these
letters to be published. I have no personal preferences to
gratify, either in publishing or withholding. But I cannot
at present persuade myself, that they would be likely to
possess any special interest beyond a very limited circle.

The letters will, for the most part, explain their own his-
tory. It will not be necessary, therefore, to go into de-
tails here. I should do injustice, however, to my feelings,
if I did not refer in a few words to my fellow-travellers,
Rev. Mr. Thompson, and Mr. and Mrs. Walcott. Mr.
Thompson is the pastor of the Tabernacle church in New
York. I had previously known him in America ; and it
was with pleasure I met him in London. Mr. Thompson
is the Editor of' the popular and able religious paper, the

Independent ; and is the author of a number of valuable
1#

0 PREFACE.

works. Since his return from his travels, he has published
an interesting and well written volume on Egypt. With-
out saying anything of its high literary merits, I can ven-
ture, from having been with him in all the places which he
visited in that country, to bear testimony to the strict ac-
curacy of its details. It was chiefly through his encourage-
ment and aid, that I was enabled to pursue my journey.

Mr. Walcott, whom I also met in London, is the
founder and owner of a large manufacturing establish-
ment near Utica, N. Y., known as the " New York Mills."
Around this establishment there has grown up a large
and beautiful village. The operatives, many of whom are
from foreign countries, experience from Mr. W. a friendly
and judicious interest in their welfare, which more than
satisfies all their reasonable expectations ; and he has thus
laid the foundation of a sincere and permanent friendship.
The public and joyous reception, which his operatives and
others gave him on his return from his long travels, was an
evidence both of their strong attachment, and of the per-
sonal virtues which have given rise to it. In these feel-
ings Mrs. Walcott, who was also the much respected and
valued companion of our travels, is a full sharer. I could
say much of the kindness which I received from these high-
ly esteemed friends, but am restrained from feelings of deli-
cacy ; and will only add my earnest desire, that they may
long experience in their own persons the happiness which
they have been the means of communicating to others.

PREFACE.

Nearly all the letters were first published, as they were
Written, in the Congregationalist, a well known and able
religious newspaper issued at Boston. And I wish here to
express my obligations to its editors and publishers, for the
kindness I have received from them. As to the letters
themselves, it will be enough perhaps to say here that they
were written for the most part in ill health and under un-
favorable circumstances. If they have any merits, which
must be left to others to decide, they are certainly not free
from imperfections. And this will be some excuse for lim-
iting their circulation. With these few words I leave them
in the hands of those, whose kindness, I am confident, will
go far in disarming criticism.

Thomas C. Upham.
Brunswick, Maine,

March 24, 1855.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Letter from the Ocean 13 19

Letters from England 19 — 133

Letters from France 133 — 161-

Letters from Savoy and Italy 162 — 253

Letters from Egypt 253—330

Letters from the desert of Sinai and Gaza 331 — 412

Letters from Palestine • . 412 — 564

On the religious uses of travel 564 — 585

hp rn ti t

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LETTERS

ESTHETIC, SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

(I-)

New York bay — The steamship — Remarks on the character of the
passengers — The merchant from Buenos Ayres — The lady from
Missouri — Relation of woman to home — Lines to my wife.

AT SEA, STEAMSHIP ARCTIC, SEPT. 25, 1852.

We sailed from New York for Liverpool on Sat-
urday, the 18th of September, in the steamship Arctic,
Captain Luce commander. The day was bright and
beautiful. As the majestic steamer sailed down the
broad and noble Hudson, a magnificent scene presen-
ted itself. The wide expanse of water which opened
to view, the hills and woods of Hoboken, the ship-
ping and the spires of Jersey City, the Battery and
Castle Garden, the mighty throng of masts in the
East River, the splendid residences and churches of
Brooklyn, the frowning fortifications, the boats pass-
ing and repassing amid the shipping that floated lazily
in the river and in the New York bay, formed a group
of unsurpassed beauty and magnificence. In a few
hours we crossed the bay of New York, passed
through the Narrows, and were moving swiftly over
the broad ocean.
2

14 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

i

The introduction of the steamship, in itself and in
its relations, constitutes an event of no small moment
in the history of man. It is not only an indication of
the progress of the arts and of the extension of com-
merce, but of the advancement of civilization. Those
who first discovered the uses and applications of
steam, and those who by their expanded thought and
generous efforts have secured its highest practical re-
sults, have deserved and won the gratitude of men.
Why should not the names of Collins and of Cunard,
in their appropriate place and degree, be associated
on the pages of history with the memorable name of
Fulton ?

Every thing which exists or takes place not only
has its history but its teachings, but the lesson which
it reveals will be differently read and interpreted by
different minds. The steamship carries not merely
merchandise, but men ; a congregation, or if you pre-
fer it, a cargo of human hearts, each of which has
strong and often tender ties, reaching in every direc-
tion. Other persons will read different lessons on
board the steamship, as it thus carries forth its pre-
cious load of immortal beings ; but that which I read
first and with very deep interest was the great lesson
on social humanity- The great problems of sociality
— its foundation, its infinitely varied ties, its mighty
strength — were forcibly illustrated by the occurrences
which presented themselves.

On the very afternoon of our departure, as I was
walking alone on the deck, I encountered a gentleman,
whose manners and intelligent countenance arrested
my attention. We entered into conversation. Ask-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 15

ing me of what country I was, I told him I was an
American ; and in reply to the same interrogation put
to himself, he said he was a Dane. Pleased to find
one who was ready to converse and to yield him his
confidence, he sat down with me and told me his his-
tory. He left his native country at an early period,
and for more than twenty years had been a merchant
in Buenos Ayres. He gave me the history of Rosas,
whose remarkable but bloody administration of that
country is so well known. He knew him well, and
expected to meet him in England. But, said he, I
am going home ; back to my native land, back to the
enjoyment of early ties and early associations. My
mother still lives. I have closed my commercial re-
lations in Buenos Ayres. Having business in the
United States, and wishing to see the people of a
nation so remarkable, I came this way ; but I have
sent my wife and children to the place of our future
residence, by another and more direct route. After a
life of toil and exposure, I wish to spend the remain-
der of my days in peace, in the bosom of my family.
He then took from his pocket a beautiful daguerreo-
type of his wife, and another of his three children,
two beautiful daughters and his little boy, whom the
artist had placed between them, and showed them to
me ; and we gazed upon them together. And I could
not help saying to myself, as I saw the strong emo-
tions working in his countenance, How sacred are the
relations of family ! How strong and wonderful are
those ties, which God has implanted in our nature !

But this was only one of many similar instances
wliich came under my notice. Strangers on board an

16 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

Atlantic steamer, and standing in need of each other's
aid and sympathy, soon get acquainted. A lady was
pointed out to my notice, who had come from the
State of Missouri. Her story, as I understood it,
partly from her own lips, was this. Her husband was
a military man, and some years since, in some of the
revolutionary movements in Germany, held the rank
of captain. Experiencing reverses, they had fled to
America, and established themselves on a farm in
Missouri. Even now it would be dangerous for her
husband to return ; and hence she was travelling with
her three little children, unattended and unprotected
by their father, on this long journey of four thousand
miles, that she might see once more in her native land
the face of her parents and brothers.

The mighty principle of family love, stronger per-
haps than any other in our nature, operates in a great
variety of directions. Sometimes, in consequence of
the variety of its objects, it becomes antagonistical to
itself, and has the effect to separate very near friends,
and to lead the objects of it into distant lands. On
board of our vessel was an American lady, estimable
for every virtue, who was leaving her native land and
its many pleasant associations and joys, in order to
take up a permanent residence in Scotland. I had
known her in our own country ; had been well ac-
quainted with her parents while they lived, and her
brothers and sisters, who are still living ; and could not
therefore be ignorant, how much she suffered, and how
much she sacrificed in fulfilling her purpose. I asked
her one day why she did not take a different course,
and permit her husband to go abroad, and transact his

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 17

business without her. Her answer, disinterested as it
was beautiful, was, that undoubtedly her husband
would consent to such a course, but that she could
not bear to see him spend his life in labor without
the consolations of a home. In this generous answer
I recognized the expression of a great truth, which
seems to me to have a close connection with man's
happiness. It is, that man without woman has not,
and cannot have a home. He may fyave a place, a lo-
cality, a country perhaps ; but a home, the resting-place
of hopes and desires, the locality of the heart's sacred
affections, he has not and cannot have, without wo-
man.

And on such a subject could I not speak from my
own experience ? Could I be insensible, as I thus
left my native land, to the ties which bound me to
home and kindred ? "Without professing to be more
or less susceptible of affections than others, I am
obliged to say, that my heart involuntarily turned to
a beloved object in a distant place. Faithful in its
homage to its unchanging attachments, it thought of
one, who thought of me. I gave expression to my
feelings ; but how inadequate is language to embody
and give substance to cherished remembrances and
affections !

The wind has heaved the billow's breast ;

The ship is rocking on the sea ;
And time and tide, that never rest,

Have brought the destined hour to me.

2*

18 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

I leave thee, Mary ! Oh, how dear, —
None but thyself can ever know.

Hide from my heart that scalding tear.
Unfold thine arms, and let me go.

Oft on the dark and raging sea,

Or when in distant lands I roam ;

My aching heart shall think of thee,

Think of our dear and cherished home .

Oceans may roll between ; but never
Can rend our mutual souls apart.

Mountains may rise ; but cannot sever
The bond that binds us, heart to heart.

For lands and oceans have a place,

And lines and limits gird them round ;

But love is conqueror of space,

And lives a life, that knows no bound.

(ii.)

Captain of the Arctic — Man an eesthelic as well as social being — On
the sublimity of the ocean — Remarks on the subject of beauty
and sublimity — The moral effect of the ocean — Poetry.

LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND, SEPT. 30, 1852.

When I went on board the steamship, a friend
pointed out the commander, Captain L. As the com-
mander necessarily embodies in himself, to a consid-
erable extent, the destiny of the ship and of those who
sail in it, my attention was at once fastened upon the
man, who held, as it were, the bond of my life. My
judgment of him at that time was of course based
upon slight premises ; but I think it will be found

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 19

correct. He passed silently through the crowd, bow-
ing slightly but gracefully to those whom he knew.
His firm step indicated habits of command ; but with-
out any display. It was obvious to me, that he pos-
sesses a mind, which is conscious of no inconsidera-
ble resources, but which generally concentrates its ac-
tion within itself ; so that he develops what he really
is, not so much by words, as by occasions. Moderate
in stature, and quiet and unassuming in his general
deportment, still there is something in his keen black
eye and in his weatherbeaten and sunburnt counte-
nance, which indicates that he is abundantly equal
both to duty and danger. He may be relied upon as
a man, who in those emergencies which test men's
characters, will boldly and skillfully fulfill all that he
promises.

As we were about to start, I saw him move to an
elevated position above the wheel ; and it was inter-
esting to see, how quickly and completely the inward
thought or purpose alters the outward man. He stood
a few moments silent and thoughtful. He gave a
quick glance to every part of the ship. He cast his
eye over the multitude coming on board the ship,
among whom was the American ambassador to Eng-
land, who, if the captain may be said to embody the
ship, may be said with equal truth to embody in his
official person a nation's rights and a nation's honor.
He saw the husbands and the wives, the mothers and
the children entrusted to his care ; and his slender form,
as he gave the orders for our departure, seemed at once
to grow more erect and firm ; the muscles of his face
swelled ; his dark eye glowed with a new fire ; and

20 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

his whole person expanded and beautified itself by
the power of inward emotion.

I have often noticed this interesting phenomenon ;
and have come to the conclusion, if man or woman
wishes to realize the full power of personal beauty, it
must be by cherishing noble hopes and purposes ; by
having something to do and something to live for,
which is worthy of humanity ; and which by expand-
ing the capacities of the soul, gives expansion and
symmetry to the body which contains it.

In my last letter I gave the lesson which a voyage
on the ocean furnishes on the subject of our social na-
ture. But man is an (esthetic, as well as a social
being. That is to say, he is not only the subject of
those desires and sympathies which are the foundation
of his social nature and which bind him in various
ways to his fellow man, but is also the subject of
emotions; — those emotions which we experience in wit-
nessing the great objects and works of art and nature,
the emotions of beauty and sublimity. The ocean is
spoken of by aesthetic writers as a sublime object.
And it must be conceded, if sublimity can properly
be ascribed to any object whatever, it would be diffi-
cult to find one which has higher claims. I acknowl-
edge, that, in relation to this subject, I was desirous
to test my own feelings. I remarked to you that we
sailed on the eighteenth, which was Saturday ; and,
experiencing the common fate of those who are mak-
ing their first voyage, I was confined to my room by
sickness for some days. On the next Tuesday morn-
ing, when we were already far off on the broad Atlan-
tic, I went on deck ; and taking a position where I

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 21

should not be likely to be disturbed, I watched for a
long time the vast and wonderful scene before me.
There was nothing in sight as far as the eye could
reach, but the boundless waters, which were agitated
and tossed in every direction by a strong head wind.
My soul dilated and swelled with emotion.

The conception itself was vast — as if there open-
ed before me a window of eternity, in the reflection
and imaging of which I could behold the infinite of
the future ; or as if the mighty and boundless Divini-
ty himself had condescended to assume a form, which
corresponded in some degree to the infinite of his ex-
istence. And this enlarged and mighty conception
was followed by a correspondent intensity of feeling
in the emotional nature.

On only two occasions before, have I had the same
expansion and intensity of thought and feeling. Many
years ago I visited the celebrated mountain region in
the northern part of New Hampshire. I succeeded in
reaching the top of Mount "Washington, more than
six thousand feet above the level of the sea. It was
a clear, bright day of July. Not a cloud was upon
the sky. And standing on the small rocky platform,
which formed the summit of the mountain, I had be-
fore me, distinctly visible in every direction, a sixty
miles' circuit of thickly wooded and dark forest, not
on a plain, but thrown into every variety of moun-
tainous position, — a vast, boundless sea of mighty
wooded summits, standing side by side, and varying
in height from two thousand to four thousand feet.
The whole scene was on such a vast scale, that the
soul, laboring with thought and emotion, could scarce-

22

LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

ly endure it. The other occasion to which I refer was
more recent and different in character. It was a visit
to the falls of Niagara. The contemplation of that
immense cataract, that world of waters, apparently
broken loose and poured out from some higher and
unseen world, — a scene in nature so often described,
and yet never fully realized and understood except by
those who have witnessed it, — constitutes an era in a
man's life. He can never forget it ; and in natural
scenery he can never again see anything equal to it
or like it. The emotions which I experienced on these
two occasions, were similar in character, and at least
as intense in degree as those, which I now experien-
ced on viewing the vast and agitated ocean.

The development of mind, in connection with situa-
tion and action, and in all the various forms in which
it takes place, has been a somewhat favorite subject
with me. And as I write not merely for the purpose
of giving a momentary amusement, but also in the
hopes either of imparting some instruction to others
or of settling more fully some opinions of my own,
I will briefly express my views on some controverted
doctrines which have relation to the Sublime and
Beautiful.

And one obvious principle on this interesting sub-
ject is this ; — that the beautiful will be found, in all
cases, to be the basis of the grand and the sublime.
Take the sublime scenes, to which we have referred.
The tossing wave of the ocean, for instance, thrown
into every variety of position and flashing out in many
varieties of color as it rolls in the shade or the sun-
shine, is a beautiful object, and nothing more than

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 23

beautiful. But when the wave is expanded and rais-
ed to a great height by the wind, and when wave is
added to wave in the multiplications of infinity, it
then exhibits an aspect of grandeur or of sublimity.
And so in other cases. In a multitude of instances I
have endeavored to analyze the foundation of these
emotions. And I cannot doubt, that there must be
law, order, symmetry, beauty at the bottom ; otherwise
there can be nothing which is truly grand or sublime.
There is order and truth, there is harmony, although
it may perhaps be the violence of harmony, even in
the movements of an angry ocean.

A second remark, which I have to make in relation
to some of the controverted topics of aesthetics, is this.
The emotions which we are considering, have their
foundation in the immutable condition of things, in the
constitution and permanencies of nature, and therefore
may be spoken of as intrinsic and original ; and are
not as some valuable writers seem to suppose, the re-
sult of mere association. This opinion, which in my
own case is a very decided one, is founded on person-
al experience. Previously to the occasions which I
have mentioned, I had never ascended the summit of
Mount Washington, nor stood at the foot of the cata-
ract of Niagara. And in the experience of those strong
emotions, which then agitated my breast, what did I,
or could I owe to any previous association ? I agree
with Alison and Jeffries and other writers, to whom
I have alluded, that in many cases much may be as-
cribed to the associating principle. But association
does not and cannot explain all. It was far, very far,
from explaining the mighty revelations of thought and

24 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

feeling, which then crowded upon me. A voice, which
I had never heard or known before, came out from the
depths of nature, — an utterance which I was confident
was not fabricated out of any previous experience by
means of some associating process ; but deep, mighty,
as if God himself were speaking, it seemed to rush
from the immensity of its original hiding place, and
to sound from eternity to eternity.

A third remark, which I wish to make, is this.
I cannot agree with Mr. Burke and other writers who
think with him, that the true emotion of the sublime
is really heightened by conceptions of danger and by
feelings of dread. Upon this point also I have taken
every favorable opportunity to test my own feelings.
But I will mention only one here, which occurred up-
on this voyage, and which, therefore, is appropriate in
this letter. On Tuesday morning, the 28th of Sep-
tember, we came in sight of the coast of Ireland, which
arose in a clear sky and dazzling sunlight, fresh and
beautiful from the morning wave. Absorbed in the
historic associations, which are connected with this
celebrated " Isle of the ocean," the hours flew rapidly
by, as we passed in succession Cape Clear, the light
of Kinsale, the cove of Cork, the city of Waterford,
and other places on the coast. In the afternoon we
entered the mouth of the Irish or St. George's Chan-
nel, and were rapidly approaching the well known
point of land, called Holyhead, which is situated on
the English side of the channel. We were about
sixty-five miles distant from this place, and in a posi-
tion which is considered a dangerous one without the
aid of a pilot, when suddenly a very violent storm

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 25

commenced. The rain fell in torrents. The wind blew
from the north-east, a full gale, and directly ahead. The
sea rolled in terrible fury, in one vast sheet of foam.
The vast ship, with all the steam she could bear, made
but slow way, as the infuriated waves, rent asunder as
they came in terrible contact with the struggling Arc-
tic, rushed by on each side, foaming and roaring like
a two-fold cataract of Niagara. The storm continu-
ed ten hours ; and so violently agitated was the sea
that no pilot was able to approach the vessel the next
morning until ten o'clock.

At this time it may well be supposed, we had
around us and before us, above and beneath, all the
mingling elements, which are understood to furnish
occasion for the highest emotions of the sublime.
But the result was not such, (and I think it will never
be found to be such,) as the sesthetical theories on the
subject would lead us to anticipate. That the soul
was deeply agitated, is true. But the agitation was
not caused exclusively, nor chiefly, by the exercise of
a pure and unmixed emotion of sublimity. The si-
multaneous discharge of an hundred pieces of cannon
in itself considered, is sublime ; but it ceases to be
sublime, in the view of a person who is standing with-
in range of the balls, because the emotion of sublimi-
ty, instead of being increased, is perplexed, and would
be likely to be entirely annulled by the sentiment of
danger. And it will be so, in a greater or less degree,
in every similar case. It was so in the magnificent,
but terrific scene which I have attempted to describe.
If we had felt perfectly secure, the scene would have
been one of unparalled sublimity, but the sense of
3

26 LETTERS— -.ESTHETIC,

danger transferred the action of the mind from the
contemplation of the sublime object to the considera-
tion of our personal exposure.

The mistake of writers on the subject is, that they
confound things together, which are very unlike. The
emotion or rather the passion of fear, if carefully an-
alyzed, will be found to be very different from an
emotion of grandeur or sublimity. Both, it is true
may agitate the soul. But one does it in view of the
beauty and greatness of its object ; the other on ac-
count of its deformity and hatefulness, or because it
causes dread. In order to experience the highest pos-
sible emotion of sublimity, there may be an enlarge-
ment or intensity of the object to any extent what-
ever, but the object thus expanded and intense, must
merely occupy the soul with the corresponding ex-
pansion and intensity of feeling, without causing per-
sonal alarm or any thing else, which might perplex
the mind's attention.

I will only add one remark more. There is a voice
in the ocean, which addresses the moral, as well as
the emotional and aesthetic nature. In its vastness
and its agitations, it has a subduing and devotional
effect upon the mind, like that which one experiences
who dwells in the midst of the forests, and pointed
rocks, and solitary echoes of lofty mountains. It is
impossible to look upon it, especially when it is great-
ly agitated, without receiving the impression, that
there is somewhere in the universe of things, a
strength, a substantial greatness, which can have its
foundation and be fully realized only in God. And
this suggestion of strength in the Infinite is connect-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 27

ed with the idea, — never brought home so closely be-
fore,— of our own feebleness.

Oh God ! When tost upon the wave,
My heart instinctive turns to Thee,

Thou hast the power to smite or save,
The arbiter of destiny.

Though wide and wild this vast expanse,

It brings this solace of the soul, —
That 'tis not accident or chance,

Which makes these mighty billows roll.

'Tis God, who gives the high behest,

Which makes them fall or makes them rise ;

Which sinks the caverns in their breast,
Or sends them foaming to the skies.

He guards the sparrow on the shore ;

He rocks the sea-bird on the sea ;
And here, amid the billow's roar,

Will not my Father think of me ?

(in.)

Arrival at Liverpool — Appearance of the city — American ambassador
— Death of the duke of Wellington — Emigration to Australia
— American books and authors.

LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND, OCT. 4, 1852.

We reached Liverpool, "Wednesday, the 29th of
September, early in the afternoon. The city ascends
gradually from the water, and displays itself advan-
tageously ; although the first view gives but an im-
perfect idea of its great extent and wealth. The
crowded sails in the river Mersey and in the artificial

28 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

docks on the borders of the river, with the passing and
repassing of numerous boats in every direction, con-
firmed the reputation, which this city has long enjoy-
ed for commercial enterprise. In a short time we
went on shore. I felt, on stepping for the first time
on the soil of England, like the man, who returns after
many years' absence, to his father's home. The unity
of origin more than counterbalanced the difference of
nationality. I had come to my own people, — to the
land of my ancestors.

The growth of Liverpool has been very rapid. The
number of its inhabitants in the year 1700 was five
thousand. Its population is estimated at the present
time at 350.000. As I walked along its wharves and
among its crowded streets, everything indicated intel-
ligence, boldness of enterprise, and successful activity.
Liverpool is a place of commerce rather than of the
arts ; and has greater attractions for the merchant and
the man of business than for the scholar and the man
of artistic taste. It has, however, its valuable philan-
thropic and literary institutions ; and a number of well
constructed and even elegant public buildings. Among
these St. George's Hall and the Exchange are likely
to attract the particular attention of strangers. The
latter is a building of great size and beauty, well
adapted to the purposes of business and of the inter-
changes of commerce for which it was erected ; — and
may justly be regarded as one of the great centres of
the commercial intercourse of the world. In the area
of this building is an imposing naval monument,
erected in honor of Lord Nelson.

But I must recur a moment to some other topics,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 29

which may be better noticed here than elsewhere.
Perhaps I ought to say, that in my contemplated and
yet uncertain wanderings from place to place, I shall
endeavor to keep some record, so far as my health will
permit, not only of places and things and of the out-
ward man, but of the associations, emotions, and other
facts and operations of the human mind. And in say-
ing this, I do not mean to exclude my own mind. I
have already referred to the powerful effect upon my
feelings, produced by a view of the ocean soon after
leaving America. And I spoke of this experience as
throwing some light, as it seemed to me, on those
emotions of the sublime and beautiful, which in works
of art and taste are often denominated cesthetic emo-
tions. At another time, in the course of our voyage
across the Atlantic, I was personally the subject of
some mental experiences, which illustrated in a re-
markable manner the operations of the human mind
in another respect, namely, the workings of the asso-
ciating principle. To detail them distinctly would re-
quire a letter of some length ; but you shall have them
at some future time. I omit to give an account of
them now, through fear of forgetting or omitting some
incidents, which have given variety and interest to our
voyage.

I have already referred to the fact, that we had on
board, the American ambassador to England, Mr. In-
gersoll of Philadelphia. I had formed a slight ac-
quaintance with this truly excellent and distinguished
man many years ago ; and was happy to renew it at
this time. Every one found him easy of access, when
his health permitted him to be about the ship ; and
3*

30 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the day before our arrival in Liverpool, being called
upon for that purpose in an appropriate manner, he
made a chaste and graceful address in the presence of
the passengers and others, which was characterized by
kind and patriotic sentiments.

There is great significancy in the intercourse of na-
tions at the present time. It not only indicates the
progress of social and international humanity, but is
also an index of the intellectual character, and of the
political morality and honor of particular nations.
And I do not doubt that the American government,
in assigning this important embassy to Mr. Ingersoll,
has consulted its reputation and honor, as well as its
interests. The new American ambassador to the
Court of St. James, is not a mere political or party
man ; but a scholar in a high and commendable sense
of that term, — a man of wide information and culti-
vated literary taste. Nothing will be likely to come
from his pen, which will discredit the high place
which is already assigned to the diplomatic papers of
America.

Mr. Ingersoll was well received in Liverpool, but
being met there, even before leaving the Arctic, by
letters from Mr. Lawrence, his predecessor in the im-
portant office to wdiich he had been appointed, he
proceeded almost immediately to London.

Mr. Lawrence leaves this country with the respect
of Englishmen, and with the respect and gratitude of
American citizens. Nothing can be more unlike than
these two ambassadors. The personal appearance of
Mr. Ingersoll, though entirely good, is not of such a
marked kind as to attract attention, by distinguishing

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 31

him, either physically or in dress, from the common
mass of men. He is modest, and rather retiring in
his manners ; and everything about him indicates the
plainest republican citizen ; so much so that I am in-
clined to think his great merit must be sought before
it is known. He certainly will never proclaim it him-
self.

Mr. Lawrence is differently constituted in all re-
spects. He is not a man of a public or liberal edu-
cation ; and in matters of literature, of taste, and in
the knowledge of civil and political history, must
probably yield in place to his accomplished successor.
Mr. Lawrence, however, is a man of great natural in-
tellect, and of thorough practical knowledge on a
wide variety of subjects. He is a man, noble and
graceful in his person ; but his easy eloquence and
generous heart relieve it from the dignity of distance.
Mr. Lawrence has sometimes been characterized as
aristocratic ; — an epithet which is sometimes applied
hastily and improperly. If, however, by aristocracy be
merely meant wealth, it must be admitted, that he be-
longs to the class of those who possess great riches.
But it is equally well known, that his wealth has al-
ways been accessible for the poor man's benefit : and
no man, whether rich or poor, ever goes from his pres-
ence, without feeling that he has a sympathetic and
republican heart.

On our arrival at Liverpool three topics seemed at
that moment to be uppermost in the public mind, (in
addition to the anomalous and amazing movements
in France, which are laying the foundations of a new
dynasty and empire,) namely, the death and funeral

32 LETTERS — AESTHETIC,

obsequies, not yet determined upon, of the Duke of
Wellington, the emigration to Australia, and the dis-
closures, contained in that remarkable advent in Amer-
ican literature, entitled Uncle Tom's Cabin. Expect-
ing to be present at the opening of Parliament, and
to witness the funeral solemnities, which a grateful
nation proposes to enact in honor of a name, which
stands prominent and perhaps first in British military
history, I shall defer what I have to say upon this re-
markable man to some future occasion. The vast emi-
gration to Australia, which seems to be chiefly of Eng-
lishmen, at first strikes one as merely a commercial
incident, a new development of the courses of trade
and of the intercourse of men and nations ; but to the
eye of the reflecting and philosophical observer, it
carries with it the seeds of empires, and new and im-
portant destinies of the human race. The vast coun-
tries in that part of the world are destined to be oc-
cupied by the Anglo-Saxon race ; carrying with them
intelligence and the arts, the Protestant religion, and
the indomitable spirit of independence. At such a
distance they cannot remain long dependent upon a
predominant power, but will set up for themselves,
and fulfill the destiny which Providence has allotted
them.

You will perhaps be surprised to hear me intimate,
that the work of Mrs. Stowe, interesting and valuable
as it undoubtedly is, is one of the things which at the
present time occupies to a considerable extent the at-
tention of the British nation. It is not often that a
literary work, whatever its merits, produces what may
be called a national sensation. But such is the fact

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 33

in the present case. Partly owing to the nature of the
subject, and partly to the intrinsic merits of the work,
it is universally read, and it has been asserted on what
seemed to be good authority, that the popular writings
of Walter Scott and of Dickens have had at no time
a circulation so general and rapid as Uncle Tom's
Cabin. It is published by a multitude of booksellers
in all forms, and with all sorts and degrees of decora-
tions and prices, and is found in all book-stalls and
booksellers' shops.

The effect of this work upon the English mind
seems to be favorable. I do not know that it increas-
es the Englishman's hostility to slavery, which was
sufficiently decided and emphatic before. But it re-
veals to him the multiplied alliances and intricacies of
the system ; the impossibility of removing or re-adjust-
ing it without great wisdom and kindness ; and the
real benevolence of many slaveholders, who are ready
as christians and as patriots to do what they ought to
do, as soon as they can ascertain what it is. It also
opens to the English reader, by means of intimations
and statements in the latter part of the work, some
new light in another direction. The allusions to the
Liberian Republic discloses very clearly the tenden-
cies and anticipations, which exist at the present time
in the mind of the talented and benevolent authoress.
And they are not only understood, but they have their
effect here. The inquiry arises in thinking minds, Are
there not some designs of Providence, connected with
the history of the African race in America, which have
been as yet imperfectly appreciated among us ? ^ Is it
not possible, that the Supreme Being, in permitting

34 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

this race to be carried to America, has done it with
the design of giving them a knowledge of the Eng-
lish language, of modern arts and civilization, of free
political institutions, and especially of the Christian
religion, — in order that, in due time and under the
providence of God, they may carry back the arts, and
freedom, and Christianity to benighted and suffering
Africa ? And if such is the design of Providence, may
we not soon expect, by consultation and proper co-
operation of effort, to see Christian States and repub-
lics arising on the coast of Africa, which shall vie in
all that is great and good with the Christian States
of Europe and America?

If the effect of the work is to suggest such con-
siderations, and to subdue in some degree the bitter-
ness of feeling which unhappily has existed towards
the Southern States of our Republic, we must cer-
tainly regard it as favorable. But Mrs. Stowe's is not
the only American book which is read in England.
In many bookstores I have found works by American
authors ; and it was pleasant, in reading advertise-
ments and lists of publications at so great a distance
from my native land, to meet very frequently the fa-
miliar and popular names of Irving, Cooper, Webster,
Story, Longfellow, Abbott, Bryant, Hawthorne, and
others.

There, are other evidences of a public sentiment in-
creasingly favorable. The newspapers of England,
which seem to me to be conducted in general with
greater ability than our own, indicate the estimation
in which America is held. A larger space is given in
these papers to the commercial, political, and local

SOCIAL, AND MORAL* 35

news from the American States, than is given to the
events occurring in other foreign countries, unless
there is something very peculiar in their situation,
which is the case in France at the present time. On
the whole, it seems to me very obvious, even from the
limited opportunities of observation which I have al-
ready enjoyed, that England, laying aside the jealous-
ies which might naturally be expected, is preparing
with increased cordiality to open her heart and arms
to young America.

Before I left America, letters had reached me in my
retired and almost obscure residence, from a gentle-
man-of Liverpool, who had become acquainted with
some imperfect works which bear my name. He re-
ceived me at his house with the utmost cordiality and
kindness ; which confirmed the impression, to which
I have already alluded, that, in going to England, I
did not go among an unknown and foreign people.
His marked and unexpected kindness to one who had
never seen him before, left impressions upon my mind
which can never be effaced. I shall have occasion in
another place to refer again to this excellent and much
esteemed friend.

I have visited and spent a day at Manchester, which
is but a short distance from Liverpool by the railroad
conveyance. Of this busy and great city, so often
mentioned and so well known in the United. States,
I could have wished to say something ; — though it
would have been only the statement of an imperfect
and passing impression. But as I am just starting
for Oxford, it is possible that I may find something of
more interest for you there.

36 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

(IV.)

Arrival at Oxford — Story of the martyrs, Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer
— Place of their martyrdom — The martyr's memorial — Inscrip-
tion— Poetry.

OXFORD, ENGLAND, OCT. 7, 1852.

As I intimated in my last, I have found my way
to Oxford. I left Liverpool, 'after remaining there
and at Manchester a week, and arrived here yester-
day ; a distance, I should judge of at least an hundred
and fifty miles, through a well cultivated country, but
not so beautiful to my eye as New England. I must
say, however, that England, in all the attributes of
comfort, general prosperity, education, and morals,
exceeds my expectations. I have seen as yet but lit-
tle evidence of want and suffering ; not so much as I
have witnessed in New York, with the exception per-
haps of the city of Manchester, where there is a large
manufacturing population, many of whom undoubt-
edly suffer much.

In the religious department of my mind, if I may
so express it, Jerusalem, of all earthly localities, stands
first, and beyond all comparison. In the merely in-
tellectual or literary department, there are other dis-
tinguished names and places, which attract much of
thought and memory ; and among them Oxford stands
side by side with Rome and Athens. And here I am
in Oxford, — amidst walls and towers and colleges,
that carry me back a thousand years ; — and on the
banks of that Isis, flowing as beautiful as ever, which

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 37

was associated in my early reading, and recollections
with the Tiber and the Illissus. I will endeavor in a
few days, to give you some account of what is before
me.

Before proceeding to do this, I must do homage to
my own feelings, my sacred attachments to the doc-
trines and the cross of Christ, which remind me that
in Oxford, and near the place where I now am, the
celebrated martyrs, Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer, were
burnt at the stake. Their deeply interesting story had
been familiar to me from childhood ; but it naturally
assumed in my mind a new clearness and strength of
reality, when I found myself near the place where
they were tried and imprisoned, and at last put to
death. I had been in the city but a few hours when
I employed a person, who is acquainted with its in-
teresting localities, to guide me to the place. The
precise spot, where those justly renowned men and
christians perished in defence of the Protestant faith,
is in the northern part of the city, in Broad street, and
directly opposite to Balliol College, and is marked by
a stone cross of moderate dimensions 3 aid horizontal-
ly in the ground. At a little distance is a large me-
morial cross or monument, nearly eighty feet in height,
in which sculpture has combined its aid with archi-
tecture, to do honor to their memory. Repeatedly,
since I have been here, have I visited this sacred place,
and gazed with deep emotion upon the horizontal cross
which indicates, after the lapse of centuries, where the
flames were kindled, and where the martyrs died. And
I can assure you it has required but little effort of the
imagination, to see those venerable men chained to
4

38 LETTERS- — ^ESTHETIC,

the stake, to hear their last prayers, and to witness the
agonies of their fiery dissolution.

When a man is willing to die for his principles, I
feel that human nature is honored ; or rather that God
is honored, who inspires within him the inflexible
faith, the indomitable will, without which he would
not be enabled to endure such suffering. It is true,
that persons of different forms of faith have died as
martyrs. But what does that indicate but that there
is a principle beneath the form ; and that religion or
that principle which recognizes the God of the Bible
and has confidence in him, is essentially the same un-
der a variety of forms. These noble martyrs belong-
ed to a form of faith, different in some respects from
that in which I have been brought up ; but I do not
cherish and honor their memory the less on that ac-
count. And I cannot doubt, (saying nothing of mul-
titudes who sympathized fully in their personal reli-
gious relations and in the peculiar form of their be-
lief,) that their willingness to die that cruel death has
strengthened the faith, and given new impulse to the
piety, and encouraged the hopes of multitudes in other
communions.

On the lofty monument to which I have referred,
called the Martyr's Memorial, a sketch of which I
send you, on the north face of the basement story, is
the following inscription.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 39

TO THE GLORY OF GOD,

AND IN GRATEFUL COMMEMORATION OF HIS SERVANTS,

THOMAS CRANMER,

NICHOLAS RIDLEY,

HUGH LATIMER,

PRELATES OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND,

WHO, NEAR THIS SPOT,

YIELDED THEIR BODIES TO BE BURNED;

BEARING WITNESS

TO THE SACRED TRUTHS

WHICH THEY HAD AFFIRMED AND MAINTAINED

AGAINST THE ERRORS OF THE CHURCH OF ROME ;

AND REJOICING

THAT TO THEM IT WAS GIVEN

NOT ONLY TO BELIEVE IN CHRIST,

BUT ALSO TO SUFFER FOR HIS SAKE ;

THIS MONUMENT

WAS ERECTED BY PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION,

IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD

MDCCCXLI.

And now you will allow me to add a little testi-
monial of my own, which, without claiming any other
merit, certainly has that of being written upon the
spot, in deep sympathy with the events which occur-
red there, and by a stranger from a foreign land.

My feet have press' d the place of fire,
Where Oxford's holy martyrs died ;

Led by a just and high desire,
Not to deny the Crucified.

It was no strife for earthly fame,

No selfish contest for the wrong ;
But homage to a Saviour's name, *

Which made them true and made them strong.

'Twas here they stood beside the stake ;

In chains, but still in faith and love j
Willing, the cup of flame to take,

And find their recompense above.

40 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

And standing round their fiery cross,

They still had power to pray and praise j

And while their bodies burned like dross,
Their souls grew brighter in the blaze.

Oh life of love, that cannot die !

From earth by fire and faggot driven,
Angels shall welcome thee on high,

And thou shalt bless thy native heaven,

(v.)

General view of the city of Oxford — Visit to Magdalen College — Its
eminent men — Addison's walk — Character of his writings —
Botanic gardens — University College — Christ Church College.

OXFORD, ENGLAND, OCT. 9, 1852.

The city of Oxford, renowned for its historical and
literary associations, is situated near the junction of
the beautiful rivers, the Isis and the Cherwell. These
two rivers, which have their place in history and in
English song, particularly the classic Isis, unite to-
gether, after nearly insulating the city ; and flowing
on through Abingdon as far as Dochester, mingle their
waters with the still more celebrated Thames. As-
cending one of the eminences to the east of the city,
I had, in one sudden and wide view, before me, a
scene of remarkable beauty ; the fields and gardens,
limited and shut in with green hedges, and bearing
everywhere the marks of high cultivation ; the humble
but comfortable home of the laboring cottager; the
more splendid residence of the wealthy ; hills, valleys,
rivers, forests, intermingled, especially in the direction

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 41

and in the vicinity of the city, with spires, domes, and
towers, — the vast and venerable representatives of dif-
ferent ages and of different degrees of civilization. Af-
terwards, going up to the outer balustrade of the cele-
brated edifice, known as the Radcliffe Library, I ob-
tained another and nearer panoramic view of the city,
— its streets, squares, churches, monuments, halls,
bridges, colleges,— which, although the scene will
change continually in itself, will remain a picture in
my own mind, distinct as life and lasting as memory.

I have no hesitation in saying, limited as my ac-
quaintance in these things is, that Oxford may justly
be regarded as one of the most remarkable and most
interesting cities in Europe. "With more than twenty
thousand inhabitants, and carrying back its history a
thousand years, it is not without interest in its civil,
political, and historical relations. But to us, on the
other side of the Atlantic, it is known chiefly by its
University, and by the relations which it thus sustains,
through its justly celebrated schools of learning, to
English literature and intellectual culture generally.
It was her University which interested me most.

As you enter the city in the eastern direction, over
a bridge of beautiful architecture which crosses the
Cherwell, you first come in sight of Magdalen Col-
lege ; one of the noblest in the sisterhood of colleges
which constitutes the University of Oxford. Its large
and magnificent tower, an hundred and fifty feet in
height, and which dates back in its origin as far as
1492, attracts particular notice. At this point com-
mences the street, called the High Street, which is
distinguished by the number and remarkable charac-
^ 4*

42 LETTERS — ESTHETIC

ter of its public buildings. On the right of this street
the stranger enters the college, through a gateway in
the Gothic style, which is quite recent in its construc-
tion, and was erected from a design by Pugin. Over
the gate is a Latin inscription, indicating that the
founders and administrators of the college are willing
to recognize their dependence on a higher power,
which may be translated into English as follows : " He,
whose name is holy, hath done great things for me."
On entering the court and passing on to the interior,
the various parts of the Gothic gateway and of the
college building, including the chapel, present points
and objects, which arrest the attention and please the
eye of persons who are capable of appreciating the
beauties of architecture and sculpture ; — figures of the
Virgin and Child ; — figures in niches over the west
windows of the chapel, representing St. John the Bap-
tist, Edward IV., and others ; — stained windows, on
one of which is a representation of the last judg-
ment;— Corinthian pillars of great beauty, canopied
statues, and monuments of no small elegance. One
of these monuments enlists the notice of the visitor
from the circumstance that it is erected to the memory
of two brothers, members of the college, who were
drowned in the Cherwell, one in endeavoring to save
the other.

The library is ornamented with portraits and busts,
among which are the busts of Locke and Bacon —
and what is of more consequence, contains a large
and valuable collection of books. There is obviously
no want of the opportunities and means of mental
improvement. I entered a number of the rooms of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 43

the inmates and members of this college fraternity,
and found them, though dating far back in their origin,
sufficiently convenient and well adapted to purposes
of study. Among the men who pursued their studies
here, and whose names are familiar on both sides of
the Atlantic, were Cardinal Wolsey, Fox the martyr-
ologist, Collins the poet, Gibbon the historian, and
Addison.

The mention of Addison reminds me of the pic-
turesque grove, with its large old elms, which forms a
part of the college grounds, and particularly of the
beautiful walk near the banks of the Cherwell, known
as Addison's walk. This walk, which has been ele-
vated with much labor above the low and green
meadows around, is of considerable length, and is
shaded with lofty trees. And the tradition is, that
Addison, while connected with Magdalen College,
spent much of his time here ; and that it was here
that he either completed or planned many of his ad-
mirable writings. Addison has always been a favor-
ite with me. To his writings I was early directed as
models of style; and these soon became interesting
to me for other reasons. His merits were not always
understood at first ; but they become more and more
obvious on a close acquaintance. So perfect is his
mastery of the English language, that it is difficult to
alter his sentences, even in a slight degree, without
taking something from their simplicity or beauty.
Everything which he says is true to nature and in
excellent taste ; and is often heightened in its effect
upon the mind by its high moral tone or its sweet
quiet humor. Many have been the pleasant and

44 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

profitable hours which I have spent over his writings ;
and I can assure you it was with no small emotion
that I found myself treading on the place, which aid-
ed the contemplations, and contributed to the happi-
ness of this great and good man.

Opposite Magdalen College are the Botanic Gar-
dens ; occupying the place, which at some former pe-
riod, is said to have been used as a burying ground
by the Jews, many of whom dwelt here anciently. —
These beautiful gardens, auxiliary to study and im-
provent in a very important department of knowledge,
are worthy of the especial attention of travellers. They
may be visited without expense ; and the courteous
curator, who has the reputation of being a learned
and skillful botanist, is ready to give any information
which may be desired. It may not be out of place to
add, that they are entered through a handsome gate-
way, which, independently of its own beauty, natu-
rally attracted notice from the circumstance of its
being built from a design by the celebrated architect,
Inigo Jones.

On the opposite side of High Street, and very near
where I have found a quiet and comfortable residence
in the Angel Hotel, is another of the old and distin-
guished members of the great Oxford University ; the
college, founded in 1249, and which is known as the
University College. This college presents a front on
the street of two hundred and sixty feet. It is divi-
ded in its interior into two courts, and is entered by
two towered gateways. Trie chapel, which consti-
tutes a part of the college edifice, is an object of much
attraction. Like the other chapels, it is ornamented

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 45

with many monuments, which are more or less chaste
and beautiful in their design. There is one, made by
Flaxman, which is erected to the memory of Sir Wil-
liam Jones. This is particularly interesting, not only
for its own beauty, but also on account of the great
name which it honors, the author of the " Digest of
the Hindoo Laws," distinguished as a Judge, and still
more for his knowledge of Oriental literature.

The window in what is denominated the Ante
Chapel, representing " Christ driving the buyers and
sellers out of the temple," was painted by Henry
Giles, an English artist. The paintings on the win-
dows in the Inner Chapel, which are more rich and
beautiful in their execution and coloring, are by an
artist more generally known, Van Linge. Jacob's
Vision of the Ladder, Elijah's Ascent to Heaven in a
chariot of fire, Abraham preparing to offer up Isaac,
and other Scripture scenes and events, are represented
on them. They were painted in 1641.

The Hall of the college, small in size but remark-
able for its beauty, is adorned with a number of por-
traits of distinguished men. Among the eminent
men who have been members of this college, it may
be proper to mention Dr. Radcliffe, the founder of the
RadclifFe library; Arch-bishop Potter, the author of the
" Archseologia Greeca," a work so well known to Greek
scholars ; Earl Eldon, late Lord Chancellor of Eng-
land ; Lord Stowell, Judge of the Court of Admiralty,
whose clear and able admiralty decisions cannot have
escaped the notice of American lawyers, and Sir Wil-
liam Jones.

This college is of great antiquity. Some writers

46 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

carry the date of its origin farther back than I have
mentioned, the year 1249. And portions of the buil-
ding, discolored and crumbling with age, show that
the works of man, however skillfully and laboriously
made, have not that inward principle of renovation
and life, which characterizes the works of God. This
is the source of one of the unpleasant and unfavor-
able impressions which all persons, especially those
from the New World, are liable to receive here. The
Isis flows as beautiful as ever ; the gardens put off
their splendor only to remodel and restore it with
original freshness ; and in the lofty and magnificent
trees, which stand as guards to walls and towers and
monuments, there is a principle of re-production, which
gives a lease of perpetuity ; but upon everything which
man has made, though wrought out of the solid rock,
and with ages of labor, there are marks of decay and
dissolution. The very marble, struck with the sick-
ness of centuries, crumbled in my hand, and I felt that
there is no true and permanent life but in the great
Source of Life.

Oxford is a city of colleges and public institutions ;
and they are found not in a particular locality, as one
would be likely to suppose, but scattered over its
whole extent. Christ Church College, for instance,
is situated at some distance from those which I have
mentioned on St. Aldgates' Street. This college was
founded in 1524 by Cardinal Wolsey. It displays a
front of four hundred feet in length ; and as it is
viewed in certain positions, with its turrets and battle-
ments, has something of the appearance of a castle.
In the centre is a large octagonal Gothic tower, which

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 47

is truly a magnificent object. It is here, through the
large gateway called Tom Gate, that the visitor en-
ters, and finds himself at once in the quadrangle of
the college, which is said to be the most spacious and
beautiful in the city. The gateway has its name from
the large bell which is suspended in the cupola above ;
which is seventeen thousand pounds in weight, being
double the weight of the large bell of St. Paul's Church
in London, and is known by the name of the " Great
Tom of Oxford." This bell is a great favorite of the
Oxford students, particularly those of Christ Church
College, who insist upon it that it is the best bell in
England, which, however, is said to be a matter of con-
siderable discussion. This bell has an important part
to perform in the discipline of the college, especially
in the night. It is tolled every night at five minutes
past nine ; at which time, under penalty of being re-
ported as delinquent to the college authorities, every
undergraduate is expected to be at his room. The stu-
dents insist, however, that it shall be struck one hun-
dred and one times, and this has become the fixed and
invariable custom in the matter.

In speaking of these colleges, I have had occasion
to refer to paintings and sculpture. I do not pretend
to any technical knowledge in these matters ; and yet
I have an aesthetical system of my own, founded in
some degree upon an analysis of my own emotions,
which enables me to give some opinion or judgment
upon works of art, which is tolerably satisfactory to
myself. It has seemed to me, however, that the high-
est results of art are not generally secured in that class
of works, whether of painting, architecture, or sculp-

48 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

ture, which are constructed on the principle of a hiero-
glyphical or allegorical significancy. The full effect
upon the mind is disturbed and diminished by the
thoughts being divided between the consideration of
the object in itself, and its relation to the moral or
other meaning which it is intended to convey.

Perhaps the best illustration of this topic will be
found at Magdalen College. In the great quadrangle
of the college, southwest corner, are two figures, the
Lion and the Pelican. And they are placed here, the
Lion, to indicate emblematically the attributes of cour-
age and vigilance ; — the Pelican as an emblem of pa-
rental tenderness and affection. And by combination
they are intended to shadow forth the character of a
good governor of a college. And accordingly we find
them, in connection with these important intimations,
appropriately placed under the windows of the head or
president of the college. At a little distance is the
figure of a Hippopotamus or river horse, carrying his
young one upon his shoulders. This, we are told, is
the emblematic representation of a good Tutor or
Fellow of a college, who is more intimately related
to particular pupils in the college, and through whose
prudence and labors they are to be guarded and kept
amid the dangers to which they are exposed on first
entering into the world.

All this would have done in the days of the Egyp-
tian or Assyrian empires, when it found its justifica-
tion in the imperfection of language, but does not
harmonize with the nineteenth century. I did not no-
tice anything precisely of this kind at Christ Church
College.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 49

The Refectory or Dining Hall of this college, al-
though it may be thought to have a closer connection
with the material than the mental wants of its mem-
bers, is worthy of notice on account of its great ex-
tent, being an hundred and fifteen feet in length, forty
in width, and fifty high ; and also on account of its
various and rich decorations. The roof is of richly
carved oak, and is ornamented with the numerous ar-
morial bearings of Henry- VIII. and Cardinal Wolsey.
The walls are adorned with an hundred and twenty
original portraits of persons, who had been at various
times members of the college. Some of these pictures
are by the hands of the most distinguished artists. In
this capacious and richly ornamented hall a grand en-
tertainment was given in 1814 to the allied sovereigns
of Europe and to Metternich and Blucher, and other
renowned statesmen and warriors, at the time of their
visit to England after the defeat and fall of Napoleon.
Of the Chapel of Christ Church College, which
possesses great historical and antiquarian interest, and
of the noble library, adorned with busts and paintings
from the most celebrated masters, I cannot stop to
speak. Tired with looking at these interesting objects,
without being able to stop and examine them as they
deserve to be examined, I walked out, and gave rest
and refreshment to my mind, in the beautiful meadow
in the immediate vicinity. This meadow, which I un-
derstand to be the property of the college, is bounded
on two sides by the Cherwell and Isis, which here
meet and mingle their waters ; and adorned as it is
with spacious walks and noble avenues of trees, it is
5

50

LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

justly regarded as one of its valuable accessories and
ornaments.

Among the distinguished men, who have been at
different periods members of this college, were Atter-
bury, bishop of Rochester, Dr. Robert South, the earl
of Mansfield, Bolinbroke, Boyle, Philip Sidney the
author of the Arcadia, the poets Ben Johnson and Ot-
way, George Canning, and Sir Robert Peel. At Ox-
ford, as everywhere else since I have been in Eng-
land, I have been reminded of America. Numberless
are the remembrances and ties, which bind us togeth-
er. And here, in reading over the list of those, whose
powers were developed and disciplined in Christ
Church College, these sympathetic and fraternal re-
membrances flowed up within me, as I stopped at the
name of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania.
Most persons have an idea of William Penn as a man
of portly form, wearing a plain coat with large but-
tons, with an amplified hat and a cane in his hand ;
adding perhaps the accessory conception, which they
have imbibed traditionally, that he made some amica-
ble treaties with the Indians. But this, although it is
well as far as it goes, is not all. Penn was a man, not
only of deep religious sensibility, but of vast grasp of
intellect. If he wore a coat, which indicated his re-
lationship to a particular party or sect, he nevertheless
had a soul of great dimensions, which took in the past,
the present and the future ; and which, moved as it
were by a divine inspiration, foresaw, anticipated, and
in part regulated the destinies of humanity. And his
numerous writings, when examined on the principles
which decide literary merit, showed that he was an

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 51

accomplished scholar. In his remarkable Treatise, en-
titled " No Cross, no Crown," which was written at
an early period of his life, there are many passages,
characterized by chasteness of taste and beauty of
expression, as well as truth and sublimity of thought;
and which as it seems to me, cannot well be explain-
ed, except in connection with the fact, which perhaps
is not well known even to his own people, that his
mind, in its intellectual department, was trained and
disciplined in this seat of learning.

This is the college of Locke also, who took an in-
terest in, and whose name is associated historically
with the affairs of America. But Locke, the author
of the Essay on the Human Understanding, like Plato
and Fenelon, does not belong to any one age or coun-
try ; but transmits himself, by means of his great
qualities, into all ages and lands. Undoubtedly those,
who have succeeded him in some of the departments
of mental philosophy, have seen further and under-
stood better in some things ; but this is the necessary
result of human progress, and suggestions and criti-
cisms of this nature will apply to the great names of
all periods. What is imperfect is completed by time.
And it still remains true, that, owing to the clearness
and originality of his perceptions, the variety and ex-
tent of his learning, the excellence of his character,
and the vast and favorable influence he has exerted,
that his name may be said, to have transcended the
limits of nationality, and to have taken its place in
the catalogue and in the brotherhood of those great
men, who belong not so much to a nation as to the
human race.

52 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

I ought to add, that there is, at this college, a whole
length statue of Locke, in marble, by Roubillac.

(VI.)

Trinity College — Its library — Distinguished members — Bodleian libra-
ry— Chantrey gallery — Statue of Cicero — Copies of the cartoons
of Raphael.

OXFORD, ENGLAND, OCT. 11, 1852.

There is necessarily a similarity in institutions,
founded for the same object. However they may dif-
fer in extent and decorations, there must be in all,
rooms for the students, libraries, places of worship,
rooms and galleries for the arts, and whatever else
may be necessary for convenience, or for developing
intellectual and moral culture. When you have a
knowledge of one, you have essentially a knowledge
of the elements of all. Of the other colleges which
contribute to constitute the great Oxford University,
Oriel, Balliol, Trinity, Pembroke, Worcester, Merton,
Queen's College and others, each has its advantages
and attractions ; and each its distinct and honorable
history. Trinity College, founded in 1554, is later in
origin than some of the others to which I have di-
rected your attention, but it has a high reputation.

The library of this college, not deficient in other
respects, is particularly valuable for the many ancient
works it contains. Among others there is a Latin
manuscript of Euclid, which is said to be six hundred
years old. And it is stated further in relation to it,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 53

that it was translated into Latin from the Arabic, be-
fore the original Greek was discovered.

In the list of the distinguished members of Trinity
College, are found the names of Arch-bishop Sheldon,
Selden the Antiquarian, Chillingworth, so celebrated
for his controversial writings, and the poets Denham,
Wharton, and Bowles. It was a matter of interest
to me, as it would naturally be to an American, to no-
tice also amoner its celebrated members the names of
Ireton and Ludlow, who held a rank so distinguished
among the generals of the time of the English Com-
monwealth. On the catalogue of this college also, is
the name of the elder Pitt, the Earl of Chatham, so
renowned in the annals of the British Senate, the
friend of revolted America, because, in allowing to
Americans the principles and rights which he claimed
for Englishmen, he deemed the cause of America to
be just ; — a great and memorable orator, whose rea-
sonings had the aspect of intuitions, and whose dec-
lamations were a flame of fire.

I must confess to you that I was solicitous to know
what sort of men these colleges had produced. You
are aware that much has been said in relation to the
position of Oxford and the practical value of its sys-
tem of education. The attacks which are made upon
it both in and out of England, the statements and in-
timations unfavorable to the idea of its usefulness, are
very frequent. Perhaps there is some foundation for
this. It is quite probable, that this great University,
vast in its relations and interests, and restricted by
ancient charters, which it is bound not to violate, has
found it difficult to adjust itself at once and in all re^
5*

54 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

spects, to the real improvements and the true spirit of
the age. It may not be suitable for me, the citizen of
another country and educated under different influen-
ces, to give an opinion on the subject matter of this
controversy ; but one thing is certain, that Oxford like
every other college or university, has the right to point
to the sons she has educated, and to require, that they
shall be taken into account in forming a judgment. —
Others may explain it and modify it as they think
proper ; but the fact still remains imperishable as his-
tory, that in this university, in different periods of its
progress, minds have been trained and have gone out
into the world, that have explored and successfully ex-
panded the departments of science, men whose per-
fected literary culture has approached that of Rome
and Athens. Religious and civil reformers and repub-
licans, who have defended and illustrated liberty by
reason and eloquence, and who have fought at the
head of armies, or shed their blood at the stake.

Her monuments may decay, her busts and statues
may be broken, the massy walls of her colleges may
crumble into dust ; but her imperishable minds, brought
out into strength and symmetry by her cherishing cul-
ture, will testify in all coming ages, whatever may be
true of her imperfections or her faults, that she is,
nevertheless, a child of Providence and an heir of im-
mortality.

Among the places which no person should leave
Oxford without seeing, are the Bodleian Library and
the University Galleries. In noticing the books con-
tained in the Bodleian Library, the attention of the
visitor is called to the fact, that the valuable library of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 55

the learned Selden, consisting of more than 8000 vol-
umes of printed books and manuscripts, makes a part
of it. There is also deposited in the same library a
celebrated collection of Greek manuscripts, more than
200 in number, formed by Giacomo Barocci, a Vene-
tian nobleman. This library, beside its ancient manu-
scripts and its immense collection of books, is the de-
pository of numerous valuable manuscripts, contain-
ing the researches of learned men in more recent times,
which have been deposited at different periods. En-
tering the painting galleries in an upper story of the
building, which is occupied in part by some beautiful
models of ancient and modern buildings, my attention
was arrested by the portraits of distinguished men
which grace its walls ; particularly of Sir Kenelm Dig-
by and the unfortunate Earl of Strafford, by Vandyke ;
— and of Handel, the great musical composer, a por-
trait taken by Hudson, and the only one for which he
ever sat. Among the curiosities to be found in this
room, some of them calculated to suggest painful re-
collections, I saw in a window-place near the entrance
of the gallery, a fac-simile of the death-warrant of
Charles First. I had nearly forgotten to say, that, on
entering this gallery, I complied, like other visitors,
with an invitation to seat myself in a venerable chair,
made of part of the ship, in which Admiral Drake
sailed round the world. To this chair is appended an
inscription in verse, in his peculiar style of writing, by
the old English poet, Abraham Cowley, as follows :

To this great ship, which round the globe has run,

And matched in race the chariot of the sun3
This Pythagorean ship, (for it may claim

56 LETTERS ESTHETIC

"Without presumption, so deserved a name,)
By knowledge once, and transformation now,

In her new shape this sacred port allow.
Drake and his ship could not have wished from Fate

A happier station or more blest estate ;
For, lo ! a seat of endless rest is given,

To her in Oxford, and to him in heaven.

(Abraham Cowley, 16G2.)

Not less interesting to the stranger than this cele-
brated library, is the recent but important establish-
ment called the University Galleries, designed express-
ly and almost exclusively for the reception of statues,
paintings, engravings and other curiosities, belonging
to or which may be left to the Oxford University. In
the building of the University Galleries, is the gallery
called the " Chantrey Gallery ;" a large apartment, an
hundred and eighty feet in length, by twenty-eight in
width, containing the original models of the greatest
works of the late Sir Francis Chantrey. Among them
are the busts and statues of Bishop Heber ; — of the
second Pitt, whose majestic form and ample brow
harmonize with the idea which we naturally attach to
this great master of the destiny of nations ; — of James
Watt the engineer, Roscoe of Liverpool, and Sir Jo-
seph Bankes ; — of General Rollo Gillespie, of Grat-
tan, Canning, and Washington. Another apartment,
the principal Sculpture Gallery, contains numerous
casts of antique statues and busts, the greater part of
which were taken at Eome, from moulds made for the
Emperor Napoleon. Among them are casts of the
Laocoon, and his sons, of the Torso of Belvidere, and
of the Venus de Medici. These, as also the models

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 57

in the Chantrey Gallery, have been recently presented
to the University by the widow of Chantrey.

In another part of the building, amid a multiplicity
of works of ancient art, I was struck with an ancient
statue of Cicero, of marble, about seven feet high. —
I know nothing of the history of this statue, but I
felt that it was, or might be, the true representation
of the mighty orator himself, of the real Cicero of the
Senate of Rome. The drapery, in which he is clothed,
is of remarkable propriety and beauty. He stands as
if preparing to speak ; — a scroll in his left hand, the
sudarium in his right ; — every line of his countenance
full of intelligence, made alive and intense by flashes
of indignation ; — in a word, such as I can imagine him
to have been and to have appeared, when preparing to
utter his orations against Cataline or Mark Antony.

In the Picture Gallery, which is a room ninety-six
feet long, by twenty-eight wide, are admirable copies,
by an English painter of the name of Cooke, of the
celebrated colored drawings on paper, of Raphael,
called the Cartoons. I believe that the Cartoons are
regarded by those who are intimately acquainted with
his works, as among the most striking evidences and
results of the wonderful genius and skill of Raphael.
To describe them fully and properly, would seem to
require something of the genius of the author of them ;
—and at any rate I will not undertake anything of the
kind now, as I am not without some hopes of seeing,
and of examining more at leisure the originals at the
palace of Hampton Court. I will merely name the
subjects of them — (1) The intended sacrifice to
Paul and Barnabas by the people of Lystra, Acts xiv :

58 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

— (2) The miraculous draught of fishes, Luke v : —
(3) Christ's charge to Peter, John xxi : — (4) Peter and
John healing the lame at the gate of the temple, Acts
iii : — (5) The death of Annanias, Acts v : — (6) Ely-
mas the sorcerer struck with blindness, Acts xiii : — (7)
Paul preaching at Athens, Acts xvii.

In the University Galleries are to be seen the original
sketches and drawings, in different degrees of complete-
ness, of many of the works of Raphael and of Michael
Angelo ; an hundred and sixty-two of Raphael,
and seventy-nine of Angelo. One will notice here,
in this remarkable collection, which probably has not
its parallel in the world, how the various striking and
sublime conceptions, which are discoverable in theix
works, gradually broke in upon their minds ; and how
by repeated touches and after thoughts they were
raised from the first imperfect outline to their ultimate
perfection. So true it is that the greatest geniuses
master their subjects by degrees ; and that men, who
aim to produce anything truly worthy and enduring,
accept the pains of labor as the purchase of renown.

In closing this letter, you will allow me to refer to
the name of one man, whose influence is widely felt
in America, that of John Wesley. It would be doing
injustice, to rank Wesley with the ordinary leaders of
religious sects ; at least as far as intellectual power
and literary culture are concerned. Take him, in the
various combination of his qualities, the clearness and
breadth of his perceptions, the warmth of his heart,
the purity and vigor of his style of speech and wri-
ting, his moral daring, his unconquerable perseverance,
and where will you look for his superior or even his

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 59

equal. It was at Oxford, at first, in Christ Church
College, and subsequently in Lincoln College, that
the powers of this remarkable man were trained.

(VII.)

Visit to the palace of Blenheim, the residence of the Duke of Marl-
borough— Town of Woodstock — Triumphal arch — General appear-
ance of the park and palace of Blenheim — Works of art — Statue of
Queen Anne — Rosamond's bower — Roman villa.

OXFORD, ENGLAND, OCT. 11, 1852.

About eight miles distant from Oxford, is the palace
of Blenheim, the residence of Churchill, the justly cele-
brated Duke of Marlborough. This splendid pile of
architecture, named the palace of Blenheim, from the
village of Blenheim on the banks of the Danube, where
Marlborough successfully fought the French and Ba-
varians, was erected under the direction of Sir John
Vanbrugh, an eminent architect in the reign of Queen
Anne. The numerous works of Vanbrugh are char-
acterized by architectural skill ; but the evidences of
genius which they display, have not exempted them
from the criticism of heaviness in their appearance ; —
a criticism which was so frequently and in some cases
so justly made, that it gave rise to the caustic couplet,
which it was thought might appropriately form a part
of his epitah : —

" Lie heavy on him, earth; for he
Laid many a heavy load on thee."

60 LETTERS AESTHETIC.

It is not clear to me, that strictures of this kind, if
they are meant to imply an architectural defect, are
justly applicable to the palace of Blenheim, which
combines beauty with strength and solidity ; and is
certainly a magnificent building. Blenheim palace
was built, chiefly though not exclusively, at the ex-
pense of the English nation, for the Duke of Marl-
borough ; and in acknowledgement of his great ser-
vices, both in council, and in many a hard fought field
of battle. Among the distinguished men of England,
Marlborough stands prominent; and the remark is
sometimes made, that in many of his traits of char-
acter, and especially in the incidents of his political
and military history, he resembled the Duke of Wel-
lington, whose recent death has produced so profound
a sensation.

In visiting the palace of Blenheim it was a pleas-
ure to me to pass through the ancient town of Wood-
stock, which was once a flourishing place, and has
some historical celebrity. I found none of the smaller
towns of England, in the arrangement and appear-
ance of their streets and buildings, carrying back my
mind so distinctly to the state of things, as it proba-
bly existed two centuries ago. It may be proper to
remark here, that Chaucer, who may justly be regarded
as the father of English poetry, and who will compare
well with the poets of any age or country, resided
here for some time ; and has made a number of allu-
sions in his writings to the beautiful scenery in its
neighborhood. Some of the most interesting scenes
in Scott's novel of Woodstock are laid in this vicinity.

In going to the palace, I passed from Woodstock

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 61

through a quadrangular space on the right hand of
which Chaucer resided, and then through a large tri-
umphal arch, erected by the duchess of Marlborough,
the year after the decease of the Duke. This arch,
which is of the Corinthian order, is an object of con-
siderable attraction. On the side next to Woodstock
is a Latin inscription, with an English translation on
the opposite side, to this effect ; — that it was erected
by his wife as a monument of her husband's glory and
a testimonial of her own affection.

I had advanced within the gateway of this arch
but a few paces, when I felt myself to be in the pres-
ence of a combined scene of the works of art and na-
ture, rarely exceeded in extent and beauty ; — before
me in a southern direction the vast palace, with its
turrets and minarets, obscured in part but not with
any unfavorable effect on the general outline, by the
luxuriant beeches and elms ; in another direction a
fine sheet of water spanned by a superb stone bridge ;
on the rising grounds beyond the bridge, a lofty column
erected to the memory of the Duke ; — and on every
side the park with its undulating grounds, its green
openings, its herds of deer reposing quietly or stand-
ing gracefully erect at gaze, and its clumps and groups
of trees. The column, erected in honor of the Duke,
stands on an elevated piece of ground ; and being it-
self of the great height of an hundred and thirty feet,
and surmounted at its summit by a lofty statue of the
distinguished man to whom it is erected, with no build-
ings or other objects near, which might have the effect
to divert one's attention from it, it has the aspect of
some mighty but solitary existence, standing in the
6

62 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

calm repose of conscious majesty and strength, and
surveying at leisure the splendid domain around him.
Passing on to the Mall, which is a wide and thick-
ly shaded avenue, leading from another gate of the
Blenheim domain, called the Kensington Gate, and
turning to the right and passing through the vast iron
doors of the Eastern Gateway, I found myself within
the walls of this splendid palatial monument, erected
by a nation's munificence in honor of the public ser-
vices of one of her distinguished sons. Blenheim is
not only a palace, but a great repository of the works
of art ; and on entering within it I almost forgot the
vast extent and strength of the building and the genius
displayed in its construction, in the contemplation of
the sculptures, statuary, and paintings which adorn it
within. I will not undertake to give an account of
the various rooms which are politely opened to the
visitor, any further than to say they are adorned on
every side with works from the hands of the most
distinguished masters ; — paintings on the ceiling by
Thornhill ; bronze statues by Benzi ; busts and stat-
ues by Eysbrach ; — paintings, which require no inter-
preter to explain their merit, by Hudson, Holbein, Rey-
nolds, Rubens, Vandyck, Raphael, Carlo Dolce, Knel-
ler, Teniers, Rembrandt, Titian and others. In differ-
ent places I have seen excellent paintings from some
or all of these masters ; but in the various attributes
of invention, arrangement, coloring, and whatever else
constitutes the excellence of a painting, I think some
of the best of their works are to be found at Blenheim.
The first and second State Drawing Rooms are hung,
in part, with beautiful tapestries, representing some of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 63

the successful battles and sieges, which were conduct-
ed under the lead of Marlborough; — among others the
battle of Dunnewert on the Danube, in Bavaria, which
was fought July 3d, 1704, the battle of Lisle, which
was fought Dec. 9th, 1708, and the siege of Lisle,
which took place in the same year. I was surprised
to find in this palace, erected as it was without any
specific view to literary or scientific objects, a very
valuable library, consisting of seventeen thousand vol-
umes. The Library Room, an hundred and eighty-
three feet in length, occupies the entire south-west
front of the palace, and favorably impresses the visi-
tor by its size, proportions, and numerous and rich
decorations. In this room there is a white marble
statue of Queen Anne, highly finished, by Rysbrach.
She is represented in her coronation robes, and on the
pedestal is the following inscription : —

TO THE MEMORY OF QUEEN ANNE S

UNDER WHOSE AUSPICES

JOHN DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH

CONQUERED,

AND TO WHOSE MUNIFICENCE

HE AND HIS POSTERITY

WITH GRATITUDE

OWE THE POSSESSION OF BLENHEIM

A. D. MDCCXXVI.

England is to me classic ground. It is not only the
place of the residence of my ancestors, and thus en-
deared by a series of associations "which are strong
and peculiar, but almost every spot, which a stranger
visits, has some close and interesting connection with
history and literature. In this vicinity, for instance,

64 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

was the residence of Chaucer; here is the scene of
one of the popular novels of Scott ; here are the me-
morials of a man, who fills with one or two exceptions,
the most conspicuous place in English history ; and
here within these very domains, its site marked by
two large sycamore trees, was once an ancient palace
which had its attractions in its day and was the fre-
quent resort of royalty ; of which however, there are
at present no remains. It was within the walls of this
ancient royal residence, that the princess Elizabeth,
afterwards Elizabeth queen of England, was confined
as a prisoner by her sister, queen Mary. During her
imprisonment here, the room assigned her was once
on fire, whether by design or otherwise is not known,
and her life was endangered by it. With that high
and impassioned spirit, of which she afterwards gave
evidence, she felt her imprisonment very keenly ; and
one day when she saw a milkmaid passing by her
window and singing in the gaiety of her humble
heart, the tears rolled down the cheek of the princess,
and the wish escaped her lips, — a wish expressed by
many others in high stations, — that a condition in life
equally happy and equally humble had been her own.
She composed, while immured here, a number of ver-
ses, written with charcoal on the window shutter of
her prison-room, which have been preserved, — begin-
ning as follows : —

" Oh, fortune ! How thy restless wavering state,
Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit."

Here also, — -a place not uninteresting to those who
wish to know the history and resources of guilty pas-
sion,— is Rosamond's spring or well, the supposed

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 65

place of Rosamond's bower, and of the secret laby-
rinth which connected the bower and the old palace ;
the "fair Rosamond," well known in tradition and
song, who was so wrongfully loved and sought by
Henry Second.

About three miles distant from the palace of Blen-
heim, but on the lands of the Duke of Marlborough, a
small quadrangular Roman villa has lately been dis-
covered. Like many ancient towns and cities, it had
been covered up and hidden for centuries in the earth,
which had gathered around it, but has been brought
to light within a few years. Time did not allow me
to go and see it, but I learned that the foundations
of an ancient building had been traced ; that rooms
and passages, ornamented with tesselated pavements,
had been discovered, — also, baths, urns, and , articles
of earthen ware. It is said, that numerous coins, some
of them silver, have been excavated. The Romans
evacuated Britain in the year 448 ; and the supposi-
tion, therefore, is, that the remains of this villa must
be at least fourteen hundred years old.

I do not know, that I have anything further to say
of Oxford and its vicinity at present. What I have
said is only an outline, a sketch ; made partly to assist
my own remembrances. My visit has been a pleasant
and profitable one ; though I cannot deny, that here
and elsewhere I have found one drawback nom that
happiness which I might otherwise have experienced.
It is that very many of the public works and monu-
ments, and also many private works of art, have rela-
tion in various ways, to a state of war and to those
sentiments of ambition and military glory which have
6*

66 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

connection with war. Bolinbroke, in speaking of Marl-
borough says, " I honor his memory as the greatest
general and as the greatest minister, that our country,
or perhaps any other has produced." The inscription
on the lofty column erected to his memory, which is
said to have been written by Bolinbroke, speaks of his
military achievements " performed within a few years,
as sufficient to adorn the annals of ages." Happy will
be the day when it shall be understood, that peace has
its trophies ; — that the whole system of war, which
may be described as a system that arrays selfishness
against selfishness, is based upon wrong principles
and wrong feelings ; — that the doctrines of the gospel,
which have never had their full effect, contemplate the
substitution of confidence for jealousy, of love for
hatred, and the establishment of universal pacification
and harmony.

(VIII.)

Visit to Dover in England, and to Calais in France — Remarks upon
Dover — Shakspeare's cliff — Explanations of emotions of beauty
and sublimity — Historical associations connected with the English
channel — Siege of Calais by Edward III — Story of Eustace de
Pierre.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 2, 1852.

After the date of my last letter, I came to London.
Since then, for a practical purpose, I have made a
short excursion to France, and returned here again.
In this excursion I made a little stay at Dover and
Calais.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 67

The town of Dover is situated at the straits of the
English channel. It derives its name from a Saxon
word, which means declivity or steep place ; and which
indicates, therefore, one of its striking natural features.
Dover is interesting by its locality and its history. — -
From this point, more frequently perhaps than from
any other, the traveller to the continent starts on his
tour of pleasure, of knowledge, or of mercantile specu-
lation. From this point fleets and armies have set
out on their destination of blood and conquest ; and
here, justified, as I suppose, by a necessity which
would not exist if men were what God requires them
to be, " the meteor flag of England" still floats, but
not as an emblem of pacification and confidence, amid
the bayonets and cannon of her castle and numerous
fortifications. The town is imbosomed in high hills,
which are cultivated to the top ; but which, on the
side of the ocean, break down perpendicularly, and
present for many miles in length and hundreds of feet
in height, their white chalky bosoms, to the gaze of
the mariner. One of these remarkable eminences,
three hundred feet in height, is known as " Shak-
speare's Cliff." Early in the morning, inspired by my
recollection of what Shakspeare has said of it in the
tragedy of Lear, I ascended to the summit of this
cliff, and approaching cautiously to its very edge, and
looking down upon the beach and the wide expanded
ocean, I can bear testimony, in this instance at least,
to the remarkable truth and power of his description,

The morning was dark and lowering, and heavy
mists hung over the distant coasts of France. The
ocean's wave broke angrily upon the shore, but I could

68 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

scarcely hear its sound so high. Large ships were in
sight, though diminished to the eye in the distance ;
the fishermen's boats, of which a number could be
seen, were but small, moving specks upon the ocean.
The sea birds, small as I looked down upon them,
floated lazily by; and I experienced at this great
height the very sensation to which the great poet has
alluded in the first lines of his description.

" How fearful.
And dizzy 'tis, to cast one's eye so low !
The crows and choughs, that wing the midway air,
Show scarce so gross as beetles. Half way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade !
Methinks he seems no bigger than his head.
The fishermen, that walk upon the beach,
Appear like mice.

I '11 look no more,
Lest my brain turn, and the deficient sight
Topple down headlong."

There was one feature in this scene as it was pre-
sented to my eyes, which Shakspeare has not de-
scribed, and which I am at a loss to conjecture how he
would have disposed of. While I was standing upon
this giddy eminence, the railroad cars for London came
suddenly in sight ; and with lightning speed, as if they
had the power of sundering mountains, dashed through
the tunnelled base of the vast cliff' which bears his
name. When will a moving rail-car with its iron steed
take its place in the imagination, and be embodied in
the language of a Shakspeare ?

The incidents which I have related, naturally lead
to another topic. When the feelings are excited in
any considerable degree, it is difficult to analyze them,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 69

and to ascertain the laws by which they arise and by
which they are regulated. What I experienced on
this occasion, however, as it appeared both at the time
and in my subsequent reflections, tended to confirm
the opinions I had entertained, and to which I have
referred in a former letter, in relation to the principles
of the sublime and beautiful. Undoubtedly one of
the elements of sublimity is great height ; but it is
also true, I think, (and this is the view which is taken
in Burke's treatise on the subject,) that great depth,
opened distinctly before us, is likewise calculated to
excite sublime emotions ! But to my mind it is clear
also, that these emotions are not heightened by our
being in a position where we suppose that there is
some personal danger, and where the feeling of dread
arises. It is true there is generally greater mental
agitation, there is really at the moment more develop-
ment and exercise of the mental susceptibilities ; but
it is a mixed state, and not exclusively and purely the
experience of sublime emotions. Fear is a painful
feeling ; it is always based either upon a sense of
wrong doing or a conviction of comparative littleness
and feebleness ; and although it agitates the mind,
and has great power, it is a power rather to convulse
and to detract, than to harmonize and to add. But
the experience of sublimity, when that experience ex-
ists in the highest degree, is always attended with
tranquility ; the soul gives itself fully and peaceably
to the influence of the sublime object ; it discovers
there truth and beauty, as well as power and magni-
tude ; and receiving, therefore, the influence of the
sublime object into itself without the mental diversions

70

LETTERS— ESTHETIC,

and hindrances occasioned by personal danger and
fear, it becomes conscious of new elements of beauty
and sublimity, hidden in its own nature, and expands
and ascends — I think it may be said in something
more than a metaphorical sense — into a higher sphere
of existence. And therefore I think that angels, (and
all pure and holy beings, whatever may be their name,)
have a truer and deeper sense of the sublimity of
things, than impure and wicked beings can possibly
have ; although the latter may probably have as clear
a perception of height and depth and other natural
elements of greatness, as the former.

When standing upon the Dover Cliffs, and casting
my eye abroad upon the English channel, I could not
but remember how often these seas, destined under
better auspices to float the navies of a peaceful com-
merce, have borne hostile fleets and armies, and have
been red with blood. Upon these very waters have
passed and repassed, again and again, the kingly in-
vaders of France and England, — flushed with victory,
or trembling with defeat. It was here, in part at least,
and in combats disgraceful to humanity, and especial-
ly disgraceful to those who bear the christian and
protestant name, that Van Tromp and De Ruyter,
names baptized in English blood, gained their terrible
celebrity. It was here at an earlier period that the
Spanish Armada, vainly styled the invincible, floated
in strength and in terror, till, awakening the displeas-
ure of a higher power, it was touched by the breath
of the Almighty, and scattered by the ordinance of
God.

The reminiscences of those sanguinary times and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 71

wars, and of the jealousies and hatreds which char-
acterized them, are to be found on both sides of the
channel. Dover and other accessible places on the
English coast are bristling with fortifications, and with
the various appurtenances and implements of war;
but not more so than the towns on the other side, both
on the coast and in the near vicinity. If it would be
folly for France to attempt the invasion of England,
it would be equal folly for England to attempt to in-
vade France, which, if my eye has not deceived me,
has placed herself in a state of formidable prepara-
tion at every, assailable point. As a general thing, I
took but little pleasure in examining the numerous
and massy fortifications to which I have referred, and
which are in poor keeping with modern civilization
and hopes ; but I must confess my curiosity led me to
make an exception in favor of the old walls of Calais,
which are still in a great measure standing as they
stood centuries ago. Walls and fortifications are ad-
ded, but the old one, in its great strength, still exists ;
— Calais being an exposed point of France, and hav-
ing been the theatre of many sieges and battles.

There is one incident in the history of this ancient
city which was recalled to my mind during the short
visit which I was enabled to make to it. The student
of English history will perhaps recollect that the city
of Calais was besieged in 1346 by Edward III. of
England. It was for a long time obstinately defend-
ed by its inhabitants, until having exhausted all their
provisions, and being in the extremities of famine,
their governor, John de Vienne, appeared upon the
walls of the city, and offered to capitulate. The king

72 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

of England, incensed at their obstinate resistance,
which had kept him eleven months before the city,
sent one of his distinguished officers, Sir Walter
Manny, to acquaint the governor that the only terms
he would either propose or accept, would be a surren-
der at discretion. The patriotic governor remonstra-
ted, and, at the suggestion and advice of many, Ed-
ward at last consented to grant their lives to all the
soldiers and citizens, on the condition that six of the
principal inhabitants should come to him with the
keys of the city, and with ropes about their necks. —
And there was no doubt on the minds of any, that
their immediate death was to be made the expiation
of the obstinate bravery which had been manifested
in the siege.

As would naturally be expected, the proposition
thus to give up six of their principal citizens to cer-
tain death in order to save their own lives, plunged
the people of Calais in the greatest distress, and they
knew not what to do. In the agony of silence and
tears which followed, a citizen of distinction and
wealth, Eustace de Pierre, came forth before the mul-
titude, and offered himself as one of the six who
should thus devote their lives for the people. Anima-
ted by his example, another patriotic and distinguish-
ed citizen soon came forward, and then another and
another, till the number was completed. With a gene-
rosity, of which we have hardly an equal example in
all history, these noble-minded men passed through
the opened gates of Calais ; and bare-headed and
bare-footed, with ropes about their necks, came into
the presence of the incensed and revengeful Edward.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 73

Everything indicated that they were soon to die. —
Tears, remonstrances, advice had no effect upon the
king ; till at last, his queen, whose virtuous and no-
ble character is the theme of historians, seeing him
about to commit an act disgraceful to himself and
dishonorable to humanity, appeared before him in
their behalf, and did not hesitate with earnestness, and
on her knees,- to supplicate their lives. It was thus
that woman occupied the sphere of beneficence which
Providence has assigned her. Love conquered ven-
geance. The king, yielding to affection what he had
designed as the victim of his hatred, granted her re-
quest. And this noble princess, not satisfied with this,
conducted the excellent citizens whom she had saved to
her apartments, treated them with marks of kindness
and distinction, and dismissed them with presents.

In connection with this subject I will mention one
or two incidents further, which have some relation to
it. I was walking alone in the streets of Calais, amus-
ing and instructing myself with notices of its ancient
streets and buildings, and also with the groups of men,
women and children, with countenances, costumes and
habits, quite different in many respects from those to
which I had been accustomed ; and as I looked upon
them, conversing, chattering, laughing, buying, sell-
ing, singing, weeping, each acting out his own dispo-
sitions in his own way, I found my own identity, if I
may so express it, enlarging itself and mysteriously
entering into a partnership with the common feeling.
It is good, I said to myself, to see men and nations, if
for no other reason, because it teaches us the lesson
of a community of hearts, and that the distinctions
7

74 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

of nationality do not and cannot destroy the wider
bond of universal brotherhood. And as I stood thus
talking with my own heart, a French gentleman came
near me, obviously a man of intelligence, who under-
stood English better than I did French, and who told
me in answer to my inquiries, that the public square
of Calais, on one side of which I was then standing,
was the place in which the people assembled, with
grief and dismay, when the terrible ultimatum of Ed-
ward was announced to them. And with the kindness
and grace which I found everywhere in Frenchmen,
he invited me, perceiving me to be a stranger, into the
ancient town-hall of Calais, and showed me a large
painting, (the name of the painter has escaped my
memory, but the painting seemed to me to be a work
of very considerable merit,) which had for its subject
the touching transactions which I have mentioned. —
And I must confess it made a strong appeal to my
feelings, when I saw before me, in figures as large as
life, and on the very spot of their proffered martyrdom,
the noble and self-sacrificing men who offered their
lives for their country, — bearing to the English tents
the keys of the city, and with ropes about their necks,
and followed by their distracted wives and children,
and the agitated multitude of the people. The mem-
ory of these transactions lives indelibly in the hearts
of the people of Calais, — both a monument and a
stimulant to great virtue.

This is one of those affecting incidents which give
interest to history, and which show, amid the degra-
dation and crimes of our race, that there is still some-
thing which imparts dignity to man.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 75

In passing the channel from Dover my eye rested
for a long time upon the long line of chalky cliffs
which terminate the coast of England ; but the simi-
larity of geological appearance in some places on the
Calais side suggested the idea that France and Eng-
land at some former period may have been united at
this point, and subsequently rent asunder by the ac-
tion of the ocean. Worthy of notice, and in the vi-
cinity of Calais, (at least in its vicinity since the es-
tablishment of railroads,) are the cities of St. Omer
and Lille ; — St. Omer known for its seminaries, and
Lille for its manufactories ; — both strongly fortified,
and both of them, especially Lille, memorable by their
historical associations. In Lille, which has been in a
remarkable degree the theatre of sieges and battles,
is one of the strongest citadels in Europe, erected
under the direction of the celebrated Vauban. The
country in this part of France is low, level, and marshy.
It appeared to me to be neither fertile nor well culti-
vated ; at least as compared with the fertility and the
cultivation, which are often seen in England and in
many parts of America. But I was told that I should
find it different in the south of France.

(IX.)

ILLUSTRATIONS OF MENTAL ACTION.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 5, 1852.

In one of my former letters I referred to some men-
tal experiences, of which I was the subject during my
passage across the Atlantic, which seemed to me to

76 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

illustrate and confirm some general principles of mind.
One of the questions of interest in mental philosophy
is the inquiry — Whether the mind is so constituted,
that it is susceptible, by its own laws of action, of re-
viving entirely its past history, — however distant that
history may be in time, or however indistinct its out-
line.

Lord Bacon has somewhere expressed the opinion
very distinctly, that such is the fact ; and that what-
ever has been a portion of man's mental history can
never be absolutely lost ; but remains forever in alle-
giance to and in connection with the mind, although
it is not always a subject of immediate consciousness.
And this, as is well known, was a favorite opinion of
Coleridge ; and I infer from some passages in his wri-
tings, that it was an opinion also of President Ed-
wards, as it has been undoubtedly, and is, of many
others. My own mental history confirms this view,
of which I will now give an illustration, — with which
however, I am obliged to connect a few prefatory de-
tails.

Many years since, in the earlier period of my life,
news came to the village in which I resided, that one
of our esteemed citizens, the captain of a merchant
vessel, was lost at sea. When the sad and unexpect-
ed news reached his wife, who loved him tenderly,
she was entirely overcome, and died in a short time
of a broken heart. Seeing in the street one day a lit-
tle boy, who seemed lonely and sad, I learned that he
was the child of the parents who had thus been taken
away ; and feeling pity for him, I took him home, gave
him my own name, and adopted him as a son. I al-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 77

lowed my affections to twine around him ; and en-
deavored with God's assistance, to be not only a friend
but a father. When he became of fourteen or fifteen
years of age, that instinct of the ocean which had led
his father to be a sailor, began to exhibit itself, and he
expressed to me a wish to follow the same course of
life. My recollection of the sorrowful fate of his pa-
rents, and I may add my desire to do my whole duty
to him and for him, led me to refuse at the time my
assent to his wishes, — qualified by the remark, how-
ever, that when he should reach his nineteenth year, if
these views and wishes continued, I should probably
feel it my duty to let him decide for himself. In the
meanwhile I taught him daily, both in human knowl-
edge, and in the principles of religion ; and for some
time he was a member of a college. Continually he
grew in my affections ; and had become, I may per-
haps say, a part of my existence. "When he reached
the period of life which I have specified, I found that
the same strong desire of a sea-faring life existed ; and
the commander of a merchant vessel from our own
place, a man to whom he was related and of great
excellence of character, offering to take a special in-
terest in him, I consented, not without sorrow and
misgiving, to his departure.

The vessel sailed from a port in Massachusetts. It
was the unfavorable month of December. And on the
fourth day of its departure, it was overtaken by a
most violent storm. Some of the vessels that sailed
about the same time, returned to port dismasted or
otherwise injured, but after some weeks of suspense,

the news came that this vessel was lost. When I heard

7#

78 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

the intelligence, I was greatly affected ; and retiring
to my private room, I remained for some time alone,
without being able to communicate it to others. My
imagination placed before me those sufferings and
that last cry of agony, which I could neither share nor
control. But while I was thus mourning alone, that
sympathetic instinct which interprets the signs of
calamity almost without knowing them, spread a
gloom over the family \ and in a little time a knock
was heard at my door, and the only sister of my ship-
wrecked son came in, whom I had also taken and
adopted as a daughter. There were only two of them,
and they loved each other with great affection. With
a lip tremulous with emotion, she asked me if her
brother was lost. I was obliged to answer, such was
the nature of the intelligence, that I had no hope of
seeing him again. We sat together, and wept bitterly.
Under those impulses of our nature, which those
understand who have lost beloved friends, I visited
the place from which the vessel sailed. It was a mel-
ancholy satisfaction to me to tread the place which
was marked by his last footsteps when he left the
shore. I learned the course of the winds, the direc-
tion of the vessel, the probable distance at sea ; and
ascertaining afterwards that a portion of the cargo
had been found in a particular latitude, my own mind
at last located, with some degree of precision, the
scene of this heavy calamity. And there, in that defi-
nite spot of the ocean which had become settled in
my thoughts and imagination, I buried the orphan
boy whom I had adopted and loved. Always after-
wards when I thought of him, it was in that particu-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 79

lar locality. Imagination, acting upon a few facts and
probabilities, had selected a burial place, and erected
a tomb in the depths of the sea, and had even adorn-
ed it with flowers, and affection accepted and sancti-
fied the memorial ; and after that there was no change.
So painful was this event that I seldom alluded to it
in conversation. Perhaps I may say that I never told
my sorrow, because language has no expression for it.
And yet I nourished it in my memory. Often, very
often, has my heart alone gone down into the depths
of the ocean, and held communion with that solitary
and sea-beaten tomb.

"When recently I sailed from New York in the Arc-
tic, about to trust myself to the same uncertain ocean,
it is strange to me that I did not think of this poor
boy. But so it was. It was perhaps owing to the
many trying thoughts and feelings which then crowd-
ed upon me. We had sailed more than a thousand
miles, when he first recurred to my memory ; and when
the ship was passing in that region, and perhaps I may
say over the very spot, where I had located his tomb.
And in a moment, under these peculiar circumstances,
my awakened memory placed him before me ; distinct
as life ; not a trace in his form or features altered. — ■
There he stood, like one coming up from the midst of
the waves. And to my quickened imagination, and
to my agitated heart which converted a vision into
reality, he threw his arms around my neck and said ; —
" father, you are come." Men may call such things
an illusion, but they have a truth, a basis of reality in
them ; and my heart felt its power. My emotions be-
came uncontrollable. I was obliged to go to the little

80 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

room assigned me in the ship ; and there I shut my-
self up all the day ; and this sad and dear image was
with me all the time. It was not an ordinary form of
remembrance, but a combined action of imagination
and memory, and so vivid as to make the image it
presented a virtual reality. My lost boy was before
me. And all his early life was recalled, our walks and
our conversations, and the home which he loved so
much, and our happy hours, and his sister, and the
other orphans I had taken and brought up with him.
I wept continually, but I had no power and no dis-
position to remove him from my side.

But I find I cannot go on with this subject. The
very recollection overcomes me. I will only add in
relation to the topic, with which I began this letter —
the power of restoration which exists in the mind — I
am quite certain of one thing, that my own soul has
not, in any proper and absolute sense of the term, lost
anything which it ever knew ; at least it has lost noth-
ing which it ever loved. There are depths and lodging
places in it which may be hidden for a while ; but
which decay can never reach ; which time can never
alter, which seem to me to be beyond the explanations
of atheism and materialism ; and which, — I would say
it with humility but with confidence, — are written
over with the marks and signatures of a divine power,
and are held in the keeping of immortality.

Unable at the time to which I refer, to see or con-
verse with any one, my feelings took the turn which
they sometimes do when they are strongly moved, and
embodied themselves in the following stanzas.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 81

LINES FROM THE OCEAN, ON A SON LOST AT SEA.

Boy of my earlier days and hopes ! Once more,
Dear child of memory, of love, of tears !

I see thee, as I saw in days of yore,

As in thy young, and in thy lovely years.

The same in youthful look, the same in form,
The same the gentle voice I used to hear,

Though many a year hath passed, and many a storm
Hath dash'd its foam around thy cruel bier.

Deep in the stormy ocean's hidden cave,

Buried and lost to human care and sight,

What power hath interposed to rend thy grave ?

What arm hath brought thee thus to light and life ?

I weep,— the tears my aged cheek that stain,

The throbs once more that swell my aching breast,

Embody years of anxious thought and pain,

That wept and watched around that place of rest.

Oh, leave me not, my child ! Or, if it be,

That, coming thus, thou canst not longer stay,

Yet shall this kindly visit's mystery

Give rise to hopes, that never can decay.

Dear, cherished image from thy stormy bed !

Child of my early woe and early joy !
'Tis thus at last the sea shall yield its dead,

And give again my lov'd, my buried boy.

(X.)

The river Thames — Bridges — The Thames tunnel — The tower and its
curiosities — Algernon Sidney — Houses of Parliament— Churches —
St. Paul's and its monuments — British Museum — Remarks.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 6, 1852.

The week which closes to-day has been character-
ized by events which have great significancy, — the
election of a President of the United States, upon

82 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

which will be likely to turn the movements of a great
nation ; the assembling of the British Parliament, a
body of men who hold in their hands the political con-
trol of a large portion of the human race ; and the
meeting of the Senate of France, assembled for the
purpose of taking the initiative in the re-establishment
of the French empire. These events take hold of the
future, and have a connection with results which no
human eye can foresee ; but which may be left with-
out misgiving or fear in the hands of that Great Being
who forgets neither men nor nations.

I have not as yet attended the meetings of Parlia-
ment, because they have necessarily been occupied al-
most exclusively with the verification of the claims of
the members, and the taking of the customary oaths.
This I intend to do at an early opportunity. In the
meanwhile I will take a little survey of London,
which, although it does not stand alone and without
competitors, yet seems to me to be first among the
great centres of modern thought, enterprize and civi-
lization. And in speaking of London it is not well to
forget that which is in reality its origin, and the source
of its long continued greatness and wealth ; I mean
the river Thames, whose history like that of the Nile
and the Euphrates has become a part of the history
of the human race. England is the great mother of
free states and kingdoms ; and at some future time
when her palaces and towers shall have crumbled, her
children from distant parts of the world will stand up-
on the banks of the Thames, and exclaim with filial
homage, it was here that a nation was born.

The Thames, if we regard the Isis as its principal

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 83

source, arises in the county of Gloucestershire ; and
flowing through some of the best portions of England,
is increased by various tributaries. Easy of access
and central in its position in relation to the great chan-
nels of commerce, it becomes at London bridge, and
thence onward in its progress of sixty miles to the
ocean, wide enough and deep enough to float the mer-
cantile navies of nations. The immense amount of
shipping collected together in the Thames is an indi-
cation, in addition to that furnished by its population
of two millions, of the greatness and wealth of Lon-
don ; and that it is the centre of communications,
wThich extend to all parts of the world. The city press-
es the crowded banks of the river on both sides ; and
the Thames, which a century ago was crossed by one
bridge only, is now spanned by seven ; and most of
them exhibit a high degree of architectural beauty. —
Southwark bridge is of cast iron, laid upon stone piers.
It has three arches ; the centre arch having a span of
two hundred and forty feet, and said to be the largest
span of curve in the world. Near Hungerford Mar-
ket is the Suspension bridge, for foot passengers only.
The chains supporting it are carried over two large
brick piers, erected on the bed of the river and nearly
eighty feet in height ; making, besides two smaller
ones, a central span of nearly six hundred and eighty
feet.

In connection with the bridges of London, it is very
natural for one to speak of the Thames Tunnel, which
is certainly one of the most extraordinary and stupen-
dous works, which have resulted from the invention
and power of man. It was projected and carried

84 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

through by Isambert Brunnel, a distinguished archi-
tect no longer living. The Thames tunnel is a sub-
terraneous road, twelve hundred feet in length, carried
under the river Thames ; and thus forming a commu-
nication in this remarkable manner between impor-
tant parts of the city. As I passed through it, it was
quite a new form of experience and association, when
I called to mind, that a vast river with its collected
shipping was floating over my head.

The tunnel consists of a square mass of brickwork,
thirty-seven feet in width by twenty-two in height,
which contains within it two arched passages, each of
them a little more than sixteen feet wide. The pas-
sage through which I went was well lighted with gas ;.
and is approached at both ends by means of great cir-
cular shafts, into which there is a descent over con-
venient and handsome staircases. The effect, as one
looks through the tunnel at either end, brilliantly light-
ed up in its whole length and so unique in its posi-
tion and structure, is exceedingly impressive.

I employed a waterman of the Thames to take me
in his boat from the London bridge to the tunnel ; and
in going down the river, as we wound our way amid
its various shipping, I passed in sight of and very near
to that celebrated mass of buildings, known as the
Tower of London. The tower, which I had visited
and examined a little before, is situated in the eastern
part of the city, and was originally the fortified resi-
dence of the English monarchs.

I will say a few words here of this remarkable place.
The tower, in its whole extent, covers a surface of
twelve acres, enclosed within a strong wall. Within

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 85

the wall there is a lofty square building, called the
White Tower. It is built upon rising ground, and is
ninety-two feet in height, with walls seventeen feet in
thickness. It was erected by William the Conquer-
or ; and is the most ancient part of the Tower build-
ings ; and for a long time it formed, of itself, the
" Tower of London." Our boatman, as he rowed us
by the side of these celebrated buildings, pointed out
the water-gate, called the " Traitor's Gate," through
which persons guilty or supposed to be guilty of high
political offences, are brought to the Tower. There
is a square tower near the water-gate, called the
" bloody tower," from the circumstance that it was
the place of the murder of two infant princes by their
uncle, Richard III. It was through the gateway of
the Bloody Tower that I had previously passed, in
order to examine what it is permitted visitors to see.
One of the objects of special interest, because it throws
light upon history and social progress, is the " Horse
Armory." The principal apartment in its interior, a
room of an hundred and fifty feet in length, is occu-
pied by an imposing line of equestrian figures, repre-
senting distinguished persons of different periods,
clothed in the iron armor of the ages in which they
lived, from the period of Edward First to that of
James Second. The view on entering this room is
exceedingly imposing, and enables us to realize at
once what we had often read before in history, but of
which it was difficult to form an adequate conception.
In reading the military history of nations a few cen-
turies back, we are almost as much at a loss in un-
derstanding it, as we oftentimes are in reading that
8

86 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

of the Greeks and Romans. But in the various ar-
mories of the Tower of London, we have an explana-
tion far better than we can obtain in books, in their
general forms and in all their varieties, of the numer-
ous instruments which the ingenuity of men has form-
ed for purposes of defence or of mutual destruction ;
the bill and spear, the glaive, the battle-axe, the hal-
berd, the pike, the helmet, the " twisted mail."

I was here shown the executioner's axe, and the
block upon which the victims were struck, which still
bears the marks of the sharp blows, which fell alike,
at different periods, upon the innocent and the guilty.
This axe is said to be the one, with which the unhap-
py Anne Boleyn and the Earl of Essex were executed.
And if so, it was probably the axe, which severed the
head of Algernon Sidney, — a celebrated name, which
is cherished with respect and sympathy in America. —
In that part of the White Tower called Elizabeth's
Armory, is the apartment where Sir Walter Raleigh
suffered his twelve years' imprisonment. Like Sidney,
though perhaps less pure and inflexible in principle,
he was one of the distinguished men of England*
and in consequence of the naval enterprizes he pro-
jected, his name has become associated with Amer-
ican history. In this prison Raleigh wrote many of
his works ; particularly his History of the World. —
His wife, at her own earnest suggestion and entreaty,
was permitted to share his imprisonment with him,
and his youngest son was born in the Tower. But
neither the affection of his wife, nor his great talents
and distinguished public services, nor his learning, nor
his advanced age, saved him from a violent death. —

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 87

When his final hour came, the executioner asked him
which way he chose to place himself on the block. —
He replied, " if the heart be right, it is no matter which
way the head lies."

I observed here the cloak, on which General Wolfe
died in the bloody but victorious battle, which gave
Quebec and the Canadas to England.

In the Tower are kept the regalia or crown jewels,
which may be examined with pleasure, not only on
account of their richness, but because they are recon-
cilable with ideas of kindness and peace ; but as a
general thing the Tower can only be regarded, both
in what it has been and in what it now is, as a great
historical monument of the art of war and of human
bloodshed.

Higher up the Thames, (for every thing seems to
spring from this river as if it were a permanent source
of life,) are the new Houses of Parliament ; — a mag-
nificent pile of buildings, presenting a front on the
river of nine hundred feet, enriched, perhaps too much
so, with every thing which architectural art can fur-
nish, in the shape of mouldings, tracery, carvings, and
heraldic devices. The most striking external feature
in this mighty range of buildings is the Victoria Tow-
er, which, when completed, will be three hundred and
forty feet in height.

Among the royal palaces in London, the first which
naturally claims attention, is that of St. James. It is
its historical associations, however, and not its archi-
tecture, which seem to give it that place. It was built
for the most part by Henry VIII ; and for more than
a century previous to the year 1837, was the city resi*

88

LETTERS AESTHETIC,

dence of the royal family. Since that time the pres-
ent queen of England, who spends the greater part of
her time at Windsor Castle, has occupied, when in
London, the Buckingham Palace. Those who have
visited the interior of St. James Palace, speak of its
numerous and well arranged apartments as convenient
and richly furnished ; but the casual visitor who sees
nothing but the outside, will find but little to excite
his admiration. Buckingham Palace is not far distant.
It occupies a large space of ground, forming a quad-
rangle, with a front facing St. James Park, and anoth-
er towards the private grounds. As compared with St.
James, it not only occupies a position far better, but is
really a beautiful and imposing edifice. The royal stan-
dard is now floating over it, which indicates that Vic-
toria is here.

The toleration of religious opinion which exists in
England has been favorable to the growth of the re-
ligious sentiment ; at least we should naturally infer so
from the fact, that there are said to be more than five
hundred places of worship, of different denominations
of Christians, in the city of London; — many of them
small, it is true, and making no pretensions to mag-
nificence, but still not inconsistent with true and high
developments of religious feeling. There are some
things worthy of a traveller's notice in St. Margaret's
church ; and not the least circumstance of interest
about it is, that here Sir Walter Raleigh was buried
on the day that he was executed. The church of St.
Martin in Trafalgar Square is an imposing and beau-
tiful building ; and the same might be said of many

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 89

other churches both in London and in other places ;
but by universal consent there is but one St. Paul's.

The length of St. Paul's church from east to west
within the walls, is five hundred feet ; its total height
from the ground four hundred and four feet. It was
built under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren;
and seems to have been designed not merely as a
place of worship, for which one of very different di-
mensions might have answered; but like Westminster
Abbey, as a grand national monument to the illustri-
ous dead of England. At least if such were not
Wren's original design, such has been the practical re-
sult ; for if it became impossible to fill this vast space
with living auditors brought within hearing distance,
the next best thing which could be done, was to occu-
py large portions of it with the dead and their monu-
ments. On entering the church, it is the monuments
of the dead, the works of eminent artists, which first
arrest the visitor's attention ; and I was here painfully
reminded, in this great temple of the Prince of Peace,
of the continued struggles and violences of war, as t-
read the names and saw the sad but proud memori-
als of Ponsonby, Riou, Duncan, Cornwallis, Nelson,
Colling wood, Brock, Pakenham and many others. I
paused with different feelings at the name of Johnson,
who has illustrated morals and literature in his wri-
tings; of Heber, a name dear to religion as well as to
literature ; and of Howard, the philanthropist. How-
ard is represented as wearing the Roman costume,
and as trampling on fetters ; — with a scroll in his left
hand, inscribed with the words, " Plan for the improve-
ment of Prisons and Hospitals." There is a basso-
s'

90 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

relievo on the face of the pedestal of his statue, which
represents the interior of a prison, where he appears in
the act of distributing food and clothing.

I think there was no one of the public institutions,
which on the whole gave me more satisfaction, than
the great national institution, the British Museum ; —
an institution, which stands out to the notice of the
world, not only on account of its valuable library of
300.000 volumes, its zoological collections and fossil
remains ; but for the remains of works of art, — some
of them recently collected, — Roman, Grecian, Egyp-
tian, Assyrian, which throw light upon the history of
nations ; — and some of which will probably be found
important in illustrating the earlier parts of the scrip-
tural records.

As we look upon these wonderful remains of an-
tiquity, as they are thus collected together and arrang-
ed and preserved with great care in the British Muse-
um, we obtain impressions of departed empires, dis-
tinct, vivid, mournful ; — such as conform exceedingly
well to the abstract statements of history, but which
history alone could never give. Egypt, like life from
the dead, starts up before us ; bearing in her hands
her tombs ; — and we know her at once in her supersti-
tions, in her domestic life, in her conceptive power, in
her artistic skill, in the length and breadth of her rude
but massive grandeur. And when it is said in the
Scriptures, that Moses was " learned in all the wisdom
of the Egyptians," it is a satisfaction to know from
these varied and wonderful remains, that the sacred
historian, in describing these Egyptians as a wise peo-
ple, which implies the development, in various ways,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 91

of thought, feeling and skill, has uttered a precise his-
toric truth, which scepticism will in vain attempt to
discredit. And if the monuments themselves are a
memorial of a truth, there may be something, and
perhaps much more remaining in the inscriptions
which they bear. "Who knows what further and va-
rious light may be disclosed from these sources, when
the interpretation of the hieroglyphics, so happily be-
gun by Champollion, shall become a completed and
undoubted system.

I never doubted the Scriptures. I received my faith
from the lips of my mother ; but it was confirmed af-
terwards by thought and inquiry. To me, therefore,
the Bible has been and now is a living reality. And
still it has often seemed to me surprising, although it
has never disturbed my belief, that the Bible so fre-
quently indicates the existence of cities and nations,
(of the Assyrian empire for instance,) which could
hardly be exceeded in wealth and numbers, in^ civili-
zation and power ; and yet that these cities and nations
should have entirely passed away, with no memorials
left behind. I have nevertheless had full confidence,
that Providence in its mysterious methods of opera-
tion would ultimately settle all such suggestions and
difficulties. And now on the banks of the Nile, the
Tygris, and the Euphrates, the evidences of their great-
ness and splendor, long buried in the dust, have been
brought to light, — evidences so transcending all our
conceptions, — as to furnish another great miracle, if
other miracles were wanting, in order to sustain man's
faltering faith.

I feel bound to say, that some of the remains of

92 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

Assyrian art, — remains which are unlike those of
Egypt, or any other people, — exhibit a spirit of con-
ception and a power of execution, which is unsurpass-
ed, and in some respects, as it seems to me, unequal-
led by those of any other nation. I have reference in
this remark particularly to their massive grandeur, and
that true spirit of the object, whatever the object is,
which seems to increase and dilate itself, without los-
ing its distinctive nature, in conformity with the vast-
ness of the masses in which the artist has embodied it,

These works, as well as those of Egypt, throw light
upon the Scriptures. It will be likely to occur to the
reader of the Scriptures, for instance, that the horn, as
an emblem of power, is often mentioned in the Old
Testament. And one of the first things, which attracts
the notice of a stranger, on entering the Nineveh gal-
lery in the British Museum, is the sight of horns, issu-
ing, upon a number of the Assyrian sculptures, from
a human head, and twining around it so gracefully as
to be an ornament as well as an emblem. The sym-
bolic existences, so often occurring in the books of
Daniel and Ezekiel, and so different from anything
which is found in other writers, lions with human
heads and with wings, and the like, are found among
these remains ; and it is quite possible as it seems to
me, that some of the very sculptures, which are now
seen in the British Museum and in the Louvre of Par-
is, had been seen by, and had received the admiration
of these prophets themselves.

It is true we do not as yet understand to any great
extent the precise import of these remarkable symbols ;
but still the impression is left distinct and deep upon

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 93

the mind of one who beholds them, that they really
had a meaning, whatever it was, which was well un-
derstood by the people of those early times, and that
their presence in the minds and in the writings of the
prophets was wholly in harmony with the national
mental culture and associations. And a remark simi-
lar to that which has been made in respect to the
Egyptian remains will apply here. Perhaps it will be
found that the numerous inscriptions on these remains,
which are very distinct and some of which have been
translated, will throw more light upon the scriptural
narrative than the monuments themselves.

I began this letter with the intention of giving some
idea of the city of London ; but I find I must end,
when I have hardly made a beginning ; and I should
probably be obliged to say much the same thing, if I
had written much more. To speak of its streets and
squares, its parks, its numerous monuments, its chari-
table institutions, its courts of justice, its commerce,
and other things which would naturally present them-
selves, would require much more time and strength
than I am able to claim at present.

(XL)

The opening of Parliament — The queen of England — Eespect in which
she is held — Queen's speech — Distinguished members of Parlia-
ment—Brougham, Macauley, and Cobden — Rooms of the Peers
and Commons.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 11, 1852.

This day the Queen of England went in state to the
House of Lords, to open the session of Parliament

94 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

with a speech from the throne. The procession was
formed at Buckingham Palace, which is distant about
three-fourths of a mile from the Houses of Parliament,
and consisted in part of six carriages, all with one ex-
ception drawn by six horses, conveying the various
members of the royal household; some of them per-
sons of distinguished name and character. These
were followed by the queen's marshal-men, footmen,
and a party of the yeomen of the guard. Then came
the State carriage, distinguished not only by its rich-
ness and peculiarity of form,- but by its being drawn
by eight cream-colored horses ; conveying the queen
and her husband, Prince Albert, and some other dis-
tinguished persons.

This is one of those occasions on which the people
of England obtain a glimpse of their sovereign. It
was interesting to me to witness their earnest and re-
spectful curiosity ; nor do I profess to have been per-
sonally exempt from this feeling ; although it is min-
gled with other feelings of gratitude, homage, and af-
fection in the heart of an Englishman, which a stran-
ger from another land cannot be supposed to realize.

The present queen of England is beloved by the
people, it * seemed to me, as the sovereign of no other
people is loved. There have been female sovereigns
who have been despised or hated ; but it is not so with
Queen Victoria. The affection for her is not merely
a tribute to sovereignty, not merely official, but may
properly be described as personal ; and is general and
sincere. And the explanation of it, at least the ex-
planation in part, and in a considerable degree, is still
more interesting than the fact itself. The people of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 95

England recognize in her the great truth, that there is
nothing among men higher than humanity, when hu-
manity is true to God and itself ; and that the woman
is greater than the queen. They honor their sovereign
therefore, not merely and not chiefly on account of the
fact of her sovereignty, but because, in being a good
wife and a good mother, and in thus setting a good
example before the wives and mothers of England, she
is true to virtue and to womanhood. It is no tinge of
shame for vices published to the world, but the expres-
sion of just gratitude and pride for domestic and wo-
manly excellencies universally known, which stands
upon the face of an Englishman, as he utters the name
of his queen. This sentiment of veneration and love,
existing so deeply, and so universally expressed, and
having its foundation in a great degree in the reason
I have given, is in my view one of the most affecting
and striking testimonies to the value and power of
moral goodness.

Standing in the multitude, through which the queen
proceeded to meet the assembled Parliament, I felt
it truly a privilege to look upon this excellent woman,
who, in being faithful to herself, has been true and
faithful to her crown ; and has established her sover-
eignty in a nation's heart.

It is hardly necessary to remark that the speech de-
livered to-day before the Commons and Lords was
not prepared by the queen herself, but by the minis-
ters of the crown, who are her constitutional advisers ;
and as the ministers are supposed to be sustained by
a majority of the Commons, the speech, in the theory
of the Government, is the voice of the people itself,

96 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

uttering its own wants in the ear of its own adminis-
trators. And the theory is practically carried out to
a considerable extent ; so that England, though mov-
ing slowly, on account of the great multiplicity of her
interests, gradually adjusts herself by a succession of
reforms, to the altered circumstances of ignorance and
knowledge, of want and supply, of time and provi-
dence ; and thus by keeping policy and humanity in
alliance, escapes the terrible shock of revolutions.—
The speech of to-day confirms this remark, which is
conciliatory and national in its spirit, and suggests a
number of practical reforms.

Since writing the above, and since the date of this
letter, I have attended the meetings of both Lords and
Commons ; and although I heard no debates of great
interest, yet I had the opportunity of seeing a few of
the men, Broughham, Sugden, Walpole, Lyndhurst,
Hume, Palmerston, Lord John Russell, D' Israeli, Glad-
stone, and some others who are understood to hold a
high parliamentary position, and to hear some remarks
from nearly all of them, uttered in a good spirit and
with good sense. The presence of the British minis-
ters and the practice of putting questions to them,
gives to the discussions here a more familiar and less
formal aspect than might otherwise exist. Set and
formal speeches, although there is no absolute exemp-
tion from them, are not very likely to be uttered, ex-
cept on occasions which require and justify them.

In the course of the remarks which I have heard in
the House of Commons, reference has been made to
the United States ; the " great Republic," as the queen
was pleased to call us in her speech. The topic was

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 97

the existing relations of .England and America in the
matter of the fisheries ; and it was of course gratify-
ing to an American to observe that everything which
was said in relation to his own country, was respect-
ful and conciliatory.

Some reference having been made in the House of
Lords to the various Law Reforms which are in prog-
ress, I was pleased to notice that they arrested the at-
tention of Brougham, and called from him a few re-
marks. It was pleasing to hear the voice of this cele-
brated man, whose name has been so long associated
with literature, with social and educational reforms,
and with the great political movements of .England ;
a justly great and celebrated name, although it was
painfully obvious that age, which respects no name
and no greatness, had subtracted something from his
power.

In thus referring to the distinguished members of
the English Parliament, I ought not to forget, that
among them, inferior to none and an ornament to the
whole body, is Mr. Macaulay, the historian, who is re-
turned from the city of Edinburgh. I have had no
opportunity of hearing him speak ; and therefore can
express no opinion, except what I have been enabled
to form from his published writings and speeches. It
is obvious, however, from what he has written and
from his speeches on various occasions, that he is not
only a man of great historical and political learning,
but, what is essential in a leading member of Parlia-
ment, possesses a thorough command and mastery of
that noble language which among the languages of
modern times may justly be styled the language of lib-
9

98

LETTERS AESTHETIC,

erty. He not only knows what it is proper and wise to
say, but in what manner to say it, so that the most re-
fined scholar, seeing the thought giving birth to the ex-
pression, and the expression fitting the thought, can-
not read his speeches, even on ordinary political topics,
without finding something which pleases a truly lite-
rary taste. Nor is he deficient, when occasion calls for
it, in subtle logic, and in keen sarcasm, and he knows
also in what manner and at what times to inflict those
ponderous blows of eloquent and impassioned decla-
mation, of which we have illustrations in Edmund
Burke.

Another prominent member of the present Parlia-
ment is Richard Cobden. I had the pleasure of spend-
ing an evening in the company of this truly excellent
and distinguished man, and can thus aid my general
impressions by means of a personal acquaintance, al-
though a slight one. Mr. Cobden, without the advan-
tages of what is termed a liberal education, has risen
"to his present position of eminence, by his strength of
intellect, high moral purpose, and untiring persever-
ance and labor. It is thought by some, that he does
not at the present time exercise that influence to which
he is entitled, but the principal reason of this seems to
me to be one which is very creditable to him. And I
mean in saying this, that being a man of a reflective
turn of mind, he sees far and clearly into the spirit of
a true and christianized humanity, and being true to
himself, he is willing, even at the cost of personal popu-
larity, to act up to the light which he has. And among
other things implied in this general remark, he is de-
cidedly opposed to a state of war as being the great

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 99

hindrance to increased and perfected civilization, and
as the great source of the wrongs which grind the poor
and suffering, and of the power which sustains the op-
pressor. And in accordance with these views and
principles, he made a motion in the English Parlia-
ment on the 24th of June, 1851, and supported it by
an able speech ; a motion which is required by the
spirit of Christianity, but which unhappily is without
an example ; as follows, — That an address be present-
ed to her Majesty, praying that she will direct her Sec-
retary of State for Foreign Affairs to enter into com-
munication with the Government of France, and en-
deavor to prevent in future that rivalry of ivarlike prep-
aration in time of peace which has hitherto been the
policy of the two governments, aud to promote if possi-
ble, a mutual reduction of armaments.

This important motion he sustained in a speech,
simple in its style, but replete with argument, sound
sense, and enlightened philanthropy. It is true that
he was not able at that time to accomplish his object,
and the two great nations on the opposite sides of the
English channel not only maintain but are increasing
their armaments at important points. His remarks,
however, were heard with attention ; and every day's
experience shows their wisdom. And it is to be hoped,
availing himself of the high position in which Provi-
dence has placed him, that he will continue to press
this great subject upon the attention of the Engligh
government. His past history shows that he is not a
man, who is likely to be discouraged by the vast diffi-
culties arising from national prejudices, and still less
to be diverted from a purpose which he has honestly

100 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

formed by the sneers or threats of interested individu-
als who cannot comprehend him.

The room or chamber, in which the Peers assemble,
is large and well proportioned ; ninety-seven feet in
length, forty-five in height and the same in width. —
At the south end of the chamber is the royal throne,
rich with the emblazonry of the royal arms around,
and surmounted by a superb gothic canopy. The
walls, the windows, the ceiling, are enriched by the
devices of art, and almost gorgeous in their combined
splendor. The room of the Commons is smaller in
size, and less decorated; but seemed to me to be equal-
ly convenient, and perhaps more so, for the purposes
of discussion and debate.

But it is the great voice of truth and liberty, which
I doubt not will from time to time resound through
these halls, carrying dismay to despotism, and hope
and encouragement to the suffering and oppressed,
which will give a lustre to them, in the eyes of all
thinking and just men, greater than that which paint-
ing or sculpture can bestow.

(XII.)

Windsor Castle and its vicinity — Visit to some of its apartments — The
Waterloo chamber and its portraits — The guard chamber — Parks
and the Long Walk — Windsor Forest — Runny Mede — Eton Col-
lege— Gray's Ode.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 16, 1852.

I have recently availed myself of a pleasant day to
visit Windsor Castle, the residence of royalty, and, on

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 101

many accounts, one of the most interesting places in
the kingdom.

On the spot where the Castle of Windsor now
stands, about twenty miles southwest from London,
a fortress of considerable size was erected by William
the Conqueror ; which was subsequently enlarged by
Henry the First. From the time of Henry, the for-
tress or castle, thus enlarged and improved by him,
may be regarded, as it was in fact, one of the royal
residences. And successive monarchs, Edward Third,
Henry Eighth, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Anne
contributed much, with a view to render it the more
suitable for this purpose, in erecting additional build-
ings and in adorning the grounds. George the Third
made it his principal residence ; as did also George the
Fourth, who in the course of a few years expended
more than a million sterling upon it. It is at the pres-
ent time the principal and favorite residence of Queen
Victoria.

I spent a day, and might easily and pleasantly have
spent a longer time, in visiting this palace and its
beautiful grounds. Entering by the gothic porch ad-
joining King John's Tower, I was conducted, in com-
pany with a number of other persons, through the
apartments, in the order in which they are usually
shown to strangers — the Queen's Audience Chamber,
adorned with tapestry, representing scripture subjects,
and also with a few portraits — the Vandyke Room, so
called from its containing twenty-two paintings by
Vandyke, chiefly portraits of distinguished persons;
among which the equestrian portrait of Charles First
is regarded as possessing special value as a work of
9*

102 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

art — the Queen's State Drawing Room, also called
the Zuccarelli Room, from the circumstance of its
being adorned with nine paintings by Zuccarelli, an
Italian painter, who once enjoyed a celebrity which
does not appear to be awarded to him now — the State
Ante-Room, chiefly remarkable for some exquisite
specimens of carving by Gibbons, and historically, for
having been occupied by Charles First a short time
previous to his execution.

The next room to which we were introduced is cal-
led the Waterloo Chamber ; so named from the cir-
cumstance that it is hung almost exclusively with the
portraits of the distinguished men, who were connect-
ed either in war or diplomatically, with the trying se-
ries of events, which had their termination at Water-
loo. This apartment, which is equally chaste and
beautiful in its decorations, is quite large ; being near-
ly an hundred feet in length. There are portraits in
it, the most of them painted by Sir Thomas Law-
rence, of Castlereagh, Humbolt, Canning, Harden-
berg, Alexander of Russia, Capo d'Istrias, Nesselrode,
Schwartzenberg, Picton, Platoff the leader of the Cos-
sacks, Anglesea, CzernistchefT, Metternich, Welling-
ton and Blucher. I mention these names in particu-
lar and without hesitation, because no person can pre-
tend to a knowledge of modern history without hav-
ing some acquaintance with their political relations
and acts or their military achievements.

We are apt, as every one knows, to form opinions
from countenances, either from the outline or the ex-
pression, or from a combination of the two ; and it is
but justice to say, that the looks of these distinguished

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 103

men, as they are given in these fine portraits, do not
belie their personal history ; and that in general they
appear like men who are capable of great deeds. As
he is represented in the portrait suspended in the
Waterloo chamber, even Metternich, who has had an
influence in European affairs second only to that of
Talleyrand, has a countenance intellectual, open, frank,
generous ; so much so as to perplex very much my
previous unfavorable impressions, and to lead me to
suppose, that his anti-republican policy was dictated
more by the exigencies of his situation than by his
heart ; and that under other circumstances he might
have applied his great powers to the furtherance of
liberty.

I will not detain you with this part of my visit here
any further than to say, that the Guard chamber which
is also shown to visitors, seemed to be the special
place of curiosities. Here are whole-length figures, in
armor ; — a bust of Nelson with a pedestal made from
a mast of the Victory ; — suspended banners, an elabo-
rate shield made by Benvenuto Cellini, and among
other things two small pieces of ordnance, captured
by Lord Cornwallis. Perhaps it is unnecessary to add,
that they were taken by him at Seringapatam, and not
in his campaigns in America. And near the bust of
Nelson, in singular juxta-position, are two relics, — one
allied to war, the other to poetry. One is a chair made
from an elm tree, which grew on the field of Water-
loo ; — the other is a chair made from an oak beam ta-
ken from the old haunted church of Alloway, which
Burns has made so famous in his wonderful Tarn
O'Shanter.

104 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

After visiting these and other apartments, we as-
cended the great Round Tower ; — a most remarkable
stone structure, varying but little in its size from three
hundred feet in circumference and the same in height.
It answers the double purpose, or rather such were
the objects to which it was formerly applied, of a for-
tress and a prison. The Earl of Surrey, who is favor-
ably known among the early poetical writers of Eng-
land, was at one time confined here as a prisoner ; as
also was John, King of France and David Bruce, King
of Scotland, who were defeated and taken prisoners
by Edward Third. The prospect from the summit of
this tower is extensive and beautiful in the highest
degree. It is said that on a clear day no less than
twelve counties of England can be seen from it. In
the distance was pointed out to me the residence, still
standing, of our own William Penn, and his descen-
dants ; and hardly any object could have brought up
more interesting associations to my mind ; and also
the church, whose churchyard with its sleeping inhabi-
tants gave rise to the inimitable Elegy of the poet
Gray. Nearer and almost directly below us, amid
groves and lawns, the Thames flowed by in majestic
beauty ; crowned with villages and country seats, and
by Eton College with its spires and " antique towers,"
which Gray also, who was the poet of these regions,
has given to a lasting fame.

After visiting St. George's Chapel, where sleep the
remains of Henry VIII., and which is adorned by a
painting of the Lord's Supper by West, I spent some
hours, in the closing part of a bright and delightful
day, in excursions through the walks and parks in the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 105

vicinity of the palace. I have seen nothing which
exceeds the noble avenue, three miles in length, called
the Long Walk. It is perfectly straight; and has a
road in the centre for carriages with footpaths on each
side ; and is shaded by a double row of aged elms of
great size. This splendid walk may be said to ter-
minate at a place called Snow Hill, an abrupt pile of
woods and granite, surmounted by an equestrian
statue of George Third. As I paused here and look-
ed back upon the vast expanse around and beneath
me, magnificent with forests or rich with cultivation,
with the walls and towers of Windsor Castle in the
centre and the floating banner of England bright with
the setting sun, I felt a new sentiment of beauty and
grandeur opening at my heart, with gratitude to that
great Being who hath made all things beautiful in
their season, and with feelings of respect and affec-
tion for the land of my ancestors.

Somewhere in one of these parks, the Home Park
I believe, there is an old withered oak, surrounded
with palings, which is said to be the identical oak, to
which Shakspeare has alluded in a striking passage
in the Merry Wives of Winds or.

" There is an old tale goes, that Heme the hunter,

Sometime a keeper here in Windsor Forest,

Doth all the winter time, at still midnight,

Walk round about an oak, with great ragged horns,

And there he blasts the tree, and takes the cattle,

And makes milch kine yield blood, and shakes a chain,

In a most hideous and dreadful manner."

A few miles beyond Snow Hill, but within the roy-
al grounds and on the borders of the beautiful expanse

106 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

of water, called the Virginia Water, are large masses
of granite, marble, and porphyry collected together,
and so arranged as to give the appearance of the ruins
of an ancient temple. These large masses, upon which
I came suddenly and unexpectedly, were brought from
Greece, and arranged so entirely in harmony with my
previous conceptions of ancient ruins that the illusion
was complete. It was difficult to believe, that they
were not the ruins of an edifice, which had been erect-
ed in early times and had gone to decay on this very
spot.

There is one place in this vicinity which I did not
visit ; but which, although there may be nothing in
the form of paintings or architecture to recommend
it, is so associated with the protection of human rights
and liberty, that it has a permanent and memorable
name. On the banks of the Thames and within four
miles of Windsor, is that Runny Mede, which holds
so conspicuous a place in the civil and political histo-
ry of England ; where the Barons and people of Eng-
land compelled King John to assent to the principles
of Magna Charta. And it was on an island near by
in the river, that the Great Charter, which stands as
the basis of English liberty, was actually signed by
that unworthy monarch. I know that England had
a charter and liberties before ; but it was at that time
and at that place and under the memorable circum-
stances of that occasion, that they received an enlarg-
ment, a definiteness and a sanction which had never
previously existed ; so that in all succeeding times
both in England and America, what was signed at
Runny Mede has been referred to as one of the true

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 107

voices of humanity, one of the great proclamations
of freedom.

There was another place, which I saw from the
Round Tower but did not visit, — Eton College, which
for scores of years has been associated in my heart
and memory with the beautiful poetry of Gray. Un-
til I came to England I did not know, or rather did
not distinctly appreciate, the wide and powerful influ-
ence which the literature of England had exerted in
my mental training. And the reason perhaps in part
was, because in America I knew it in its effects only ;
but here I see it in its source. I ever felt that Gray
was a true poet. He possesses an element of power,
which embodies itself from time to time in gorgeous
conceptions and in forms of language that dilate and
agitate the mind ; but his most striking characteristic
is his perfection of taste, formed upon the Roman
models, and which frequently reminds one of the ex-
quisite terms of expression and combinations of ex-
pression, which are found in the Augustan writers. —
And as I stood in sight of the groves where he had
walked, of the college where he was educated, of his
u silver-winding" Thames and of the distant church-
yard which inspired his unequalled Elegy, I felt anew,
how the genius of literature has the power to conse-
crate nature and to perpetuate existence.

As I have thus diverted your attention from the
objects around me to the subject of English poetry, I
must make my defence, and at the same time close my
letter, by a few lines from the Ode on Eton College.

108

LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

" Ye distant spires, ye antique towers,

That crown the watery glade,
Where grateful Science still adores

Her Henry's holy shade;
And ye that from the stately brow
Of Windsor's heights th' expanse below
Of grove, of lawn, of mead survey ; —

Whose turf, whose shade, whose flowers among

Wanders the hoary Thames along
His silver-winding way !

tl Ah, happy hills ! ah, pleasing shade !

Ah, fields beloved in vain !
Where once my careless childhood strayed,

A stranger yet to pain :
I feel the gales that from ye blow
A momentary bliss bestow
As, waving fresh their gladsome wing,

My weary soul they seem to soothe,

And, redolent of joy and youth,
To breathe a second spring."

(XIII.)

Funeral of the Duke of Wellington — His early military career — Ee-
marks on war — His personal character-- Funeral procession — Stan-
zas composed on this occasion.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 18, 1852.

To-day I saw the Duke of Wellington carried to his
tomb. My position was in the Strand, fronting the
termination of a wide street opposite, in full view of
the procession and of assembled thousands of the peo-
ple. Amid the marching of troops, with the sound of
cannon, and of martial instruments, and with the at-
tendance of the distinguished personages of England
aiid of other countries, the remains of this great man,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 109

the pride and boast of England, were borne to their
final resting place. On all the streets, through which
the procession was to pass on its way to St. Paul's
church, vast masses were collected, influenced by the
mixed motive of witnessing the pageantry of the pro-
cession, and of manifesting their real interest in the
memory of the dead.

Wellington began his military career at an early
period of life in the East Indies ; and at Ahmednug-
ger, Assaye, Argaum and other places in those distant
regions, the scenes of sad and equivocal bloodshed
even in the view of his own countrymen, he establish-
ed a reputation for bravery and skill, which caused him
to be selected as a leader in those fierce European
wars, which originated in the ambitious purposes and
attempts of Napoleon. Taking in the year 1809 his
position in Portugal, which then seemed to be the last
foothold of liberty, he drew that sword, which flashed
in so many battle fields from Vimiera and Talavera
to Waterloo. His heart and his arm grew stronger
in these later contests ; and he showed himself a great-
er man than he had done in India, because he felt he
had more truth and justice in his cause, and because
his position more fully harmonized with the innate
elements of his character.

He fought ; but not without understanding and la-
menting the miseries of war. After the battle of Wa-
terloo he shed bitter tears, and made the remark, that
even such a victory was no compensation to him per-
sonally for the death of his friends, whatever relations
it might have in other respects. In regard to civil
wars in particular, he once made the decisive declara-
10

110 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

tion, which shows that in his case the spirit of war
had not quelled or overruled the spirit of humanity,
that, such was his sense of the horrors of civil war, if
he could be the means of preventing even one month
of civil contest in his own country, he would sacrifice
his life in order to do it.

I have no sympathy with wars. Indeed I might
express myself more strongly. I believe them to be
opposed to the spirit and the letter of the Gospel.—
Wars have thrown back civilization, humanity, reli-
gion. It is a great doctrine of the Scriptures, that they
" who take the sword shall perish by the sword ;" and
it is a great truth of history, written in fire and blood,
that, though liberty has sometimes been won by the
sword, the same sword has destroyed it. And still
my feelings on this subject do not, I trust, deprive me
of the power of estimating men who think and act
differently, and of making the proper and just distinc-
tions among them. I should think unworthily of my-
self, and discredit the idea of all true mental guidance,
if I were left, for instance, to the folly of confounding
such a man as Washington with other military men,
who have fought as bravely, but without principle and
without humanity. I am willing, therefore, in view of
the vast pageant which has just passed before me, to
give my opinion of the man whom it was designed to
honor, without ceasing to regret the necessity, or rath-
er the supposed necessity, which organizes armies, and
which associates fame with blood.

There are men who have combined greatness of in-
tellect with restriction and narrowness of the heart ; —
there are men who are historically great without being

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. Ill

morally great ; — but the Duke of Wellington was a
srreat man in no limited sense of the term. In the
first place he possessed great intellectual powers. And
I mean in saying so, that he was quick in perception,
and also in comparison and combination, together
with that capacity of taking a large and comprehen-
sive view of things, which renders the other qualities
available on great occasions. I am aware the remark
is often made, that great generalship does not neces-
sarily imply great talents ; and I am willing to admit
that generals of subordinate rank, by means of the
fiery courage and devotedness with which they execu-
ted the duties assigned them, have sometimes become
famous with but little originative or administrative
power. But it seems to me very clear, that no man
can hold, as Wellington did, the position of chief of
an army, and successfully plan and carry on a series
of campaigns on a large scale, without possessing
consummate ability. And the general impression in
relation to eminent military commanders, the Alexan-
ders and Hannibals, the Caesars and Marlboroughs of
history, seems to be, that they were men of great in-
tellectual power, whatever may be thought or said of
the justice of their wars, or of the rectitude of their
morals.

But there are various kinds of greatness. And I
am willing to admit, that a man may be a great gen-
eral, who is not possessed of great virtues ; as might
be inferred from the history of some of those, to whom
reference has just been made. War itself is felt by
most persons, even by those who do not condemn it
in all cases, to partake of the nature of an immorality.

112 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

Humanity practices it, without responding to it as the
right and benevolent adjustment of things. It is out
of harmony with the order of the universe ; at least
with that order which the universe is struggling to
realize ; and hence it is, that a bad man, a very bad
man, will fight well and in that sense will make a
good soldier; and many men, placed in the highest
military position, have skillfully conducted great cam-
paigns, who have had but little of the sentiment of
justice, and still less of benevolence.

But Wellington was not only a great captain, in the
sense of possessing great military capacity ; he was
also a just and benevolent man. I can favorably ap-
preciate his energy of character and his great capaci-
ties of thought ; but I am far more affected by what
I believe to have been his quick and high sense
of justice and his real benevolence. When he laid
down his sword at Waterloo, a sword which he had
wielded, not without perplexity and sorrow, he allow-
ed the sympathetic and benevolent element of his
character to take its true position, and to retain it
during the remainder of his life. And being placed,
either by office or by his great personal influence, at
the head of the civil and political administration of
England, and holding as it were for more than thirty
years both war and peace in his hand, he took in
every instance of rising passion and of threatning dis-
cord, the side of forbearance, of adjustment, and of
peace. Perhaps he felt that one, who had been con-
nected with wars so long, and had known so much
of their horrors, owed more than other men to the
principles and claims of pacification. As a republic

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 113

can, therefore, and as one sincerely attached to pacific
sentiments, I feel it no discredit to say, that my heart
was deeply affected, in common with the multitudes
of Englishmen around me, when I saw the lifeless
body of Wellington carried to its grave.

I am confident, that the great tribute paid to his
memory, (and it was really great, perhaps more so in
some of its aspects than history has ever recorded,)
was not more a tribute to his capacities and victories
in war than to his acknowledged virtues. One of his
marked traits of character was his simplicity ; and I
mean by that, his forgetfulness of self and his single-
ness of purpose. It was so natural and easy for him
to do what he considered it his duty to do, that his
thoughts did uot revert to himself, as if he had done
something worthy of notice and applause, even if he
had done it more thoroughly and better than other
men. There is nothing which so much commands
the admiration of men as this trait of character, when
it is combined with great capacity. If Wellington
had not been such a man as I have described him to
be, if he had been an immoral man, if he had been
a mere fighting man, a man of blood without the sen-
timents of juvstice and benevolence, in a word had his
history recorded his achievements without the noble
record of his character, the honors, which have been
paid to his memory to-day, could not have been award-
ed him. It marks the progress of civilization and of
religious sentiment, that success in war alone, with-
out acts and attributes that appeal to other and high-
er parts of our nature, can no longer give permanent
fame. So much as this, if I have viewed things aright,
10*

114 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

is gained to humanity and truth. And if the prog-
ress of opinion continues to advance as it has done,
the question will be asked at a time not far distant, —
not who is first in war and in the conquests of nations,
but who is first in peace and in the establishment of
national fraternity.

The funeral car, which bore the body of Welling-
ton to its destined resting-place by the side of Nelson,
was preceded by large detachments of infantry, artil-
lery and cavalry, by carriages containing deputations
from public bodies — by the dignitaries of England,
barons, earls, viscounts and bishops, — by the minis-
ters of England and members of the houses of Par-
liament, and by distinguished men, who came as the
representatives of foreign countries to pay their hom-
age to his memory. The eyes of the multitude, at-
tracted for a moment by the splendor of the troops,
rested fixedly and with tears upon the car and the
coffin which it bore. The history of a long genera-
tion, filled with bloody or with mighty acts, seemed
to be resting there ; and the body, which had moved
among them and given them form and life, was pass-
ing to its final home. The funeral car, itself a mag-
nificent object, was drawn by twelve large black hor-
ses, three abreast, adorned with velvet housings, on
which the arms of the deceased were richly embroid-
ered, and, waving with each movement of then proud
necks their lofty black plumes, they seemed to be con-
scious, as they struck their hoofs slowly, and in har-
mony, to the earth, of the grandeur and solemnity of
the hour. The horse of Wellington occupied a place
alone in the procession ; but the rider was not there.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 115

The movement of the immense cortege, as if borne
down and repressed by the weight of memory and of
sorrow, was slow and measured. Arms were revers-
ed ; drums were muffled ; and the tolling of bells and
the sound of distant cannon, mingled with the wail-
ing voice of countless instruments. And all sadly
harmonized not only with the voice of sorrow in the
million of mourning hearts, but with that voice of
mysterious destiny which says, " Dust thou art ; to
dust thou shalt return."

I can give you no further particulars at present. — -
The stanzas^ which are added, originated on this oc-
casion, and may help to convey to you some of the
thoughts and emotions which filled my mind.

With grief and tears, unknown before,

And slow and melancholy tread,
And trumpet's wail and cannon's roar,
The vast and mourning people bore

The dust of England's dead.

And ah, what memories mark that day !

What thoughts of battles fought and won !
As thus they came, in long array,
At Nelson's earlier tomb to lay,

The lifeless Wellington.

They sleep. — To them the battle's cry

Has hushed its voice on land and wave ;

And thus, in silence as they lie,

They teach us that the great shall die.
The victor has his grave.

And Thou, to whom our thoughts arise,
As round their kindred tombs we bend,

Oh, grant, great Ruler of the skies,

At whose command the warrior dies/
That war itself may end.

116 LETTERS .ESTHETIC.

(XIV.)

Palace of Hampton Court — Built by Cardinal Wolsey, and presented
by him to Henry VIII. — Paintings — The gigantic porter of Kenil-
worth — The original cartoons of Raphael — Remarks upon these
paintings — Visit to Richmond Kill — Grave of Thompson.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 22, 1852.

There is an old poem, the authorship of which is
unknown to me, which reads in a certain place as fol-
lows:

" Let any wight, — if such a wight there be, —
To whom thy lofty towers unknown remain,

Direct his steps, fair Hampton Court, to thee,
And view thy splendid halls."

In accordance with the advice thus given, and de-
sirous of seeing objects of interest which I shall never
have another opportunity to see, I recently went in
company with others to this celebrated place ; — cele-
brated for what it is in itself, celebrated for what it
contains, and perhaps not less so for being closely as-
sociated with the names of Wolsey, Henry VIIL,
Charles II, Oliver Cromwell; and I know not how
many others.

The royal palace of Hampton Court, beautifully lo-
cated on the North bank of the Thames, about twelve
miles from London, was built originally by Cardinal
Wolsey, who possessed great power and influence in
the time of Henry VIII ; and whose name the poetry
of Shakspeare, still more than his personal achieve-
ments or merits, has made familiar to all. It was
originally of great extent and magnificence ; so much
so that it caused considerable dissatisfaction and even

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 117

envy in the mind of Henry VIIL, who saw himself
excelled in splendor by one, who held the place of a
subject. Wolsey, rather than encounter the effects of
this dissatisfaction, and making a virtue of necessity,
gave this magnificent palace to the king. Large and
splendid under the expense and labors of the Cardi-
nal, it was further greatly enlarged and enriched by
the king himself. Since that time parts of the old
palace have been taken down and replaced by later
structures. But it is still an imposing pile of build-
ings, well worthy the attention of visitors.

The clear, silvery Thames flows by in beauty ; the
walks and gardens are laid out with taste and ele-
gance ; there are flowers and fountains and green ter-
races and shady trees, all attracting and delightful in
their place and season ; for nature, having life in her-
self, changes but never dies. But when I entered the
palace itself, and passed through the long succession
of rooms, the names of which indicated that it had
been the residence of monarchs, I felt a sense of lone-
liness and desolation, as if I were treading among the
memorials of buried ages and of departed greatness.
Indeed, were it not for the numerous paintings and
tapestries which have been collected together here as
in one vast repository, it might be said, that nothing
remained but the walls themselves. There are no
banquetings now, such as are described by Cavendish.
No Lord Cardinal, "booted and spurred," comes sud-
denly in among the revelling guests. Henry and
Cromwell, at whose voice the mighty fabric trembled,
have become dust and ashes ; — and the tread of roy-
alty has departed, to return no more.

118 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

I gazed, nevertheless, upon the paintings on the
walls; and, passing rapidly by many works which
failed to attract me, either from a want of genius and
skill in the authors, or from the want of a proper light
to see them in, I paused at others with the feelings of
admiration, to which they are entitled. And when I
say that among them are to be found the works of
Giulio Romano, Kneller, West, Rembrandt, Rubens,
Titian, Vandyke, Holbein, and other artists of great
merit, I feel justified in adding, that, if the living are
not here to inspire admiration by their personal pres-
ence, the feeling is at least inspired by the dead who
live upon canvass, — either by the character of the sub-
ject or by the skill of the artist.

I will mention here an incident, which was unex-
pected, but not without some interest. In the histori-
cal romance of Kenilworth, which holds if not the
first, at least no second place among the writings of
Walter Scott, the author has introduced with great
effect the gigantic porter of Queen Elizabeth ; and
with such gifts of size and proportions as to seem al-
most an exaggeration. But I have no doubt that he
sketched his picture from a prototype, which actually
existed. On entering the Guard chamber of Hamp-
ton Court, one of the objects which first attracted my
notice, was a full length portrait of this porter. The
painting is by Frederic Zuccaro ; and is dated, 1580.
It is from life, and is seven feet, six inches in height.

There was one object at the palace of Hampton
Court, which took so much of my attention and in-
terest, as to leave but a small share for objects which,
under other circumstances, would have well deserved

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 119

them. I mean the original Cartoons of Raphael. It
is true I had seen well executed copies of them at
Oxford ; but this did not take away my desire to see
the originals. The Cartoons are said to have been
executed in the year 1515 or 1516. These paintings,
which were designed in the first instance as merely
the original sketches or patterns from which the weav-
ers of Arras were to prepare a series of tapestries for
Leo X., are upon a thick paper, sometimes called a
card or paste-board paper ; and hence the name of
Cartoons, which has been given them. Before the
tapestries were completed, Leo was assassinated ; and
the weavers being unpaid, retained in their possession
the cartoon patterns ; which actually remained neg-
lected and almost forgotten, in a cellar in Arras one
hundred years. Three of them were by some means
lost. The others were finally obtained by Rubens for
Charles I, whose object was like that of Leo, to have
tapestries woven from them ; and thus after various
vicissitudes, in which they were once saved by Oliver
Cromwell, they have at last found a resting-place in
Hampton Court.

The Cartoons were originally ten in number. The
subjects of those which are lost, were the stoning of
St. Stephen, the conversion of St. Paul, and St. Paul
in his dungeon at Phillippi. The seven which remain,
are all of them to be seen here. The first, as they are
arranged in the gallery which is called the Cartoon
gallery, is the death of Ananias, Acts v. In size this
painting is a little more than seventeen feet by eleven.
In the midst of nine apostles, standing upon a raised
platform, is seen St. Peter with his hand uplifted as if

120 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

in the act of speaking. On the left, in the background,
is Sapphira, the wife of Ananias, who is ignorant of
what is taking place, paying some money with one
hand, but withholding money in the other ; — and St.
John and another apostle occupy a position to the
right of Peter, and are in the act of distributing alms.
The position of Peter is a prominent one, because it
is through him that the mighty power of God, which
is manifested in opposition to cupidity and deception,
may be said to be revealed. Nevertheless the figure
which chiefly arrests the attention of the beholder, is
the prostrate and lifeless Ananias. Such a picture of
life struck into death, of vitality retaining its form but
extinct in its essence, is no where else to be found. —
Every man's consciousness, who beholds this terrible
scene, corresponds to the conception of the great paint-
er ; and he says instinctively, and without any hesi-
tation,— so distinct is the mingled expression of as-
tonishment and hopeless agony, and such the sudden
and obvious helplessness of every prostrate limb, —
that it was thus he fell and died ; and a man, struck
in a moment, and by a secret and divine power, could
not have fallen and died in any other way.

The next painting, as they are arranged in the
Hampton Court gallery, is that of Elymas the sorcer-
er, struck with blindness. In this painting, there are
fourteen figures. The Pro-consul Sergius, who occu-
pies a central position, is seen seated on a throne, with
two lictors on his left hand, — his countenance filled
with a mixed curiosity and astonishment at the effect
which is produced by the words of the apostle. On
his right hand is St. Paul, his countenance and action

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 121

full of that conscious rectitude and dignity, which
may properly characterize the prophet and messenger
of God. But in this painting, as in that of Ananias
and Sapphira, the figure, which exercised and called
into action in the highest degree the imaginative pow-
er of the painter, and which is central to the feelings
of the spectator, is that of the wretched Elymas, with
his hands extended, and groping about in his blind-
ness and horror. So far as the conception of this sad
and terrible figure is concerned, there can be no doubt
that it should be ranked among; the truest and great-
est results of creative imagination.

There is a story told of Garrick in relation to this
painting. Being in company with Benjamin West
and some other persons, the conversation turned upon
Elymas, as he is represented crouching and holding
out his hands. Garrick, not having noticed, or not
recollecting at the moment any thing of the kind in
real life, remarked, that the attitude of Elymas seem-
ed to him unnatural. West thought differently ; and
desirous of vindicating a great painter, requested Gar-
rick to shut his eyes and walk across the room. Gar-
rick who had no objection to experiments of that kind,
closed his eyes ; but he had no sooner begun to walk
about, than he instinctively put out his hands, and as-
sumed that crouching, cautious, and groping position,
which he had before criticised as unnatural.

The third of the Cartoons as they are here arrang-
ed, is the healing of the lame man at the gate of the
Temple called the " Beautiful;" which exhibits a high
degree of inventive power, though it did not interest
me so much as the others. The next is the Miracu-
11

122 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

lous Draught of Fishes, of which we have an account
in the fifth of Luke. The size of this painting is thir-
teen and a half feet in length by ten and a half in
height. In looking at it the attention is at once occu-
pied with the two fishermen's boats, and the waters
of the lake of Gallilee, under a clear bright sky, rip-
pling gently around them. In one of these boats, in
a central position, is the Savior ; finely conceived and
represented, with a countenance full of benevolence
and dignity. He is seated ; and in the act of speak-
ing to Peter, who is on his knees before him ; and is
represented with a countenance expressive of humili-
ty and awe. Behind the Saviour in the same boat is
a young man. On his left is the other boat, in which
is one man steering it, and two other men, finely
drawn, in the act of taking up the net laden with fish-
es. The net is heavy, and the drawing is such as to
indicate the muscular effort of the men in taking it up.
The fishes are very natural. But one of the most
striking features in this painting is the three tall black
cranes, standing in the edge of the water, with their
short wi^ngs, long necks, and open bills. They have
a singularly strange and wild appearance ; but per-
fectly natural and giving to the whole scene an aspect
of reality which it might not otherwise have had. I
think there is no one of Raphael's paintings, which
has left upon my mind a deeper impression than this.
The subject of the fifth Cartoon is Paul and Bar-
nabas at Lystra, as recorded in the fourth of Acts. —
The part of this painting, in which Raphael puts forth
the strength of that conceptive power which enabled
him to place nature upon canvass, and to enchant the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 123

belief of the spectator into the midst of a reality ac-
tually passing before him, is the uplifted arm and axe
of the sacrificer, and the upturned head of the help-
less ox, held in its position to receive the terrible blow.
The sad and abhorrent feeling of the spectator is al-
most equal to that of St. Paul, although it may be in
part from a different cause.

The subject of the next painting is Paul preaching
at Athens. There is in this painting, as there is in
the others, a centre of interest to the spectator ; as
there was a central thought or idea in the mind of the
painter.

All these paintings illustrate what seems to me to
be one of the happiest expressions of the theory of
beauty, namely, unity in variety. It is true, that a
complete analysis of the beautiful cannot be suppos-
ed to be involved in these few expressions ; but they
enunciate a great truth ; and probably furnish the best
basis of speculation on this difficult subject. The
idea of unity, considered in relation to any work of
art, or in relation to any other work, is that of a cen-
tral thought; — central, when the term is used in the
highest sense, both in its motive and its results ; — em-
bracing both the beginning and the end, and thus hav-
ing a oneness in itself. The true name of such a com-
prehensive, yet centralized conception is unity. And
when this is accompanied by variety, — that is to say,
by subordinate objects or acts, different from each
other and from the main object or act in form or place
or in other numerously varied ways, and yet harmoni-
zing with such unity, namely, the unity of the main
purpose and the main result, we have then the leading

124 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

and indispensable elements of the sublime and beau-
tiful.

Unity is necessary to the mind's repose, — to its true
satisfaction with itself and its works. Variety is
necessary to meet the wants of its active nature. The
instincts of a great mind feel this and act accordingly.
To act without a central view and to fail to harmo-
nize variety with centralization, would be to act in dis-
cordance with its own nature and to nullify itself. —
No great work of art, no painting, no sculpture, no
great work of science, no great oration in the senate,
no great forensic argument, no related and consecu-
tive series of moral acts, ever did or ever can fulfil the
true conditions of the sublime and beautiful, (without
which such work or such series of acts cannot be call-
ed great in the highest sense of that term,) unless it
is found to conform to this view.

Such are the Cartoons. Such are the works of
Raphael.

The leading or central object in the cartoon of Paul
preaching at Athens is St. Paul himself, — announcing
for the first time in Athens the great truths of religion,
standing elevated above the multitude around him,
with arms extended, in the attitude of addressing
them, — and with his countenance and whole person
inspired by the greatness and solemnity of the occa-
sion. Behind him and around him are wise men and
the pretenders to wisdom, the sophists and philoso-
phers, the Platonist, the Cynic, the Epicurean ; — some
disputing among themselves, and others listening with
expressions of doubt and of inward inquiry and re-
flection to the new and strange doctrine, which the
great orator of Christianity is propounding to them.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 125

The auditors, taught in jhe schools of Athens, are
men of thought and are finely drawn. Among them
is one who appears to be wholly occupied in deep re-
flection. His eyes are closed; and the drapery is
drawn closely around him. It is of this figure that
Sir Joshua Reynolds made the remark that he ap-
peared to think from head to foot.

The subject of the seventh of these paintings is the
charge to St. Peter, — " feed my sheep." The most
striking figure in this cartoon is that of Christ; but
though noble in its conception and execution, there is
less which corresponds to our ideas of the Saviour, less
of divinity in it, than is found in the countenance of
the Saviour, as he is represented in the painting of the
miraculous draught of fishes.

I am free to confess that paintings, even those
which come from the hands of great masters, are in
many respects so far short of nature, or are so far
short of what a creative imagination might be sup-
posed to originate in harmony with nature, that in
general they do not fully satisfy me. But there are
exceptions. I have no drawbacks of this kind in
viewing the paintings of Raphael. They produce
upon the mind the same effect which we feel in read-
ing the sub lira est poems of Milton and Shakspeare ;
dilating and occupying it to its utmost capacity ; — so
that we seem to feel ourselves in the presence of some
superior and mighty intelligence, who makes to us a
new revelation, and thus extends the boundaries of
our own existence.

I returned from Hampton Court by the way of
Richmond ; — a pleasant town, about four miles from
11*

126 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

Hampton. The town is partly built on the side of a
ridge, the summit of which overlooks the valley of
the Thames for a long distance. This is the " Rich-
mond Hill," which Thompson has celebrated in his
delightful poem of the Seasons ; and which, in allu-
sion to the beautiful scenery of Italy, travellers have
denominated the " Tivoli of England." It is a place
of great resort ; and certainly it presents a view, which
in extent and beauty can scarcely be surpassed. The
old Saxon name of Richmond was Skene, which sig-
nifies brightness or splendor, in allusion probably to
the great beauty of the place ; and this is the name
which Thompson employs in the beginning of the
passage td which I have referred.
" Say, shall we wind

Along the stream ? or walk the sounding mead ?
Or court the forest glade ? or wander wild
Among the waving harvest ? or ascend,
While radiant summer opens all its pride,
Thy hill, delightful She?ie ?"

The remains of Thompson are buried at Richmond.
I sought his grave. With a melancholy satisfaction
I stood beside the ashes of one, whose writings in
distant America had been the delight of my father's
fireside, and had left the impress of their beauty on
our young hearts. I called to mind that touching stan-
za of Collins, which I had read and repeated many
times, without supposing I should ever realize its sol-
emn beauty on the very spot to which he refers.

" In yonder grave a Druid lies ;

Where slowly winds the stealing wave j
The year's best sweets shall duteous rise,

To deck its poet's sylvan grave."

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 127

And I will venture to add another exquisite stanza
from the same ode, in which one great poet has paid
his homage to another.

" Remembrance oft shall haunt the shore,

When Thames in summer wreaths is dressed,

And oft suspend the dashing oar,
To bid his gentle spirit rest."

(XV.)

Visit to Bunhill Fields and Westminster Abbey — Character of the men
buried in the Fields — Dr. Thomas Goodwin — Dr. John Owen —
Watts and Banyan — Westminster Abbey — Its tombs and monu-
ments— The tablet of Milton — Reflections — Poetry.

LONDON, ENGLAND, NOV. 1852.

There is a place in London called Bunhill Fields.
It is the burying place of the Dissenters. I went one
day to this place in company with the excellent friend,
who had accompanied me to Windsor and to Hamp-
ton Court, Rev. Mr. Thompson of New York, whom I
had known in America ; but had unexpectedly met in
London. Much of the interest, which I experienced
at this time, and at other times and places, is due to
him.

Bunhill Fields is a large open space some five or
six acres in extent, and surrounded with a brick wall.
In this old burying-ground are interred a large num-
ber of the leading Congregationalists, Baptists, Pres-
byterians, and other Dissenters of "England. It is not
a place which one would be likely to visit on account
of any remarkable displays of monumental art. It

128 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

has its attractions, however, for men of puritanic be-
liefs and associations ; — and many Americans go to
Bunhill Fields.

We went from tomb to tomb. The inscriptions
which they bear indicate the general character of the
men. They were men of strong religious faith ; — be-
lievers in the Bible and in Jesus Christ ; who under-
stood and felt the nothingness of man, and therefore
sought help from God ; and though differing from
each other in some speculative opinions, yet all agree-
ing in this, that religion, while it manifests itself in
outward forms, is essentially an inward life, which is
born of God's Holy Spirit. It was from the life,
which once shone in this now mouldering dust, that
much of that American and Puritan spirit sprang up,
which crossed oceans, defied stormy winters, levelled
forests, planted school-houses and churches, and laid
the strong foundations of religious and republican
liberty. It may well be supposed, therefore, that the
place was not wanting in great interest for me ; — how-
ever it might be deficient in the attractions of art.

There was something in the names which I read
upon the stones that reminded me of home. Here
are buried the Aliens, Andersons, Bradfords, Browns,
Abbots, Clarks, Hay wards, Lawrences, Parkers, Palm-
ers, Goodwins, Robinsons, and others ; whose names,
borne by descendants or relatives, are so well known
and so often met with in the northern parts of
America.

Many eminent men of the Dissenters are buried
here. This is the last earthly resting-place of Dr.
Thomas Goodwin ; — a learned preacher and writer of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 129

the Dissenters in the time of Cromwell. He was edu-
cated at the University of Cambridge ; and such was
the estimation in which he was held for his learning
and other qualities, that he was selected by the Par-
liament of England, in the time of the English Com-
monwealth, to be president of Magdalen College in
Oxford. Here also are deposited the remains of Dr.
John Owen, another distinguished man of the same
class of religionists and living nearly at the same pe-
riod. He was educated at Oxford ; a man of great
learning, of eminent capacity, and who has always
been regarded as one of the most distinguished of the
illustrators and defenders of the Independent or Con-
gregational views. This class of men are entitled to
great credit for the position they took and for their
labors and trials in support of the great principles of
religious toleration and freedom. Here is the tomb
of Dr. Isaac Watts ; — a name that is much respected
among all denominations of christians. He was for
fifty years the minister of a Dissenting congregation
in London. Bunyan, the justly celebrated author of
Pilgrim's Progress, lies here.

In recalling this visit to Bunhill Fields, I am remin-
ded of Westminster Abbey. I will briefly speak,
therefore, as I may have no better opportunity, of
Westminister Abbey now.

While in London, I went repeatedly to this memo-
rable pile of buildings. It is near the banks of the
Thames ; — at a little distance from the Parliament
House of England. It arises in great majesty and
beauty, — adorned with pinnacles and towers ; and
with the power to arrest and control the attention of

130

LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the beholder, notwithstanding the defacements it has
suffered from the lapse of successive centuries.

I went through its chapels, cloisters, arches ; — I trod
upon the places where the ashes of the dead repose,
and beheld the sculpture of their tombs and monu-
ments ; — and here, too, as well as in the burying
ground of the Puritans, catching something of the
inspiration of the place and its histories, I left it with
the impression, that there are but few spots in the
world which can originate sentiments at once so va-
ried and profound.

Here are monuments and tombs, which contain the
dust and perpetuate the memory of kings and queens ;
— of the old Saxon king Sebert and of his queen
Athelgoda, who died more than a thousand years ago ;
— of Edward First and queen Eleanor his wife, of
Edward the confessor, of Edward Third and his
queen Philippa, of Henry Third, and of Richard Sec-
ond and his queen.

Celebrated statesmen have been buried here ; or are
commemorated by monuments. Here is the dust of
Hudson and Cecil ; — names which are associated with
the reign of Elizabeth. All that was mortal of Wil-
liam Pitt, of Canning, Grattan, and Wilberforce, lies
within these walls. Here are monuments, which com-
memorate the learning or statesmanship of Fox, Chat-
ham, and Mansfield.

Nor does this great repository of the dead withhold
the homage which is due to scientific genius and to
literary attainment. Monumental tablets commemo-
rate the genius and labor of Watt, the distinguished
improver of the steam engine ; of Telford, the arehi-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 131

tect of the Menai bridge, and of Newton, whose name
needs no specification.

Beneath this gorgeous roof is the dust of Samuel
Johnson. The earthly remains of Denham, Cumber-
land, and Sheridan are here. Monuments and tab-
lets are erected in commemoration of Goldsmith,
Thompson, Gray, Mason, and Shakspeare. In that
portion of this great architectural sepulchre, which
bears the name of the chapel of Henry Seventh, sleep
the ashes of Addison. These great literary and mor-
al teachers, — these guides and suggestors, to some ex-
tent, of my own early thought, — seemed to be restor-
ed to life and to be standing near me ; — as if I had
seen the forms or heard the mysterious voices of
another world.

I stopped at the tablet of Milton. It was not the
result of the attraction arising from the memory of
his poetical merit alone. A light often shines upon
memory from the region of principles and beliefs. He
stood before me not only as a poet, but as a teacher
and leader in the justly memorable period of the Eng-
lish Commonwealth. Standing as I did in this great
monumental abode of kings and nobles, and impress-
ed with all that respect for their history which the
place cannot fail to suggest, I felt, nevertheless, that
it would not be necessary for me to make any apology
for Milton, because he was a republican, and because
he became blind in his laborious defence of republican
principles. Nor shall I stop to take any exception to
what has been said of him and against him by the
able men who differed from him in opinion. The
world is made wiser by conflicts of thought. All

132 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

words, all acts, all things have their place and purpose
in the arrangements and decrees of Providence ; — the
true evolve themselves from the false ; — and all are
destined to stand or fall in accordance with the
changeless tests of immortality.

Some things belong to the past; — some to the pres-
ent;— some to the future. The acts and words of
Milton are prophetic ; — the signs and intimations and
precursors of the things which are to be hereafter ; —
gathering strength as they approach the period of their
fulfilment; thundering and flashing along the great
abyss of ages ; — carrying terror to the heart of despo-
tism;— but full of hope to the men of the new order
of things, to the generations of the humanitarian dy-
nasty.

As I beheld these tombs and monuments, adorned
by art and venerable by age, I stood overwhelmed and
confounded. In the multitude of thoughts I was re-
minded of the difference between the thoughts and
purposes of man and those of God. Man rears monu-
ments to perpetuate man's fame ; but God perpetu-
ates man himself. The monument of man, wrought
in stone and marble, is the continuance, the perpetui-
ty of a name. The monument of God is the con-
tinued life of the soul itself, with the development
and increase of all its virtues ; — truth added to truth,
purity added to purity, goodness added to goodness; —
the immortality of a spiritual existence crowned and
blooming with the buds and flowers of holiness.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 133

LINES WRITTEN ON VISITING WESTMINSTER ABBEY, NOV, 1852.

Pierc'd in its citadel of life,

The body, beautiful at first,
But conquerd in the final strife,

Goes down and crumbles into dust j —
And o'er that dust with many tears
Its monument affection rears.

That monument itself, where art

Hath wrought with all its power and pride,

Grows sick with time, and loses heart,
And seeks the dust it sought to hide j —

And that, which gave the dust to fame,

Is scatter'd, and bequeaths no name.

Though ruin thus smites where it can,

Its dart hath not the power to fly
Within the centre of the man,

And smite his immortality ; — -
The victor in the outward strife,
It falls before the inner life.

The soul, triumphant in the war,

Which smites both man and monument,

Smiling ascends, — to be the star,

Which looks down from the firmament;—

Its own inscription there to write

In letters of eternal li^ht.

(XVI.)

Visit to the Pantheon— Form an acquaintance with the old soldier
Paulin — Visit to the seminary of St. Sulpitius — The Champ de
Mars and the events connected with it — The Hotel of the Inva-
lids— The tomb of Napoleon — Reflections in the Elysian Fields.

CITY OF PARIS, FRANCE, DEC. 2, 1852.

I made a short excursion from London to Paris in
October, and have again visited it. I shall combine
the impressions received then with those made since,
12

134 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

and give them in one view. Paris, the great centre of
wealth and population, is the London of France ; but
it differs in this circumstance, that it is not London
enveloped in smoke. On the contrary it is something
which can be easily seen ; and of which some esti-
mate can be formed at a single glance.

It was a clear, bright day in October, when I ascend-
ed the lofty dome of the Pantheon, or rather of what
was once the Pantheon, but now, by a very proper
restoration of its ancient name, the church of St. Ge-
nevieve. The ascent is more than two hundred feet.
There were others who went up with me ; but I did
not know them ; and I stood and meditated alone. —
It was a new position ; new to the eye and new to the
heart.

As I cast my eye around and below me, to the ob-
jects near at hand and those in the distance, — on the
island of the early Parish' which they beautifully call-
ed " the dwelling of the waters," on the winding
Seine, the Seine more beautiful though less magnifi-
cent and mercantile than the Thames, — on the twin
towers of Notre Dame, which have lifted their lofty
heads for centuries, — on the colossal pile of the Hotel
of the Invalids where sleep the ashes of Napoleon, —
on the Louvre, the Luxembourg, and the Tuilleries,
those ancient residences of kings, — on the " Champ
de Mars," the place of military assemblages and of
popular enthusiasm, — beholding everywhere, as far as
the eye could reach, streets, squares, places of busi-
ness, public gardens, ancient walls, hospitals, prisons,
churches, schools of learning, monumental pillars, tri-
umphal arches, in all varieties of architecture, in all

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 135

degrees of newness and decay, bounded in one direc-
tion by the imposing summit of Montmartre, and in
another by that wonderful city of the dead, the ceme-
tery of Pere Le Chaise, — I felt, with these vast and
multiplied objects before me, that I was looking down,
not only upon one of the great combined works of
art and nature, not only upon a mighty panorama of
living and present existence, but upon a vast map of
the past, inscribed and legible everywhere, with a
thousand years of human history.

I came down thoughtfully. Such a scene address-
es itself to the eyes of the inward mind, still more
strongly than to the sight of the outward senses. I
crossed the bridge De la Concorde ; and passing near
the great Egyptian obelisk, went to the Hotel de la
Terrasse, in the street Eivoli. Meurice's Hotel, which
is a great resort of American travellers, was full.

Day after day I walked abroad. I had no letters
of introduction, not being willing to occasion any un-
necessary trouble to any one ; — and I knew not an
individual in Paris, — not one in all the wide sea of
existence that was floating around me. But there was
no want of instruction ;— no want of interest. The
history of Paris was engraven on my memory ; and
at every step I found the records and evidences of its
correctness. And besides, he who has the living eyes
of the heart, even if he is without personal acquain-
tances and cannot even speak the language of the peo-
ple, will still be able to recognize the features of hu-
manity, and to find a brother in a strange land.

One day I was walking near the bridge of Auster-
litz, This bridge is a beautiful piece of architecture ;

136 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

but it is a memorial of bloodshed. Wishing to make
some inquiries, I addressed in broken French an old
man who happened to be near. He perceived that I
was a stranger and politely answered me in English,
which gave me pleasure. I took the liberty to ask
him who he was. He said his name was Paulin ;
that he lived in a narrow street not far from the Hotel
de Ville, and had been a soldier in the wars of the
Emperor. He was poor ; his wife worked out daily
for her bread ; and as for himself he did what he could ;
and having learnt some English during the Empe-
ror's wars, he was happy in being able sometimes to
earn a little, no matter how small a sum, by acting
as a servant or guide to gentlemen from England or
America. He showed me a paper, speaking very high-
ly of him, and signed by his commander when he left
the army. The old man's looks, aided by his gray
hairs and tottering step, plead earnestly in his favor;
and we were not long in making a bargain. And I
could not help thinking it was a singular coincidence,
that a " peace man," from America, (as those are call-
ed there, whose convictions lead them to distrust and
discredit the right and expediency of war,) should be
walking through the streets of Paris arm in arm, with
an old soldier of Napoleon.

The old man asked me where I wished to go. I
told him I wished to find the church of St. Sulpitius
and the seminary connected with it. He looked doubt-
fully ; and said it was a place somewhat out of his
knowledge ; and wished to know if there was anything
there which particularly attracted my attention. I re-
plied I believed it was an interesting spot on some

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 137

other accounts ; but that I was particularly desirous
of seeing it, because St. Sulpitius was associated with
the early life and education of the good Fenelon. —
The old soldier's recollections and mine were a little
out of harmony. He knew the Emperor ; — the names
and persons of Ney, Soult and Macdonald, were fa-
miliar to him ; but like too many of his countrymen,
he either had not known or had forgotten Fenelon.

After a long walk, however, which was diversified
with some interesting conversations, we were able to
reach the place. I told my companion that I felt at
home here ;. and that for half an hour or more I could
excuse him from the trouble of attendance, and that
he might employ himself in any manner he thought
proper. I went into the church, and found people as-
sembled there in the act of religious worship. I sat
down ; and allowed my feelings in harmony with the
place and its associations, to take the channel of reli-
gious recollection and sentiment. The seminary of
St. Sulpitius, which seemed to have been rebuilt at a
recent period, is near the church. At a little distance,
in a circular niche of a square column ascending
from the fountain of St. Sulpitius, there is an impos-
ing statue of Fenelon. It was enough for me to know,
in order to induce feelings of great interest, that it
was here, in this interesting locality and among these
walls dedicated to religion and science, that Fenelon
had dwelt ; that here the powers of his mind were
unfolded and strengthened ; and that it was a place
which he ever held dear in his grateful recollections ;
Fenelon, admired for his learning and eloquence, but
who is still more dear to men and to nations for the
12*

138 LETTERS— ESTHETIC,

inspirations of his expansive and benevolent love.—
Before leaving the spot I stood for some moments in
contemplation of the noble statue which is erected to
his memory, and felt my heart strengthened in those
principles of union with God and man, and of uni-
versal philanthrophy which characterize his writings.
Then giving a signal to the old soldier, to whom my
feelings seemed an entire mystery, and once more
putting myself under his direction, I asked him to
guide me to any objects of special interest in that part
of the city. His countenance kindled up, and he pro-
posed, obviously with a feeling of conscious pleasure,
a visit to the Champ de Mars and the tomb of Na-
poleon.

The Champ de Mars, otherwise called the " Champ
de Mai," is a large oblong space on the south side of
the Seine, about one hundred rods in length by half
that distance in width, surrounded by a ditch faced
with stone. It is entered through gates at five differ-
ent places, and is adorned by four rows of trees on
each side, which give it a shady and pleasant appear-
ance. The sloping embankments still remain, which
were erected by the population of Paris on the occa-
sion of the grand assembly which was held here, un-
der the auspices of La Fayette, on the fourteenth of
July, 1790. On this occasion Louis XVI., in the pres-
ence, it is said, of more than a million of people, took
an oath to observe the Constitution, which had been
recently adopted. It was here also that Napoleon, a
short time previous to the battle of Waterloo, held an
immense assembly, with a view to restore the confi-
dence of France, and to gain strength for the new

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 139

wars which were before him. The military school es-
tablished by Louis XV., fronts the Champ de Mars
at the southern extremity ; and with its dome, pro-
jecting portico, and sculptured pediment, constitutes
a striking feature in the scene which is here presented
to view.

Following the guidance of my old soldier, who, with
a sort of professional instinct and with obvious high
spirits, had put me upon the track of military associ-
ations, I next went to the Hotel of the Invalids, a vast
establishment, founded by Louis XIV., but greatly
enlarged from time to time, and at the present time
covering with its numerous courts, sixteen acres of
ground. I do not know that the christian and the
philanthropist, who regard wars as among the great-
est of wrongs and evils, ought to look upon such an
institution as this with disapprobation ; the principal
object of which, although it is true that war furnishes
the occasion, is, to relieve and not to increase human
suffering. It ought to be no subject of regret, that
war has its humanities. As we went on, soldiers in
military armor glittered around us. We passed a num-
ber of pieces of heavy artillery, as we approached the
gate of entrance ; and everywhere at the gate, and in
the court and galleries, some seated on chairs and
some walking, some with one arm remaining, and oth-
ers with one leg, with diversities of uniform but all
apparently in good spirits and chattering excessively,
were the old associates of my guide, the broken but
indomitable remnants of the wars of the Emperor. —
Too old to fight and too much mutilated to labor, they
felt themselves happy in not being obliged to beg.

140 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

The Hotel of the Invalids, constructed with a view
to the accommodation of a large number of soldiers,
displays a front of six hundred and twelve feet ; there
are four refectories or dining rooms for the occupants,
each an hundred and fifty feet in length, and eight
spacious dormitories, besides smaller ones, containing
fifty beds each. The dome of the Invalids, which has
a sort of historical celebrity, is spacious and lofty,
and is seen at a great distance. Among the other
accommodations pertaining to this remarkable estab-
lishment, it has a library of 1500 volumes ; consisting
chiefly of works of general literature, jurisprudence
and military strategy, and it is there, as might natu-
rally be expected, that we find deposited many of the
trophies which the French have taken from their ene-
mies. In the time of Napoleon there were three thou-
sand flags collected here, the memorials of war and
of conquest, all of which were burnt by the French
themselves on the evening previous to the entrance of
the allied armies into Paris, March 31, 1814 ; — so cer-
tain it is that war brings with it its own retribution.

In this building are the remains of Napoleon ; the
dust and ashes of the man, who was for many years
the idol of France and the terror of Europe. It is not
surprising, that visitors should constantly flock to see
the splendid monument of a man of such wonderful
power and of such strange vicissitudes ; — at the age
of twenty-eight the conqueror of Italy ; at thirty the
first Consul of France, and at thirty-five the Emperor
of France ; but in his purpose of conquering Europe
driven back by the flames of Moscow, defeated at
Waterloo, and finding death on the rock of St. Helena.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 141

The hoof of his war horse trod in the blood of mil-
lions. History, estimating men by each other, will
pronounce him a great warrior, without being unani-
mous as to his practical wisdom, his patriotism, or his
morals. His glory was military which fades in the
distance, while the glory of virtue grows brighter and
brighter. And the thought occurred to me as I stood
beside his tomb that future and more peaceful gene-
rations might recall and cherish the name of Fenelon
with greater interest than that of Napoleon.

As I returned from this place the sun was setting
behind the distant hills. I passed through the majes-
tic grove of the Elysian Fields. The autumnal leaves,
gleaming in the departing radiance of day, fell around
me. My heart went back to America. The sound of
her rivers was in my ears. Her vast forests spread
out before me. I remembered the vastness, the wild-
ness, the repose of nature. And I said to myself
these works which I have seen in foreign lands, the
efforts and the memorials of genius, are still the works
of man. Imperfection marks their origin ; decay com-
pletes their progress. Beauty and deformity ; — life
and death are mingled together. Man is here, but
where is the Maker of man ? I sigh for my native
land. I wish to hear again the prayers and the hymns
of her cottagers, inspired by the blessings around
them. Her rivers are her lines of beauty ; her hills
are her monuments ; the mighty firmament is her ca-
thedral ; and God heard in the sighing of the winds,
seen in the richness of the forests, and eternal in the
reproduction of her wild and varied magnificence,
God is everywhere.

142 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

(XVII.)

Garden of the Tuilleries — Of statuary and paintings as compared with
living existences — Historical notices of the Tuilleries — Triumphal
arch and bronze horses — Hotel de Ville and events connected
with it— Margaret Porette and the Quietists— Visit to the home of
Paulin.

CITY OF PARIS, FRANCE, DEC. 3, 1852.

Under the influence of that wandering propensity,
of which I gave you some of the results in my last
letter, I went out early the next forenoon. You will
recollect that it was in October ; and it was again a
beautiful day. I found Paulin waiting for me, lean-
ing patiently against a post. The Hotel de la Ter-
rasse, at which I was stopping, is opposite the garden
of the Tuilleries. And after a little deliberation, in
which it gave me pleasure to pay due deference to the
suggestions of the old soldier, we concluded to take a
stroll through its beautiful grounds.

The garden of the Tuilleries was laid out by the
celebrated Le Notre. I call him celebrated, (and he
undoubtedly has more claims to the title than some
who have obtained it on the battle field,) because his
name is so closely associated with the history of sci-
entific gardening and with so many localities which
his taste contributed to beautify.

I will not detain you in giving a description of this
garden any further than to say, that it is of immense
size, a parallelogram of sixty-seven acres ; and that
there are in it abundance of beautiful flower plats,
beautiful fountains and statues, and beautiful trees

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 143

and shady walks ; although, if one were disposed to
be critical, he might justly add, that the grounds are
laid out in some places in a style of straight lines and
angles which seem too artificial ; and still more deci-
dedly, that some of the statues, although displaying
artistic skill, lose their aesthetic power and value by
calling into revolt the sentiments of modesty and mo-
rality. But I recollect, that I sat down with old Pau-
lin by my side near the brink of a beautiful fountain ;
and that I fed from my hand two queenly swans that
floated proudly on its bosom ; and seeing over my
head the nodding magnificence of the glorious lime
trees and chesnut trees, with flowers of all varied and
brilliant hues, (for there were many yet remaining,) I
was disposed to enjoy the beautiful, and to forget the
deformed. In other words I had no disposition for
criticism. And especially because there is something
to be seen here every pleasant day, far more interest-
ing to me, than anything I have mentioned ; — I mean
happy groups of men, women and children.

What a glorious creature is man, — at least when he
stands erect in truth and simplicity of spirit. Statu-
ary and painting can give the semblance, but not the
reality. I look, for instance, upon a statue ; and I
admit with pleasure the truth of its likeness and the
skill of the artist ; — but at the same time I say almost
instinctively, that it is not a man ; it is not a woman.
It is something which satisfies the eye of the senses
rather than the eye of the heart ; — it is a thing which
is done rather than a thing which is ; — it has no in-
ward history, no conceptions which reach forth into the
infinite, and eternal, no palpitations of beneficence,

144 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

no heavenly filaments of love, going out in every di-
rection and encircling universal humanity. But a
true man and a true woman is all this. It is the liv-
ing, therefore, far more than their semblances in mar-
ble, which awaken the emotions of the soul. And
whenever I see groups of men, women and children,
with the marks of truth and innocence sanctioning a
true or a restored humanity, my heart goes out in the
deepest sympathy with their innocent pleasures ; and
the sight of their happiness is the source of my own.
These are the true ornaments of the garden of the
Tuilleries ; — statues that have life, the works of God
and not of Praxiteles ; — flowers that bloom without
fading because they live in perpetual succession.

At the eastern end of this garden is the Palace )—
a magnificent pile of buildings, reaching from the Rue
Rivoli to the Seine. It is called the Tuilleries or pal-
ace of the tile-kiln, from the circumstance that it is
erected on the spot where a tile-kiln formerly stood.
The mighty palatial edifices, which are found every-
where in Europe, fascinate the eye and call forth feel-
ings of admiration ; but it is necessary and sometimes
painful to remember, that they have required ages in
their construction, and have taxed the wealth and la-
bor, and perhaps the tears of a nation. The erection
of this edifice was begun by Catherine de Medicis in
1564 ; — the works were continued by Henry IV. and
Louis XIII. ; — and it was not till nearly a century af-
ter its beginning that Louis XIV. in 1644 gave direc-
tions to have it finished. Built at different periods, it
exhibits different styles of architecture, which elicit
their just and appropriate degrees of admiration ; — an

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 145

evidence of what the lovers of art begin more fully to
understand, that beauty is infinite in its developments,
though it may be contemplated and appreciated from
different points of view in different periods of civili-
zation.

Napoleon resided for some time in this palace ; and
it bears the impress of his active and inventive
mind, as well as of those who preceded him. It was
Napoleon who erected the triumphal arch, which
forms the principal entrance to the court and palace
of the Tuilleries on the eastern side. This beautiful
arch is sixty feet wide and forth-five feet high ; and
is constructed after the plan of the arch of Septimius
Severus at Rome. And those who claim to be judges
regard it as equalling the beauty of the original. It
has three passage ways, the central one fourteen feet
in width ; and is adorned on both fronts with Corin-
thian columns, and with bas-reliefs representing the
victories of the Emperor. The whole is surmounted
in the centre by a triumphal car and four bronze
horses, modelled after the celebrated horses of Lysip-
pus, which ornament the square of St. Mark in
Venice. The originals were once here, but in the
reverses of war have been carried back again. —
Repeatedly I found myself looking with deep interest
at this picturesque group of horses. They are cer-
tainly executed with great skill. With their dark
breasts, with their wild curving necks and uplifted
hoofs, they seemed, on their lofty position, like mighty
beings, conscious of their strength and marching
through the air.

In examining this part of the city, I called into
13

146 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

requisition the recollections of the old soldier who
accompanied me as a guide ; and besides other
objects of interest, he pointed out a number of locali-
ties, whose memorials had been written in blood. I
do not know that it would be profitable, particularly
to repeat them. The Tuilleries itself has been the
theatre of revolutionary movements, which have
affected at different times the destinies of France. —
And I was surprised to find, that it was at the west
end of the garden of the Tuilleries, at a little dis-
tance, in the place now called the Place de la Con-
corde, that Louis XVI. and his queen Antoinette
were executed.

The story of the trial and execution of Louis XVI.
and his queen, together with the trying incidents con-
nected with their residence in the prison of the
Temple, as related by Clery, forms one of the most
deeply interesting personal histories which are to be
found in the records of the human race. I went
through the splendid mansions of Versailles, where
they had once resided amid scenes of magnificence
which had never been surpassed ; — I visited the prison
of the Temple, a part of which still remains, and saw
the rooms of their humiliation and suffering, and the
two trees, still standing, where the good king took
his sad and solitary meals in the last days before he
was led out to death ; I went down into the gloomy
cell of the Conciergerie prison where the queen was
confined after being transferred from the Temple, the
deep and dark place of her increased suffering and
tears, of her prayers and religious hopes ; and now
stood upon the spot where both fell under the blow of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 147

the executioner. The whole world, enabled to con-
template these transactions in consequence of the high
position of the sufferers, — the world in the utmost
extent of its civilization sitting in judgment upon the
judges, — pronounced the victims innocent and the
nation criminal ; and Providence, which judges all
things, — that unerring Providence " which destroys
with the sword those that take the sword ;" confirmed
the decision.

I found my old soldier, in whom I had begun to
take quite an interest, well acquainted with these
localities. We wandered together through the Louvre,
the Palais Royal, and along the banks of the Seine.
He evidently was a man of a good deal of informa-
tion and of a true Heart ; and though he kept with
me some eight or ten days, I never noticed any dis-
turbance of his patience and equanimity except at
this time. Happening to notice near the Place du
Carrousel, a book stall containing many ancient books,
I stopped to read. I found among them an English
copy of Wesley's hymns, those beautiful hymns which
I have so often heard the good Methodists sing in
America, — and .read longer than usual. Meanwhile
Paulin, as he was a little apt to do when he saw me
take a book, wandered off a little distance. He came
back, however, in due season ; but very considerably
excited, alledging that he had been insulted. 1 asked
by whom and in what way. As to the person he said
he did not know and did not desire to know ; but
that in passing him the fellow had impertinently
looked him in the face, and asked him without pre-
amble or reason, by what authority he wore his

148 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

moustache ; — a very unnecessary question, he said, to
be put to an old soldier of the empire. Such are the
strange and almost ludicrous incidents which mingle
in everywhere. I condoled with the old man, whose
feelings were evidently hurt, and proposed to him to
exchange the place of such discreditable encounters
for the Hotel de Ville.

The Hotel de Ville, begun in 1533 and completed
in 1606, is the place where the Prefect of the Depart-
ment of the Seine resides ; and is properly regarded,
with its modern improvements, as one of the finest
municipal buildings in Paris. It contains a number
of large and elegant apartments, adorned with paint-
ings and statues, besides the hundred and fifty smaller
rooms, occupied by the public offices, which are
necessary in the municipal transactions. The city
library of 60,000 volumes, and occupying three large
rooms, is here, — containing among other works of
interest, four thousand volumes of official American
publications. The Hotel de Ville is one of the his-
torical places of France. It was to the Hotel de Ville
that Louis XVI. in the memorable epoch of 1789, was
escorted by the agitated people, when with a violence,
originating in fears and anxieties which they, at least,
supposed to be well founded, they compelled him to
leave his beautiful Versailles. It was here, by means
of committees and councils which have acquired a
sanguinary celebrity, that many of the patriotic or
bloody movements of the first Revolution were organ-
ized. It was here, in a room which is still shown, in
the year 1794, that Robespierre fled and was wound-
ed, previously to his trial and execution. It was here

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 149

in the year 1830, after the sanguinary encounters
which resulted in the expulsion of Charles X., that
Louis Phillippe met and embraced Lafayette in the
presence of the people, and intiated the Orleans
dynasty. And here were the tumultuous scenes in
the revolution of 1848, which Lamartine has so
eloquently described, and in which he personally had
so large and honorable a share.

In front of the Hotel de Ville is the place or square,
which is used often for festival and other public occa-
sions, called the Place de Greve. In former times
this was also the place of public executions ; and
there are few places which have been more frequently
stained with human blood. And one transaction
occurred here, which I am tempted particularly to
recall. It was as far back as the year 1310. It was
here at that time, that a young woman of sincere
piety and unblemished character was put to death as
a heretic. Her name was Margaret Porette. She
never thought of fame ; but her name can never be
forgotten. She belonged to that remarkable class of
people, (they will not allow themselves to be called a
sect because they are averse to the denominations
and restrictions of party,) called the Mystics and
sometimes Quietists. The state of inward religious
experience, at which they aim and which they profess
to attain, is that of divine union or union with God ;
in such a sense that the soul, having its evil passions
subdued and cast out, is in the true recipient state,
and has its thoughts, affections and purposes from
God alone. They believe also in an overruling
Providence, which has the control of all things in a
13*

150 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

general sense ; but which in the case of those who
are reunited to the Godhead, regulates in everything
every movement and incident of their destiny. And
this destiny, whether high or low, whether an allot-
ment of tears or of joy, they accept with resignation
and with smiles. Christ is their model, and the ser-
mon on the Mount their text-book. They hold to the
doctrine of pure or perfect love, — that is to say of
unselfish love, — as the only true principle of life. —
They return good for evil ; and suffer in silence. —
This class of persons is unknown to the world,
because the world cannot comprehend it. They suf-
fered or died in prison in the person of Molinos and
Madame Guy on ; they were banished in the person
of Fenelon ; but neither banishment nor imprison-
ment, nor death quenched the waters of life which
flowed in their souls. They died and history gave
no record, because they made no resistance and gave
no sign except this one, — " Father, forgive them, for
they know not what they do." For holding these
pure and exalted principles, Margaret Porette, in the
bloom of life, was put to death. This is the place
which heard her last prayer, and was moistened with
her virgin blood. Standing on the very spot more
than five hundred years after, I found something in
my heart, which disposed me to cherish the memory
of her piety and of her sorrowful but triumphant end.
With a heart thus filled with historical and religious
recollections, I turned to Paulin. He reminded me,
that he resided in this part of the city. The shadows
of evening began to gather around us. And he invi-
ted me urgently, and as much on his own account he

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 151

said as mine, to take my evening meal with him. —
His invitation harmonized with my own feelings ;
and in fact I had previously given him to understand
that I would not leave Paris, without seeing him at
his own home. He was the more urgent, because he
said his wife, of whom he spoke with affection and
pride, would expect us. I followed the old soldier,
whose tottering step seemed to acquire its ancient
military precision and firmness, as he led me through
street after street, growing more and more winding
and narrow and sunless, till I found myself in one of
those places, which nourish the principles of revolt,
and where the fires of revolution are ever burning. —
As we passed, one after another, the laborers and dis-
banded soldiers that dwelt in these gloomy precincts,
they stood silent and stern. They have their mutual
understandings, their watch-words, and leaders ; and
Paulin, whom they all knew, introduced me to the
man who seemed to be judge and leader among them.
I shall not easily forget his slight but muscular frame,
and his dark, searching eye, at first doubtful and
hostile, but afterwards when he had conversed with
Paulin and understood that I was an American, soft-
ening into confidence and respect.

We passed from the narrow lane into a lofty and
dark building which must have been built centuries
ago, and after going through narrow and winding
passages without light, we began to ascend. One
flight of stairs succeeded another, originally strong
but now worn and tremulous. The balustrades were
gone ; and their place was supplied by single ropes
extended from the top to the bottom of each flight of

152 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

stairs. Paulin went in advance and invisible ; for
only here and there, at considerable intervals, a little
light broke through the thick walls which enclosed
this old castle. But I heard the old man's voice,
directing me to hold on by the rope ; — a direction
which was hardly necessary, as there seemed to be
nothing else, to which I could conveniently attach
myself. When we had reached a landing-place some-
where in the fourth or fifth story, two little boys sud-
denly rushed out of a door, with a light, and holding
a vessel in their hands with coals in it. I asked
Paulin what was the meaning of this. He said there
were forty families in this old building ; and that the
boys belonged in this part of it, and were trying to kin-
dle a little fire to cook their supper with. I was glad to
find that I was still within the precincts of human
existence ; when I heard again in the darkness the
"memento1' of the old man, not to mind the boys but
to hold on by the rope. We reached at last the final
landing-place ; and thrusting my head from a small
open window near it, and looking down into a dark
court below where I could see no bottom, I had all
my ideas confirmed of my singular and interesting
position.

Paulin opened the door of his little room, and with
a grace which seems to be natural to a Frenchman,
introduced me to his excellent wife; She was neatly
and almost elegantly dressed. Fifty years had given
her some gray hairs ; but had not bowed her form,
nor dimmed the lustre of her eye. This, said Paulin,
is our little room ; and it is all the room we have. I
was pleased to see that everything in the room was

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 153

neat and comfortable. The fire was kindled ; the
table was spread ; we ate together ; and I spent a
pleasant hour in conversation with these poor and
virtuous people. Poverty had not hardened their
hearts ; sorrow had not clouded their brow ; age itself
had not extinguished the truth and vivacity of
humanity.

The wife of Paulin was grateful that I had come.
I encouraged her to speak of her personal history. I
learnt from her, (what I had suspected from some
remarks of her husband,) that she was the daughter
of a rich and titled family, and had been well educa-
ted. But in those convulsions and reverses, of which
there have been such frequent exhibitions in Europe,
she became an outcast from her early home and ex-
ceedingly poor. She accepted her allotment without
murmuring, married a common soldier, and worked
for her daily bread. She spoke of America with
interest. She said she once had a sister who resided
there ; and if she were young, would be disposed to
go there herself. She lived now amid walls of dark-
ness ; but without ceasing to love the open air and
the blue heavens. There are birds, she said, in
America ; and she would love to hear again the sing-
ing of birds, as in the days of her happy childhood.
She had been the mother of children ; the most of
whom had died. And when in her broken English,
which she aided in making intelligible by the elo-
quence of her countenance and manner, she spoke of
her two little boys, both buds of promise bright and
beautiful, and both dying nearly at the same time,
the tear stood in her rich dark eye ; and old Paulin,

154 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

moved by this affecting remembrance, bowed down
his white head.

I left these good people with feelings of respect
and affection. They lighted me down through the
dark passages, which I had so much difficulty in
ascending. I found my way towards the banks of
the Seine. The clear sky was studded with stars,
which threw their silver light on the trees of the gar-
den of the Tuilleries and the mirror of the beautiful
water. Many reflections crowded upon my mind. — •
And my heart ascended to that great Power, whose
eye is in every place, that he would give freedom to
the oppressed and comfort to the poor.

(XVIII.)

Unexpected meeting with American friends — Departure from Paris for
Lyons — Voyage down the river Soane — The city of Lyons — The
meeting of the Soane and the Rhone — Character of the French
people.

LYONS, FRANCE, DEC. 9, 1852.

On the evening of the 7th of December, I left
Paris for Lyons, on my way to Sardinia. A number
of incidents occurred on that day, which have since
been recalled to mind with much interest. In the
course of the forenoon the door of my room opened,
and I unexpectedly found myself in the company of
one, with whom I had formerly been much associa-
ted. We had lived in the same village ; been mem-
bers of the same church ; and had labored on many
occasions in the promotion of the same objects of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 155

christian benevolence. To meet under such circum-
stances was to live again the life of memory. But
time has its sad, as well as its pleasant recollections.
The hand of sorrow had been upon him. His young
and beautiful wife had died. Her dust sleeps in
America ; but her name was recalled with sadness
and affection in a foreign land.

Towards the evening of the same day I was visi-
ted by another person, a graduate of Bowdoin Col-
lege, who had formerly sustained to me the relation
of a pupil ; but now, in the increased maturity of his
powers and hopes, was pursuing his studies in the
schools of Paris. "With my recollections of his
talents and energy of character, I was not surprised
to find him here. He spoke of his Alma Mater with
interest and affection, and of his country with a
patriotic pride, which showed that the attractions of
Europe had not perverted the spirit of liberty or
weakened his attachment to his native land.

At this time my residence was at the Hotel of
Meurice. It was afte*r dark when I heard the sound
of carriages in the court of the Hotel. It was the
signal for the departure of our little party ; — consist-
ing of Rev. Mr. Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. Walcott,
and myself. The night was cloudy and dark ; but the
long splendid streets of Paris were lighted up ; and I
gave a parting look to the illuminated expanse of the
place De la Concorde and of the Elysian Fields, We
departed by the railway, called the Paris and Lyons
Railway, which will lead, when completed, by the
most direct route to the large and beautiful city of
Lyons in the south of France. With darkness over

156 LETTERS-AESTHETIC,

our heads and the thunder of our iron wheels under
our feet, we passed rapidly through a portion of the
heart of this great kingdom. The necessity of thus
travelling by night, occasioned by some previous
delays, deprived us of the pleasure of seeing Melun,
Fontainbleau, Dijon, and some other interesting
places. Early the next morning we reached Chalons
on the Soane; called by the French Chalons sur Soane
to distinguish it, I suppose, from a town of some note
on another river, Chalons sur Mame. Chalons, a town
of twelve thousand inhabitants, is situated upon the
banks of the river which gives it its distinctive name,
— two hundred and fifty miles southeast from Paris.
As the railroad was not completed further than this
place, we embarked on one of the steamboats of the
Soane. The boat was peculiarly constructed, being
long and narrow ; — at least a hundred and fifty feet
in length by fifteen in breadth. Five such steamers
descend the Soane daily to Lyons. A heavy mist
hung upon the waters. As the sun arose, which has
its cheerful light for all lands, I the mists gave way,
and unveiled the face of nature in its aspects of
beauty. The Soane reminded me of the rivers which
were familiar to me in America. It is a large river, —
apparently about the size of the Connecticut above
Hartford ; or of the beautiful Kennebec at Augusta,
in Maine. At this time it was swollen by recent
heavy rains to its utmost capacity, and rushed on
with great violence. The smoke-pipe of the steam-
boat was lowered, when we reached the numerous
bridges ; arid even then, the Soane ran so high, that
we passed under them with difficulty. With deep

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 157

interest my eye rested upon the continually changing
scene of hills and valleys; cottages, gardens, forests
and vineyards. We passed a number of beautiful
villages, besides the larger towns of Macon, Thoissey
and Trevoux. In some low places the river had
swollen over its banks and inundated the neighboring
country ; so that we had the appearance of sailing in
the midst of a lake interspersed with islands.

The boat was filled with Frenchmen, Americans
and Englishmen. The Americans and English ap-
peared happy. They bore the step and the look of
freemen. The French, notwithstanding their natural
vivacity, were sad and silent. They had just passed
from the Republic to the Empire. Many of them
had perhaps voted for the Empire, in consequence of
what they considered the necessities of their position.
They preferred the easy quiet which is secured by
cannon and the bayonet, to the free thought and the
forensic agitations of liberty. Undoubtedly liberty
has its storms ; but the storm has its health and its
grandeur. In the days of the Caesars there were no
thunders in the Senate of Rome. And in France too
the voice of her orators is silent, — that voice of reason
and of mighty eloquence, which gave inspiration to
the thoughts and purposes of other nations. If the
French should find, that, in going back in the career
of liberty, they have sullied their national honor in
the eyes of the world, and especially in the eyes of
those chained and bleeding communities, which have
looked to them for hope, they will not be likely to
rest easy until they have re-adjusted their position.

Chalons is seventy-six miles from Lyons ; and the
14

158 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

distance was run in some five or six hours. As we
approached the city, the swollen river became com-
pressed between banks which are lofty and pictur-
esque. Occupying a large space, and containing two
hundred thousand inhabitants, the city of Lyons is
beautifully situated on the point of land where the
Soane and the Rhone unite ; — extending itself, how-
ever, over both banks of both rivers. The commu-
nication between different parts of the city is main-
tained by means of numerous substantial bridges ;
eight of which are thrown across the Rhone ; and the
Soane is spanned by a still greater number. Lyons
is three hundred and twenty-six miles southeast from
Paris.

We stopped about the middle of the day at a good
hotel, which the French with a harmless but charac-
teristic amplification have styled the Hotel of the
Universe. It is near the large square, called Belle-
cour, which the Lyonese, and apparently with a good
deal of reason, assert to be one of the most beautiful
squares in Europe. It is very spacious, is adorned
with rows of lime trees, and in the centre is an
equestrian statue of Louis XIV. Walking out alone,
and desirous of combining the aspects of nature with
those of human art and labor, I went from the square
of Bellecour to the Rhone, — the Rhone memorable
in history, the beautiful child of the Alps, but here
swollen to a large river. Going upon one of the
bridges which are thrown over this river, and looking
down its channel, I saw, as I supposed, at the dis-
tance of about a mile, the place of its junction with
the Soane. Feeling an interest to see the meeting of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 159

these rival waters, I walked in the direction of the
place. The Rhone dashed along beautifully, — fresh
from its native mountains, — and curling its blue and
noisy waters, as if laughing and singing in the full-
ness of its purity and happiness. I felt my heart
grow warmer and my step more firm and proud, as I
walked by the side of this noble stream. As I reach-
ed an elevated position on the point of land where
they meet, the Soane, swelled by the late inundation
of rains, wheeled in from the right with mighty force,
ploughing across and stopping the Rhone in a mo-
ment. After this freak of momentary power, its dark
and turbid current resumed its original direction ; and
taking her blue sister from the Alps by the hand, they
went onward gaily to the ocean. And thus it gene-
rally happens, that beauty, though less strong and
violent at first, conquers in the end. From this point
onwards the two rivers are married into one ; and the
Soane, forgetting itself in the charms of its associate,
takes the name of the free and bright daughter of the
mountains.

On the very next day after reaching Lyons, — the
day of the date of this letter, — we have already made
our preparations, and are about to leave France for
the Alps and Sardinia. And in departing from this
beautiful country, I am obliged to say, that I have
found some of my previous opinions in relation to
the French modified ; but modified in their favor. — >
The French and English represent in modern times
the Greeks and Romans of antiquity. If the English
may be regarded as inheriting the wide intellectual
grasp with the fixed and obstinate courage of the old

160 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

Romans, the French seem to possess the inventive
power, the refinement, the vivacity, and enthusiasm
of the Greeks. In estimating the French character,
it would be a mistake to set aside the women of
France. It is well known that the French women
have great influence in all the relations of life in
France ; and their influence is the natural result of
the characteristics which are usually and justly ascrib-
ed to them. No one doubts the courage of a French-
man ; but it is not the quiet, calculating, indomitable
courage of an Englishman. It is obvious, excitable,
declamatory ; he may be said to carry it upward and
onward, in the sight of everybody, on the point of
the bayonet. In the French woman, who is excluded
by her sex and position in society from the battle field,
love takes the place of courage ; and there is a simi-
lar outward development of it. It moves in her step ;
sparkles in her eye ; is heard in the sweet intonations
of her voice ; lives in her unaffected but animated
gesticulation. These interesting traits necessarily
give the women of France power ; — a power how-
ever, which may be turned to evil as well as to good.
Under other and more favorable circumstances the
French people would take a still higher stand than
they have hitherto held. They need, in the first place,
well regulated liberty. I know that some persons
maintain, that the French are not capable of main-
taining a republic. But I must confess that these
well meaning persons appear to me too easily fright-
ened, besides doing no small injustice to the French
people. Break from a poor prisoner's arms the chains
which have bound them for twenty or thirty years ;

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 161

and it is but natural that he should leap from the
ground, if he has strength to do it, and utter loud
cries of joy, and in his extatic flourishes scandalize
the sobriety or disturb the quiet position of his neigh-
bor. But give him a little time, and it will be seen
that the violent vibrations of early liberty will settle
down into a just and peaceable movement. It will
be the same with liberated nations.

And in order to the perfection of the Frenchman's
character, it should be said further, that he needs, in
common with all men and all peoples, a deep religious
sentiment ;-— such as would naturally spring from a
more general and thorough study of the Bible and its
great truths. I believe it is conceded on all hands,
that there is no character more interesting, none more
suited to the fulfillment of all public and private
duties, than that of the Frenchman, when those in-
teresting natural traits which he possesses are purified
by the influences of religion. What nation, what
people would be likely to furnish missionaries and
preachers of equal ardor and eloquence ? I have
heard their prayers in their little assemblies ; I have
listened to their burning aspirations for the good of
man ; and I cannot suppress the hope, that this noble
people will not only possess freedom and religion in
their own land ; but will yet have a prominent part
in extending them to other nations.

14*

162 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

(XIX.)

Savoy and its wild mountain scenery — Rousseau — A night scene — The
limestone cliff — Hannibal and Napoleon — City of Chamberri, the
capitol of Savoy — The pass of Mount Cenis — Italy.

TURIN, KINGDOM OF SARDINIA, DEC. 13, 1852.

In company with my much valued travelling com-
panions, I came from France into Italy through the
Savoyard Alps, and by the pass of Mount Cenis. —
The day of our departure from Lyons was mild and
pleasant, notwithstanding the lateness of the season.
Taking the nearest route to Chamberri, the principal
town of Savoy, we passed through a portion of the
French territory, which exhibited everywhere marks
of fertility and good cultivation, besides being rich in
variegated scenery. At this season of the year it
would be difficult and perhaps dangerous to attempt
to enter Italy by some of the other routes, filled as
they are said to be with snows and exposed to
avalanches. In journeying from Lyons to the village
of Pont Beauvoisin situated on a small river, called
the Guiers Vif, which separates France from Savoy,
we were in full sjght, during a part of the day, of
Mont Blanc and other Alpine peaks, which reared
their snow-covered and well denned forms in the
distance.

Savoy is now a part of the kingdom of Sardinia,
And in the part of the village of Pont Beauvoison,
which is on the Savoy or Sardinian side of the
Guiers Vif, is a custom house, where our baggage
was subjected to a slight examination.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 163

Travellers sometimes complain of these things ; —
but I must confess that they did not trouble me much.
We found here men and women under a new and
different government, speaking a language different
from our own and inhabiting a soil never trodden by
us before, but the instinctive interpretations of the
heart, sacred as the source from which they spring, re-
cognized the bonds of universal relationship ; and I
loved them without knowing them.

On leaving this village we found ourselves, in. the
course of a few miles, in the midst of the elevated
and difficult mountain passes called the gorge of La
Chaille. The Guiers Vif, having its origin in the
neighboring mountainous region of the Grand Char-
treuse, dashes onward from precipice to precipice
through this gorge. This region has been described
in an eloquent passage of Rousseau. And certainly,
this is one of the sublime and eloquent places of na-
ture. The road has been formed on the edge of the
precipices which overhang the foaming stream be-
neath,— sometimes by blasting a passage through the
solid rock, sometimes by terraces or embankments of
solid masonry built up along the edge of these fright-
ful abysses. The shades of evening closed upon us
when we were passing through this remarkable region ;
but I saw and felt enough to enable me easily to imag-
ine, how these wild and terrific scenes must have op-
erated upon the creative and vigorous mind of Rous-
seau.

We travelled the whole of that night. There was
no light of the moon ; but the stars shone clear and
brightly. And as we moved along with considerable

164 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

rapidity and frequently changed our direction, they
seemed to be dancing and playing in the green dark
tops of the mountains. From time to time another
light shone lower down on the mountainous declivi-
ties, and yet hundreds of feet above us. It was the
light of the cottage on the rocks ; the star of the
poor man's hearth, and of domestic relationships and
love. On the other side of us and only a few feet
distant were dark abysses. As I looked down, I
could see nothing but darkness robed in mists. So
near did we approach, that sometimes we seemed to
be riding on the wings of a dark cloud ; and from
the depths invisible came up the troubled sound of
foaming waters.

On the route to Chamberri there is a little village
called Les Echelles, which is situated also upon the
mountain river, Guiers Vif. There is a valley here,
through which the road leads ; but the farther end of
it is shut up by a vast limestone rock thrown directly
across the way. It is eight hundred feet high. It re-
minded me of the rock, which Livy describes as hav-
ing stopped the passage of Hannibal for a time when
entering Italy through the Alps ; and which he was
obliged to soften by heating it and then pouring vin-
egar upon it ; and over which he made his way by
cutting steps in difficult places when he had softened
it is this manner. The road which we took winds
part of the way up this massive pile of limestone ;
and then passes through an immense artificial tunnel
In its centre, which is wide enough to admit two car-
riages abreast, and is twenty -five feet high. It is about
a thousand long. The excavation of this tunnel, a

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 165

gigantic conception indicative of the mind of its
author, was commenced by Napoleon ; but was finish-
ed by the king of Sardinia in 1817.

It was under these circumstances that I was re-
minded of the two great military leaders of ancient
and modern times, — Hannibal and Napoleon. Hanni-
bal passed over the rocks ; Napoleon went through
them. This was the difference between the two men.
Hannibal ascended. He loved high places. His foot
was on the top of the mountains. He was a soldier,
but he had the soul of a republican. Napoleon, too
proud or too powerful to go over them, shaped the
mountains to his own model ; and he treated men
and institutions in the same way. Napoleon too was
a soldier and a monarchist. The one modified and
vitiated his principles by his inordinate love of his
country. The other sacrificed his principles to his
ambition. Both took the sword ; and both fell by
the sword. Hannibal, showing to his soldiers from
the peaks of the Alps, the plains of Italy, and over-
throwing mighty armies at Thrasymene and Cannae,
carried his standards to the gates of Rome. But the
tide of aggressive war, in its terrible revulsion, and
by a law of reaction which never fails, rolled back
again, and swept away his city and nation. Napole-
on too, the conqueror, not only of Italy but of Europe,
carried the eagles of his legions to the gates of Mos-
cow ; but they had no power to go beyond that bar-
rier of fire. The sea of proud and oppressive vio-
lence, rolling back, not only overwhelmed his nation,
but dashed their ruined leader on the rocks of St.
Helena. And this is the great lesson which history

166 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

teaches. What is gained by the violence of the
sword, is lost again ; but what is gained by truth
and love, is gained forever.

The night is favorable to reflection ; and such
thoughts passed through my mind, as I travelled
through the mountains of Savoy under the light of
the stars. At midnight we arrived at Chamberri. —
Through the region of that city and its neighborhood,
I believe it is conceded on all sides, that Hannibal
made his way into Italy. This is an old city of ten
thousand inhabitants, and is the capitol of Savoy. —
It is the birthplace of Xavier Le Maistre, the author
of the Leper of Aost and other popular writings ;
and Rousseau, whose genius took its hue in part
from the wild scenes of nature, resided for a long
time in its vicinity. It is situated in the midst of
mountains, which rear their heads around it. It has
its manufactures, its public library and college ; but
its objects of interest are not such as to detain the
stranger in it for a long time.

After resting a short time, we continued our jour-
ney during the remainder of the night. The dawning
light of the next day found us again in the midst of
mountain scenery, and rapidly advancing towards the
pass of Mount Cenis ; — through which, as if through
the gates of some great and lofty fortress we were to
descend into the plains of Italy. In reaching this
mountain we passed through the town of Montmiel-
lan, situated on the right bank of the river Isere. —
From the bridge which is thrown over the Isere, there
is a good view of Mont Blanc. At this place there
was formerly a strong castle, which was taken and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 16?

demolished by Louis XIV. Not far from Montmeil-
lan the Isere is entered by a beautiful tributary, call-
ed the Arc. After reaching this tributary stream,
which now offered itself as our guide, we continued
our journey on its banks ; and travelled for a long
time through the extended valley which is formed by
it. On each side the mountains rose to a great height ;
i — their heads being covered with snow. In some
places they presented an irregular and naked surface
of rocks ; in others were covered with earth and cul-
tivated to a great height. Small cottages were seen
on their sides, and sometimes on their summits ;— a
terrible position ; but woman is there ; the family is
there ; the gray hairs of the father and the beauty of
the daughter. Frequently torrents, white with foam,
were seen, dashing around these mountain cottages,
and rushing from precipice to precipice in channels
which they had worn for ages. This is a place of
tempests, as well as of grandeur and sublimity. —
Sometimes the storms, which collect in these rocky
caverns and gorges, are terrible ; — black with clouds,
and marching with thunder and lightning through
these gateways of nature and nations, and detaching
with vast power large fragments of rock, which lie at
frequent intervals along the path of the traveller.

We were thus hemmed in, among these extraor-
dinary manifestations of the works of nature, for
some thirty or forty miles ; our journey all the wray
being close upon the banks of the swift and noisy
Arc, which seemed sometimes to be angry and some-
times to sing and rejoice as it ran along. The whole
distance was a gradual ascent. So that, having passed

168 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

the villages of St. Jean Maurienne, St. Michel, Mo-
dane, and some others of less importance, we were
thousands of feet above the level of the sea at the
village of Lanslebourg, which is at the foot of Mount
Cenis. The mountain was covered with snow ; but
we were able to ascend it with the aid of extra
horses in about four hours. The day had again closed ;
but we went on. The culminating point of the pass,
through which the road goes, is a short distance be-
low the summit, which has been ascertained to be
6780 feet above the sea-level. I got out of the car-
riage, and leaving the road for a short time, ascended
still further on the sides of the summit, and gave my-
self up to the reflections inspired by the place. —
Some scattered clouds rested heavily over the moun-
tain's summit. The light of the stars was reflected
from the snows and icy rocks. And thus, after as-
cending hill after hill and mountain after mountain,
we had Italy at our feet ; — Italy dear to the scholar
and the christian ; — Italy once honored by a Senate
which was described as an assembly of kings ; — Italy
the mistress of the world by its arms, and again and
still more truly the mistress of the world by its arts,
civilization and literature.

Every people has its position, its character, its his-
tory. In the strong emotions excited by our approach
to Italy, I am not willing to forget the people whom
I have just left behind. The humble Savoyard,
though far from the seats of literature and the glare
of power, has a heart which beats true to the snow-
crowned hills and cliffs of his birthplace. He is
" part and parcel" of our common humanity. But man

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 169

is to be estimated by his place, as well as his nature*
It is place which gives character to nature. The
Savoyard is what he is by being where he is. No other
people has or can have his thoughts and feelings. —
His position has drawn out and nurtured his soul,
because his soul is wedded to his position. He knows
the history of each rock, of each rude fortification on
the mountain's side, of each rivulet and noisy torrent,
of the den of the wolf and the nest of the eagle. —
He has heard the story of the falling avalanche, which
destroyed the cottage and its dwellers, and has wept
for their fate. He has the sorrows and the joys, which
are common to our nature. I saw him at work in his
field. I beheld him seated at the door of his humble
cottage. I knew not his name nor his history. But
I felt an interest in him, because he was a man.

(XX.)

City of Turin — Parliament of Sardinia — Visit to the Waldenses—
Character of the people — Ascent of one of the mountains —
The cottager and his family — Religious services on the Sabbath —
Prayer meeting in the evening — Persecutions of the Waldenses —
Milton's sonnet.

GENOA, KINGDOM OP SARDINIA, DEC. 15, 1852.

I am writing this letter in the city of Genoa, and
in sight of the Mediterranean. Genoa, including
some small territory around it, was once a republic ;
celebrated for its wealth, power and wisdom. I had
hardly reached the city, before I went abroad into its
narrow streets. I beheld its marble palaces, now de-
15

170 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

faced by time and sorrow. I trod with a melancholy
satisfaction the halls, where its celebrated councils had
assembled. There are many things, which remind
one of its departed greatness. No longer a distinct
state, it is now a part of the kingdom of Sardinia.—
But some incidents, to which I wish now to refer,
will not allow me at the present time, to enter into
details in relation to this interesting place.

My last letter left our little party at the pass of
Mount Cenis, and at our entrance into Italy. Passing
through Susa and some other places of small impor-
tance, we reached Turin ; — a city of more than an
hundred thousand inhabitants and situated on the
left bank of the Po, near its confluence with the Dora
Biparia. It is the capitol of the Sardinian kingdom.
The government of this kingdom, which includes
within its limits a large portion of Northern Italy, is
a constitutional monarchy. The Sardinians feel, as
compared with many other States of Europe, that
they enjoy a high degree of liberty. The king is popu-
lar. At the time of our visit the Parliament of Sar-
dinia was in session. Through the kindness of an
Italian gentleman, who had formerly resided in Ameri-
ca, I was able to visit the House of Deputies. I was
much pleased with the appearance of the members.
They seemed to be men of intelligence ; — calm and
deliberate in their manner, and yet with some sparks,
not yet extinguished, of the old Roman fire. They
were discussing the subject of modifications and im-
provements of the criminal code, which indicated that
they had begun to appreciate human rights, and
were desirous of consolidating liberty by the establish-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 171

ment of justice. The same day I went to the hall of
the Senate ; but its meeting had just closed. Witness-
ing as I did with painful emotions the extinction of
the republic in France, I was pleased to find that the
voice of liberty had found an utterance, imperfect,
perhaps, but still real and emphatic, in the beautiful
region of Northern Italy. Religion in the Protestant
form is tolerated ; and a large Protestant church has
recently been built. In consequence of the troubles
and oppressions in other parts of Italy, particularly in
Milan, many Italian exiles, estimated by some as high
as thirty thousand, have taken up their residence in
Turin and other parts of the Sardinian Territory.

Finding at Turin that we were not far distant from
a people, who, though few in number, occupy an in-
teresting position in religious history, we thought it
desirable to visit them. I refer to the Vaudois of
Piedmont ; — better known as the Waldenses. They
are scattered on the heights and in the valleys of the
Piedmont side of a number of mountains, sometimes
distinguished as the Cottian Alps, which separate a
part of France from Piedmont. Not being able to
visit all of the Waldensian settlements, we selected
the valley and the village of La Tour, as being the
principal settlement, and in some respects the most
interesting place among them.

Mr. and Mrs. Walcott not being able to make this
excursion, proceeded on their way to Genoa. This
diminished our pleasure. But I was accompanied by
Mr. Thompson, to whose religious sympathies and
personal attention I owe much of the pleasure and
beneficial results of my long journeys. Impelled by

172 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

kindred recollections and interests, we went together
to the valleys and mountains which the Waldenses
inhabit. And there we found a people, whose char-
acter corresponded with what history had led us to
expect, — simple in their manners, sincere in their re-
ligion, firm in their purposes, and giving no small
evidence of intelligence. It is difficult to conceive of
scenery more picturesque and sublime than is here
presented; — a fit residence, as it seemed to me, for
those who had learned the two great lessons of God
and liberty. The inhabitants generally spoke the
French language ; and we found a few persons, owing
perhaps to the circumstance of their being frequently
visited by Protestants, who had command of a brok-
en and imperfect English. As soon as they learned
that we were Americans, they recognized at once, and
as if by an instinctive impulse, the bond of union
and sympathy which led us to their secluded homes.
"We learned from them, that they had not only the
church and the school house, but also, 'what I had not
expected to find, the college. This college was found-
ed in 1837, and is now in a flourishing condition. —
They had the Bible in their hands ; — their humble
and rough pathway in life, had been illuminated by
the light of divine truth ; — and the influences of an
evil world, kept at a distance by labor and poverty,
had not corrupted them.

It was a natural impulse, which led us to climb their
mountain height. We ascended, cliff after cliff; and
at every practicable point we found the cottage. In
this rude ascent everything interested us ; — not only
the wild aspects of nature ; but still more, the cottage

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 173

and its people. Among a number of little incidents
I will mention one. We met a little boy about ten
years of age. We talked with him ; and his frank
and manly answers pleased us. His countenance was
fresh with the mountain breeze, and his dark eye
sparkled with the fire of mountain liberty. He seem-
ed like a child of the rocks, and a companion of
eagles. In a few moments a little girl of nearly the
same age came along with the same open and intelli-
gent countenance ; with the same free step and look.
She was his cousin. At once, strangers as we were,
a thousand thoughts and gentle aspirations gathered
around these flowers that bloomed upon the cliffs ; —
these young but immortal products of the mountains.
They showed us the cottage where they resided ; and
we went there. The mother of the boy stood at the
door; not the less pleased with us that we were
pleased with the children. In a few moments the
father made his appearance, and invited us in. And
I must be permitted to say, though I have been in
the palaces of kings, my heart beat with a higher and
more sacred emotion, when I found myself seated at
the hearth of a Waldensian cottage.

I looked around the room with deep interest. It
was obvious that its inmates were poor. The man
wore a dress of coarse and cheap cloth ; but on enter-
ing into conversation with him, I could perceive that
it covered a heart which was true to its immortal
origin ; — -one which tyranny could not break, which
superstition could not bend. A fire, kept alive by
small billets of wood, blazed feebly upon the hearth.
A sick daughter laid upon a bed ; but a smile passed
15*

174 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

across her pale and meek countenance, as she turned
her dark eye (rom the father to the strangers and from
the strangers to the father. It was a novel scene to
her; but she seemed to know, by a sort of Walden-
sian instinct, that the deep and common sympathies
of religious and political feeling were at the bottom
of it. The walls of the cottage were rude ; but they
were not unpleasant to me. I had seen such in
America ; and had known personally that great ex-
cellence of character often dwells beneath them. The
father pointed us to a small shelf filled with books,
which he called his library ; and taking down a large
Bible in the French language, he showed it to us ;
and also a beautiful copy of the New Testament in
the Vaudois dialect, which did not differ much from
the French, and which I could read without difficulty.
And he showed us also a number of other religious
books ; — some of them in the English language of
which we had some knowledge. He knew the history
of the struggles of religion and liberty. He was him-
self a man of prayer. The name of Jesus was dear
to him as it was to us. And we found, though sep-
arated by nations and oceans, that our hearts, like the
mountain torrents, which met and mingled in the val-
ley below us, flowed together in the unity of a com-
mon love of freedom and a common christian hope.

The period of our visit to the Waldenses included
the Sabbath. Supposing that this excellent people
might have something corresponding to our Sabbath
schools and Bible classes, we went at an early hour
of the Sabbath day to their church, which was not
far distant. It is a neat and substantial edifice, paint-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 175

ed white, and capable of holding nearly a thousand
persons. We were glad to see that a considerable
number of people, assembled together in this early-
part of the day, were engaged in the study of the
Bible ; and that they appeared to listen with atten-
tion and interest to the explanations and exhortations
of their pastor. At a later hour, at the time which
is usually appropriated to the forenoon religious wor-
ship in America, the people of all classes, the young
and old, were seen coming up from the banks of the
rivulets which flow through the valleys of La Tour,
and down the sides of the mountains. They were
neat in their appearance and dress ; — the women,
with but few exceptions, wearing caps of snowy
whiteness without bonnets ; — and they assembled to-
gether and entered the house of worship with the as-
pect of persons who venerated and loved the place.
The women occupied exclusively one side of the
house ; — the men the other. The forenoon service
was in French, which is the language spoken by the
greater number ; — in the afternoon it was in Italian,
and was conducted by one of the Professors in the
college, to which allusion has already been made.

The interest of the religious services, which took
place in the course of the day, was repeated and
heighteiied by the social prayer-meeting in the eve-
ning. A large room, with smaller rooms adjoining,
was closely filled at an early hour. Many of those
who came together had their Bibles and hymn books.
One of the number read a portion from the Bible, the
first chapter of the second epistle of Peter, and accom-
pained it with remarks. Others followed ; adding

176 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

such remarks as were naturally suggested by the
chapter which had been read, but making in every in-
stance an earnest and experimental application of
them. These remarks were interspersed with repeat-
ed and earnest prayers and with singing. There was
something exceedingly touching, as their full, sweet
voices united in their hymns. Near the close of the
meeting, Mr. Thompson arose, and made a short ad-
dress to them in the French language. They listen-
ed with great attention, and in their parting prayer
commended us affectionately to our common Father.
They closed the meeting by singing a Doxology ; and
as they went out, many of them, and among others
the cottager and his wife whom we had visited on
the mountain, took us kindly by the hand. Such is
the power of religion ; renovating the heart, strength-
ening the intellect, and restoring the broken bonds of
human brotherhood.

Not far from this delightful place of prayer, and in
sight of the church where we had worshipped during
the day, there is a vast naked cliff, projecting from
the side and in fact forming a part of the side, of one
of the mountain heights. Rising almost perpendicu-
larly, and apparently to the height of a thousand feet
from its base, it throws its dark and ragged shadow
over the valley below. I was told, that this was one
of the rugged cliffs, to which the Waldensians fled in
the days of their bitter persecutions. Followed by
the soldiers with their sharp weapons of death, they
climbed to the summit and went out to the projecting
points and last footholds of this terrible mountain
rock. There they stood, the man with gray locks, the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 177

husband and the wife, the mother and the infant on
her bosom ; rejecting all compromise, holding the
truth above life, and leaving it to their powerful
enemies either to concede to them the rights of chris-
tians and freemen, or to destroy them. These poor
people, who had learned Christ from the Bible and
at their humble firesides, without power, without
wealth, and with but little education, may be said
nevertheless, in some important sense at least, to have
held in their hands the destinies of Christianity. God
gave them strength to meet this terrible crisis. They
offered themselves a sacrifice for the truth.

Long, and with deep emotion, did I look upon this
great altar of the blood of these humble but truly
heroic martyrs. I had read their history, but it was
something more to stand upon the place and let the
mountains tell me. Memory would not rest. Imagi-
nation, prompted by a bleeding heart, placed the scene
before me. I seemed to see it all, as if it were now
present. But among that band of believing sufferers,
there was one that most of all fixed my attention. —
Upon those sharp and lofty cliffs stood the Walden-
sian mother. In her poverty she wrapped her coarse
garments around her, and pressed her naked feet
upon the rocks. With one hand she clasped her
infant to her bosom ; — and with the other lifted in
earnest prayer, in which the strong faith of Christiani-
ty enabled her to remember and to forgive her per-
secutors, she awaited the fatal moment. Cruelty
triumphed over love and mercy. And it is not sur-
prising that nations were filled with sorrow and
shame, and that the heart of humanity wept, when it

178 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

was told, that the mother and her infant were hurled
down the rocks.

It was these events, so sad and yet illustrating so
wonderfully the power of religion, which gave occa-
sion for the touching and sublime sonnet of Milton.

" Avenge, 0 Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones
Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold.
E'en them, who kept thy truth so pure, of old —
When all our fathers worshipped stocks and stones,

Forget not. In thy book record their groans

Who were thy sheep — and in their ancient fold,
Slain by the bloody Piedmontese, that roll'd
Mother with infant down the rocks. Their moans

The vales redoubled to the hills, and they

To Heaven. Their martyred blood and ashes sow
O'er all the Italian fields, where still doth sway

The triple tyrant : that from these may grow
A hundred fold, who having learned thy way
% Early may fly the Babylonian woe."

The story of the Waldenses, which constitutes at
the same time the brightest and the darkest page of
history, illustrates one great truth, namely, that one of
the great forces of Christianity, perhaps its greatest in
its contest with the evils of the world, is its ability of
patient and forgiving endurance and suffering. The
women and children of these celebrated mountains,
in consenting to be immolated on the rocks, fought a
greater and more effective battle for truth and free-
dom, than the battles of Marathon and Yorktown. —
They taught the world how to conquer. No marble
column marks their grave ; but the mountains are
their monument ; and their memorial is in the bosom
of God.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 179

(XXI.)

Journey from Turin to Genoa, Pisa and Florence — Towns of Monca-
lieri and Alessandria — Plain and battle of Marengo — Death of
Dessaix — Arrival at Genoa, and some account of it — Protestant-
ism in Genoa — Gulf of Spezzia — Napoleon— The iEneid — Passing
of the river Magra — Mountains of Carrara — Pisa — Cathedral,
baptistry, and leaning tower — Leghorn — The baptism.

FLORENCE, DUCHY OF TUSCANY, DEC. 21, 1852.

In prosecuting our journey towards Rome from
Turin, we took the route of Genoa and Florence ; —
a route which has this advantage, that the traveller
can be conveyed from Turin to the town of Arquata,
a distance of seventy-eight miles, by railroad. The
railroad station at Turin is within the limits of the
city, and at the end of the street called the Strada
Nuova. The road runs along the banks of the river
Po, till it reaches the pleasant town of Moncalieri,
which is distinguished by being the site of one of the
royal palaces. The palace is on the summit of a hill
which overlooks the town, and is the favorite resi-
dence of the present royal family of Sardinia. At
Moncalieri the railroad crosses the Po, and taking the
direction of the city of Asti, which is a considerable
place of twenty thousand inhabitants, it there follows
the valley of the river Tanaro. The next important
town on this route is Alessandria, situated near the
confluence of the Tanaro and the Bormida. The
road, on leaving Alessandria, runs along the western
side of the plain on which was fought the great battle
of Marengo, on the 13th of June, 1800. In this
bloody battle twenty thousand French under the

180 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

command of Napoleon, tried their strength against
forty thousand Austrians, under the command of the
old General Melas, who was then eighty-four years
of age. Few battles have been more furiously con-
tested. The French were driven from their positions,
and in full retreat ; when the celebrated Dessaix, one
of those remarkable men whom the first French re-
public brought into notice, appeared upon the field
with an additional force. Meeting Napoleon as he
was retreating, he said to him, " I think this is a bat-
tle lost." With characteristic pertinacity, but with a
foresight which justified the reply, Napoleon answer-
ed, " I think it is a battle won." Dessaix led his
fresh forces into the contest. The first Consul
formed his broken troops behind him. The tide of
battle turned. The Austrians were defeated. Dessaix
was killed.

The railroad stops at Arquata, but will be ulti-
mately completed to Genoa. Its completion is de-
layed for the present, in consequence of the necessity
of cutting a tunnel through the Appenines, which
cross the line of its path. From Arquata, therefore,
we reached Genoa by the ordinary line of convey-
ances. We took our lodgings at a place well known
to travelers, the Hotel Feder ; which I mention the
more particularly because, in the days of the Genoese
republic, and of its maritime ascendency, it was the
place of the admiralty, and is thus intimately associa-
ted with Genoese naval history. It is near the water,
and the room which I occupied gave a beautiful view
of the harbor, shipping, light-house, and a portion of
the surrounding heights. Genoa was anciently styl-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 181

ed "superba," and her commerce, arts, wealth, her
marble palaces, her spirit of liberty, seemed to justi-
fy the appellation. But, though seated on rocks, and
girded by mountains, and with her feet washed by
the waters of the Mediterranean, she has not escaped
the 'common destiny of states and nations, which
brings, in their appointed time, the marks of weak-
ness and decay. With mingled feelings of admira-
tion and sorrow I walked through the streets. The
beauty has faded from her palaces ; much of her com-
merce has passed to other cities ; her republican inde-
pendence is merged in the constitutional monarchy of
Sardinia ; sorrow sits upon the brow of her people ;
but the king and parliament of Sardinia, in the spirit
either of sympathy or of patriotism, have respected
the character and historical reminiscences of the
Genoese, by endeavoring to give them the second
place in the kingdom; and it was pleasant to see,
if much of their ancient glory had departed, that a
degree of courage and hope still remained.

I could say something of the churches and other
public buildings of Genoa, and of the paintings and
statuary with which they are ornamented ; but as
Italy may be said to be filled with them, and as Flor-
ence and Rome and Naples yet remain to be visited,
I will leave it to others. I ought to say, however, as
a matter of religious interest at the present time, that
the Protestant religion, as might naturally be expect-
ed from the incorporation of Genoa with Sardinia, is
tolerated here. There is a place where the English
Episcopal service is regularly performed. The French
Protestants also sustain their method of worship. It
16

182 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

came to our knowledge, also, that a considerable num-
ber of republican exiles from other parts of Italy had
found a residence and protection in Genoa. With
one of these, a man of intelligence, and whose princi-
ples had been tested by sacrifices and sufferings, we
formed some acquaintance.

Our route from Genoa to Florence, which for some
time was near the Mediterranean, was diversified by
alternations of valleys and reaches of rocky and
mountainous heights, from which many picturesque,
and sometimes wild and romantic views were pre-
sented. The vine, the olive, the mulberry, and fields
of wheat were everywhere seen. We passed a num-
ber of pleasant villages, and the more considerable
towns of Sestri, Spezzia, and Sarzana. Spezzia, a
town of seven thousand inhabitants, is situated upon
the gulf of the same name ; — a spacious body of
water susceptible of being easily fortified, and suffi-
ciently extensive to contain the largest navies. This
beautiful and justly celebrated gulf was known to
the ancients under the name of the Gulf of Luna.

It was the intention of Napoleon, after his con-
quest of Italy, to make this gulf the great naval sta-
tion of his empire. He wished to incorporate his
name with the ocean as well as with mountains.
Everywhere, from the Seine to the Nile, the traveller
is reminded of the magnificent conceptions, and
may even be said to tread in the very footprints of
this remarkable man ; — a man, great in his concep-
tions of material nature, great in his energy, great in
his estimate of the power of fear and money over the
human mind ; but not great enough to estimate the

SOCIAL, ANB MORAL. 183

truth and power of the spirit of liberty. It is almost
a necessity of his nature, that man must estimate men
by the measurement which exists in his own heart;
and although Napoleon could adjust the measurement
of selfishness to tyranny, and of tyranny to universal
empire, he had no capacity within him which enabled
him to solve the problem of such men as Vane and
Hampden, as Lafayette and Washington.

It is said by some commentators, that Virgil in the
first book of the iEneid was aided in his exquisite
description of the gulf in which iEneas took refuge
after a violent storm, by his recollections of the Spez-
zian Gulf. I can easily conceive that it might have
been so, although there is no island here which would
correspond to the island he has described. No one
can doubt, that, in its combinations of land and
water, it is a place worthy even of Virgil's pen. If
poetry could become embodied, and take up its resi-
dence in person, I think it would reside somewhere in
this neighborhood. The views, as we passed around
the head of these waters, were beautiful as imagina-
tion could well conceive.

On leaving this place we ascended gradually a long
reach of rough and lofty hills, and came down on the
other side, into the picturesque valley of the Magra.
The Magra is .a short river, formed by the smaller
rivers and torrents rushing from the neighboring
mountains, which seem to be branches from the Ap-
penines. It is generally fordable, but when swollen
by heavy rains, as it was at this time, it fills a chan-
nel of a quarter of a mile in width, and rushes to-
wards the Mediterranean with great impetuosity.-^-

184 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

We were all taken by surprise by this sudden appari-
tion of foaming waters. A ferry boat, however, soon
received us and . our baggage. The boat seemed to
be a memorial of departed generations. It was cer-
tainly a very old thing, and so much broken on one
side, as to invite, at every inclination in that direction,
an additional freight from the river. With much
noise and much tugging, the honest boatmen, who
seemed to constitute a considerable portion of the in-
habitants of this mountainous region, conveyed us
over the main channel ; but in default of wharf or
other suitable landing place, they thrust the head of
the boat into a sand bar about fifteen yards from the
shore, and then seizing each- of us, individually and
bodily, and without giving us time to consider or re-
monstrate, carried us in their strong arms to the bank
of the river. I called them honest boatmen, but out
of regard to strict veracity, I ought, perhaps, to make
an exception of the person or persons who took
advantage of our peculiar situation and confusion to
steal a carpet bag.

The next considerable town was Sarzana. As we
thus travelled along, admiring nature's beauty at every
step, and estimating men and institutions as well as
nature, we came in sight, (and for this also I was un-
prepared), of the marble mountains of Carrara. An
Italian gentleman, whom we had taken into our com-
pany at Spezzia, pointed them out. He was a dealer
in marble, and was going to Leghorn to arrange ship-
ments for New York. I saw their white caverns in
the distance, and I could not but remember that these
mountains had been associated with the history of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 185

art for more than two thousand years. I was inform-
ed that no other quarries furnish marble of the same
whiteness and purity. Thus it is, that in the combi-
nations of infinite wisdom, nature and mind are made
to correspond to each other. That which is finite
must work upon that which has form and solidity, — .
If there had been no Carrara, there would have been
no Michael Angelo, no Canova. What can a work-
man do without materials ? God only can work upon
nothing.

The next considerable place upon our route was
Pisa. It was formerly a large and flourishing city,
and notwithstanding the unfavorable changes it has
experienced, it still numbers twenty-five thousand in-
habitants. We stopped here a short time to look at
the Cathedral, the Baptistery, the Campanile or bell
tower, better known as the leaning tower, and other
objects of interest which usually attract the notice of
travellers. The origin of the cathedral has an his-
torical interest. In the year 1063, the Pisan fleet
attacked a number of Saracen vessels, in the harbor
of Palermo in Sicily, broke through the chain which
the Saracens had thrown across the harbor for their
protection, and returned home richly laden with the
captured spoils. Devoutly ascribing their victory to
divine superintendence, the Pi sans resolved to erect
a new cathedral, which should at the same time be a
monument of their gratitude to God, and an honor to
their country. And accordingly its foundation was
laid in 1064 ; but it was not completed and consecra-
ted until the year 1118 ; — a building which would be
likely, even on the slight examination which we were
J6*

186 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

able to bestow upon it, to give to many persons some
new ideas of the energy and resources of the Italian
states and republics of the middle ages. In the nave
of this cathedral hangs suspended the bronze lamp,
which suggested to Galileo the theory of the appli-
cation of the pendulum. The Campanile or leaning
tower, to which I have referred, is fifty feet in diame-
ter, and an hundred and seventy-eight in height.—
There are seven bells on its summit, the largest weigh-
ing twelve thousand pounds. With this great weight
upon it, and rising in eight successive stories to such
a height, it leans over, in consequence of sinking on
one side, at the foundation, with an inclination at the
top of thirteen feet from its original perpendicular
position, producing on the mind of the beholder, by
the combined influence of the beauty and greatness
of the object, and its unexampled and perilous incli-
nation, a very singular and powerful effect. Pisa is
situated upon the Arno, one of the many rivers of
Italy, which have a classical celebrity.

Availing ourselves of the railroad which now con-
nects Pisa with Florence in one direction, and with
Leghorn in another, we made a short excursion to the
latter place, a journey of thirteen miles, and which
was accomplished by railroad in thirty minutes. The
traveller will be well repaid by taking it, although
Leghorn is known more by its commerce than its
works of art. We rode round the city, cast a glance
upon its massive fortifications, and had the satisfac-
tion of seeing the flags of different nations, — among
them that of America, — floating peacefully together
in the beautiful harbor. Leghorn, which, among the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 187

cities in this part of the Mediterranean, is second as
a commercial place only to Marseilles and Genoa,
contains seventy thousand inhabitants, eight thousand
of whom are Jews. The Jews have their full share of
the business of the city, and their richly ornamented
synagogue, to which we gained access without diffi-
culty, will well recompense a visit from the traveller.
In the Protestant cemetery, filled with memorials of
the dead of different nations, we stood beside the
dust of some of our own people, who had died in
this distant land.

Resuming our seats in the cars, and returning to
Pisa, we proceeded immediately to Florence, which is
reached by the railroad in a few hours. It is from
Florence, the capital of the dukedom of Tuscany,
that I date this letter ; and here I rest for the present,
though it is but for a short time. Inquiring of my-
self as I went to my solitary room, what had been
the effect of this journey thus far upon my own mind,
I found that it had been to generalize my feelings,
and to inspire them with a purer and deeper benevo-
lence at the same time that it extended them. It was
difficult for me before, except by a sort of abstract
effort, to carry my feelings beyond America, and to
bring them into a realizing sympathy with unknown
races. I found, however, that there is a wide and
great nation beyond that of any particular nationality.
The sphere of humanity, the circle of divinely united
hearts, enlarged itself as I advanced ; and I can say
with Kotzebue and Mungo Park that in every land
where I have been I have found evidences of confi-
dence and of friendship.

188 LETTERS— ESTHETIC,

To me this is a great deal. I value intellectual
acquisitions ; but still more do I want my heart
enlarged to its utmost capacity. This train of thought
and feeling recalled an incident which occurred at
Pisa. Our little company were standing in the cele-
brated building called the Baptistery. In a little time
our attention was diverted from the architectural skill
displayed in the building to a religious ceremony,
which was about to be performed. Some poor people
had brought a child to be baptized. We looked on,
Protestants as we were, with those feelings of respect
which are due from one form of religion to another.
When the religious ceremony had been gone through,
the poor Italian mother, in passing out of the build-
ing, came near the excellent lady, who formed one
of our little company, and entered into communica-
tion with her ; — not by vocal language, because they
could not in that way understand each other ; but by
that mysterious sympathy of souls, which has a
power above that of words. It was sufficient, though
of different creeds and differently situated, that both
were mothers. God and nature brought into harmony
what lands and creeds might have separated. The
American mother stooped down and kissed the little
child of the Italian mother ; and seeing the evidence
of their poverty in their poor and rude garments,
added a present in money to this expression of her
affection. This little scene of unaffected benevolence
touched my feelings. It was the voice of humanity
asserting its eternal relationships. The tear grew
bright in the eye of the Italian mother, and dropped
on the cheek of the infant ; and I could see in the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 189

countenance of the old priest and a number of poor
Catholics who stood around, that a ray of mutual
confidence and esteem was kindled in their hearts. —
And I could not but feel, if men would become
better acquainted with each other and let the currents
of love flow out, it would be a moral force greater
than the sword, greater than dogmatical argument, in
diminishing diversities of belief, in correcting errors,
in harmonizing antagonistical systems, and in bring-
ing in Christ's kingdom of universal peace.

(XXII.)

Situation of Florence — Origin of the Republic of Florence — Appear-
ance and character of the people — Cathedral and church of Santa
Croce — Dante and his writings — Milton — The Campanile or bell
tower — The Uffizii and its works of art — The Medicean library —
Re-establishment of capital punishment — Trial of insurgent re-
publicans.

FLORENCE, DUCHY OF TUSCANY, SECOND LETTER.

The present letter will be taken up with what has
come under my notice, or rather with a part of what
has been noticed, at Florence. The city of Florence
is the capital of the duchy of Tuscany, situated on
both sides of the Arno, which is spanned by four
beautiful bridges. Surrounded by the villas which
adorn the adjacent plain, with sloping hills and lofty
mountains in the distance, it must be conceded that,
in the merits of its natural position, at least, Florence
justifies the eulogies which have so often been be-
stowed upon it. And the beauty of the city itself,

190 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

though it has lost something of its former splendor,
corresponds well with the beauty of its situation.

The Florentines trace their history back to the
time of the old Romans. And in support of this
view they refeT to the fact, that they are mentioned
in the annals of Tacitus as having sent an embassy
to Rome in relation to some matters which concerned
their city. But their brilliant period, — the period in
which they have commanded their full share of the
notice and admiration of the world, — commences with
the year 1250, when they arose and overthrew the
nobles who had tyrannized over them, and established
the Florentine Republic. Before this time they were
subjects, and were treated as slaves; but, in the ex-
pressive language of one of their chronicles, they
then constituted themselves a people.

The Florentines, whatever may have been their
origin, are a select and noble race of men. I had no
sooner entered their streets than I was struck with
their appearance ; — quite different from that of the
people of some other cities which I had visited.
Their well built forms and expressive countenances,
marked by thought and lofty independence, harmo-
nized well with the idea, that they were the descend-
ants of a race, who have achieved an honorable place
in the records of men. Interesting in their political
history which shows their love of freedom, they are
equally so in their relation to the development of the
arts and in their contributions to literature. Works
of art, exclusive of public buildings which display
the genius of architecture, are found everywhere ; —
in their palaces, churches, public squares, and private

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 191

residences. Peculiar circumstances, which it is the
business of the historian to unfold, gave this direc-
tion to the great inventive capacity of the people.

It is the splendid edifices, however, which are like-
ly to attract attention on the first entrance into the
city. The cities and states of Italy have vied with
each other in the erection of public buildings, particu-
larly those designed for religious worship ; and, al-
though as Protestants we may well question their
adaptedness in many cases to the purpose for which
they were built, we cannot withhold our admiration
from the genius which planned and the persevering
energy which completed them. One of the most re-
markable of these magnificent buildings is the Cathe-
dral of Florence. In accordance with a decree of
the city, which was desirous of erecting an edifice
superior to any other then existing, the foundations
were laid in 1298 ; and genius and skill, and labor
and wealth contributed » to complete it. It is four
hundred and fifty four feet in length, with a transept
of three hundred and thirty feet ; and its height from
the pavement to the summit of the cross by which it
is surmounted, is about three hundred and eighty
seven feet. The walls on the outside are cased with
marble. The dome is said to be the largest in the
world ; and served as a model to Michael Angelo in
building that of St. Peter's.

This great building, commenced at the time I have
mentioned, was not entirely completed till the year
1446. Its interior is adorned with statues, bas-reliefs,
busts, frescoes, and sepulchral monuments ; some of
them in the judgment of artists, works of great merit ;

192 LETTERS— ^ESTHETIC,

but the pleasure of seeing them is somewhat dimin-
ished in consequence of their being so dimly revealed
to the visitor by the feeble rays of light which fall
through the small stained windows. Among the mon-
uments in this cathedral is that of Brunelleschi, the
great architect who built its dome ; and who was buri-
ed here at the expense of the republic.

There is also a fine statue of Brunelleschi on the
south side of the square of the cathedral ; and near it
the stranger is pointed to the spot, designated by an
inscription, where Dante used to sit and occupy his
imaginative mind in contemplating this vast edifice.

Among the numerous other churches which adorn
the city of Florence, there is much to interest one in
the old Franciscan church of Santa Croce. It was in
the square of this church that the people assembled
and took their decisive measures in the republican
revolt of 1250. But to me this renowned edifice was
an object of especial attraction ; because, in common
with every traveller who visits Florence, I here look-
ed upon the tomb of Michael Angelo. The body,
which was once the residence of a mind of eminently
great and original power, reposes here. His tomb is
ornamented with allegorical figures of the sister arts
of architecture, painting and sculpture, in all of which
he excelled. The marble bust, which is designed to
perpetuate the outlines of the form that is crumbling
beneath it, is regarded as a faithful likeness of him.
In this church, which is sometimes spoken of as the
Westminster Abbey of Florence, Marsuppini was bu-
ried, the secretary of the republic at an early period,
and one of its eloquent and distinguished men. Here

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 193

also, are sepulchral monuments to Galileo, Dante and
Alfieri. The portrait of Dante was placed here by a
decree of the republic in 1465. But the large and
splendid monument to him, to which I have just re-
ferred, has been recently erected at the public expense.
It is evident that Florence cherishes the memory of
her great poet ; — great as compared with the poets
of any other age or nation, and yet unlike all other
poets. A country is nothing without its great names.
And there are so many reminiscences of Dante here,
that it may not be out of place to say something
in relation to him. If no writer can be properly un-
derstood and interpreted, separate from his age and
country, this is especially the case with this remarka-
ble poet. His conceptive power, which enabled him
to imagine and to describe with so much exactness,
was his own ; bat the subjects, upon which he exer-
cised it, belonged to the incidents of his age, people
and religion. I never could well understand before,
how a writer, no matter how great or how eccentric
his genius, could think of going through hell, purga-
tory and paradise, with a view to ascertain the local-
ity, if I may so express it, of the spirits of the dead,
and to announce to the world their respective degrees
of reward and punishment, of hope and despair. But
these ideas, (I mean ideas which dealt with the un-
known facts and incidents of man's disembodied des-
tiny,) were the ideas of the age of Dante. If a man
died, and did not go straightway to heaven, which
was the happy lot of a few saints only, the popular
thought of that age, trained and established by its
dominant religious ideas, at once assigned him an
17

194 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

infernal or purgatorial locality. Books were written,
and paintings sketched and executed, upon the basis
of this prevalent mode of opinion and feeling. —
Michael Angelo himself was not free from this in-
fluence. And the interior of the cupola of the great
cathedral of Florence, which was the object of his
study and admiration, is painted in fresco, with
angels and saints in paradise, or with figures represent-
ing the sufferings of purgatory and hell. So that the
remarkable work of Dante is really nothing more nor
less than the poetical conception, — which that great
poet alone fully possessed, — of the great religious
thought of his age.

And now that 1 am upon this subject, I may further
add that some of the leading traits in the writings of
our own Milton, (I refer, however, particularly to the
Paradise Lost,) find an explanation, in part, at least,
in the- same predominant ideas. He resided for some
time in Italy, was perfectly acquainted with Italian
literature, and with the religious thought and feeling
which prevailed among the people. It has seemed to
me, since I have been in Florence and other parts of
Italy, that the hell of the Paradise Lost would not
have been so clearly defined in his conception and so
accurately described, if Milton had not both heard
and seen a good deal in relation to it on the banks of
the Arno. Particular expressions and allusions also,
full of beauty but evidently not of English origin,
find their explanation in his residence here. Vallom-
brosa and the hill of Fiesoli are both in the neighbor-
hood of Florence. And hence, in describing the pros-
tration of the rebel angels, he says that they

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 195

-" lay entranced

Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks
In Vallombrosa."

And it is thus, with his mind filled not only with
Italian scenery but with Italian art and science, that
he compares Satan's shield to

the moon, whose orb

Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views
At evening from the top of Fiesoli."

The " Tuscan artist" is Galileo, with whom Milton
became acquainted while he was in Italy.

Among other objects which the stranger can hardly
fail to observe nd which he is not likely to forget, is
the campanile or bell-tower. Unlike that of Pisa, the
Campanile of Florence stands erect ; and is also much
higher than the Pisan tower, — being two hundred
and seventy-five feet in height. It is near the cathe-
dral, and may be considered as a species of append-
age to it. Its basement story is ornamented with a
series of well executed reliefs, designed to represent
the progress of civilization ; — commencing with the
history of Adam and the early patriarchs, and devel-
oping the leading events in human progress down to
a late period. Rising in successive stories to its over-
towering height, this remarkable structure is seen by
a single glance of the eye ; and stops the traveller
and commands his admiration at the very doors of
the great cathedral, by that power of attraction,
which always belongs to simplicity when combined
with grandeur.

The Florentine collection of works of art, which is
known as the Royal Gallery, is one of the most valu-

196 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

able in the world. These works are deposited in the
upper story of a large and fine building, called the
Uffizii, which was originally erected for the accom-
modation of the magistrates and tribunals of Flor-
ence. In this celebrated gallery nearly all the great
masters of art, both of ancient and modern times,
are represented. Here among other works, which
have commanded the admiration of connoisseurs, is
the Faun dancing in marble; the celebrated group of
wrestlers, writhing in sculptured strength and emula-
tion ; and the statue of the Venus de Medici, of which
the world has but one. There were other works
which were particularly interesting to me. Hardly
anything which I saw impressed me more than the
busts of the Roman emperors ; authenticated as wTorks
of the date which is ascribed to them, not only by
the circumstances of their discovery, but by their re-
markable correspondence to those conceptions of the
persons represented, which an acquaintance with the
past is most likely to suggest. They are a sort of
resurrection of history. I looked again and again
upon the furrowed but stern brow of Julius Caesar ;
with anxiety, ambition and intrepidity written in un-
changeable lines. Here, also, living in the perpetuity
of art, is the calm and intellectual look of Augustus.
Esteeming its homage to the truth above everything
else, the chisel of the sculptor has harmonized with
the pen of the annalist in its Otho and Vitellius ;
and the very marble speaks in verification of our
ideas of Trajan whom history has praised for his
wisdom, and of Nerva, who was styled the good.
I have no time in a single letter to say anything o£

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 197

the splendid paintings, which are to be found here
and also in the Pallazzo Pitti ; nor of the treasures,
invaluable to literature, which exist in the Medicean
library. This library, rich in works in the oriental
languages as well as in Greek and Latin, contains
more than nine thousand manuscripts. The oldest
manuscript of the Pandects is deposited here ; and I
was shown what was said to be (and I believe the
claim to its great antiquity is not disputed) the earli-
est manuscript of Virgil. The manuscript contains
all the works of Virgil, excepting a small portion of
the Bucolics.

This is only the beginning of what might be said,
and of what came under my personal notice in Flor-
ence and its vicinity. Of course a mere letter writer
cannot say much ; especially when travelling rapidly
and in poor health. But I cannot close without refer-
ring briefly to its present religious and political con-
dition. It is hardly necessary to say that in Tuscany,
as in other parts of Italy, the Catholic religion is the
religion of the State and of the people. Other forms
of religion are tolerated for foreign residents and for
those who have inherited, if I may so express it, and
have been brought up in a different religion. The
Episcopal church of England has its place of wor-
ship ; — the Presbyterians also, in which religious ser-
vice is performed in the French language in the fore-
noon and in the English in the afternoon. It was our
privilege to worship on the Sabbath in this church, in
company with christians from different lands. But if
toleration, kept within very strict limits, is allowed to
existing forms of belief, it is limited, at least as far as
17*

198 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the Catholics are concerned, to what now is. It does
not admit of free inquiry nor of a change of religions.
The Catholic who dares to inquire and think on the
subject of religion, with a view to estimate his own
form of religion as compared with that of others, is a
marked and persecuted man. If he is led to change
his religion, no matter with how great sincerity, the
least he can expect is a long and severe imprisonment.

For nearly a century capital punishment has been
abolished in Tuscany. It has very recently been re-
established ; so that Florence, which has its works of
art, has also is guillotine. I was informed on authori-
ty upon which I could rely, that no reason could be
assigned for this unexpected measure, except what
was found in the political state of the country. The
object is, beyond all question, to strike terror into the
hearts of the republicans, who are feared, and hated,
and persecuted, with the exception of the constitu-
tional monarchy of Sardinia, by all the ruling authori-
ties in Italy. I shall endeavor to refer to this subject
more particularly in another letter. But I cannot
omit to mention an incident here, which affected my
feelings much.

A few years ago the people of the Roman States
and of Tuscany, inspired by a sense of right and
by historical recollections, endeavored to recover their
ancient liberties. They succeeded in part ; but in
consequence of the aid rendered to them by France,
Austria, and indirectly by Russia, the rulers, whom they
dispossessed for a time, have recovered their power.
The consequence is, that throughout Italy, (always
excepting the dominions of the constitutional and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 199

patriotic king of Sardinia,) the republicans, who ob-
viously constitute a large portion of the people, are
closely watched by the police ; — many prisons are
filled with them ; and very recently a large number,
including some patriotic Catholic priests, have been
executed. While I have been in Florence, some of
these persons, who believe as we do in America, that
man ought to have a voice in the government of him-
self, and who have dared to act in accordance with
their convictions, have been under trial for high trea-
son. As soon as I understood this, I lost no time in
finding my way to the court of justice. I was not
fully informed as to particulars. I can only say, there-
fore, that four men, who had been prominent in the
republican movement, were undergoing a trial, which
in all probability was to have its termination in death,
or in perpetual imprisonment. The men were guard-
ed by soldiers. The place of trial was full of people ;
but the rich and noble were not there. I was pleased
to see, that the representatives of the masses were not
absent ; — the men of toil, of hunger and rags. Liber-
ty has ever found its truest defenders and sympathi-
zers among the poor. I looked with deep interest
upon their hard hands, their sunburnt countenances,
and their eyes sometimes filled with tears and some-
times kindling with the flashes of the old Etrurian
and Roman fire.

A few women, some of them young persons and
some of them advanced in years, were there also ; —
and I supposed from the deep and changeless anxiety
which they manifested, that they might be the near
relatives, perhaps the mothers and sisters, of the men
under trial.

200 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

"With some difficulty I made my way through the
dense mass of people, till I stood near the judges and
in full view of the prisoners. I understood that these
men were not the leaders in the republican movement ;
but still were regarded as of sufficient importance to
be offered up as the people's sacrifice. One of them,
apparently a young man, seemed to be drooping and
wasting away under the effects of the long imprison-
ment to which they had been subjected. Another,
more erect, aud possessed of more physical energy,
cast a calm and intelligent look upon the judges and
crowded assembly, which seemed to say in its pro-
phetic glance, that he feared nothing for liberty nor
from the judgment of posterity. The others, with
looks rendered intense and fierce by a sense of injus-
tice, were like men, who cared for nothing and asked
for nothing but their old swords and another field of
battle. Not doubting in my own mind, that a great
crime against humanity was about to be accomplish-
ed, I turned away from this painful scene with the
sad reflection, that, in a siuful and fallen world like
ours, all that is good and true is established and
sanctified by its baptisms of blood.

(XXIII.)

Departure from Florence — The ancient Clusium — Arrival at the Papal
territories — View of Mount Soracte-Approach to Rome— Remarks
on the political state of Europe — Strength of the republican
party — The forces arrayed against it — Republican meeting in
London — Kossuth and Mazzini — State of things in Rome.

CITY OF ROME, DEC. 27, 1852.

We are now in Rome. In coming from Florence
to this justly celebrated spot, we took the route of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 201

Sienna ; — once a large and powerful republican city,
and still an object of curiosity and interest to travel-
lers. A few miles from Sienna is the town of Chiusi,
the site of the ancient Etruscan city of Clusium,
which was the residence of Porsena. In passing the
volcanic mountain of Radicofani, we left the frontier
of Tuscany, and entered the territory of the Papal
See.

Leaving the villages of Ponte Centino and Aqua-
pendente, (the latter an interesting place, deriving its
name from its waterfalls,) we rode for a considerable
distance along the shore of the beautiful lake of Bol-
sena, which is supposed to cover a part of the an-
cient city Volscinium. It was in this vicinity that
we had a distant view for some time of the celebra-
ted Mount Soracte, now called St. Oreste. It rose
in solemn grandeur from a distant part of the Cam-
pagna Romana. The Childe Harold of Byron has
described it with the greatest accuracy, as " heaving
from the plain, like a long-swept wave about to
break, which on the curl hangs pausing." Horace in
one of his odes describes it as white with snow ; and
the summit was covered with snow at the time we
saw it.

As we approached near Rome, the object of many
pleasant anticipations, our hearts were very cheerful ;
but our horses unmoved by the inspirations of the
place, were either very lazy or very weary, and at the
last stopping-place which furnished relays, it was pro-
posed by some of the company, to increase our com-
fort as well as our motive power, by changing the
number which drew our vetturino from four to

202 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

seven. As the proposal was an appeal to the princi-
ple of " humanity to animals," as well as of personal
comfort, it met with no opposition. Everything was
arranged accordingly ; but not without exciting con-
siderable movement and notice in the little town from
which we started under these more favorable auspices.
Everybody seemed to give care to the winds. The
sun was bright above us. The postilions cracked
their whips ; — the horses, as if conscious of this ac-
cession of strength, curved their necks and shook the
little bells with which they were ornamented ; — the
smitten pavements flashed fire; — the dogs barked;
and the very beggars shook their hats with jollity.
It was thus, seated in the midst of this unusual loco-
motion, that we made our approach for the first time
to the classic banks of the Tiber, to the ruined pala-
ces of the Caesars, and the memorable battle-fields
of Garibaldi.

But I shall not undertake to describe what I see
around me in the present letter. There is another
topic to which I wish to advert. I have not as yet
said much in relation to the political state of Europe.
I have not considered the subject an unimportant
one ; but it is difficult at the present time to get at
the precise state of things. Availing myself, howev-
er, of such means of information as I could com-
mand, I have been obliged to come to one conclusion,
which, if it be true, is a fundamental one in the esti-
mate of political probabilities, namely, that a very
considerable proportion of the people of England,
France, Italy, Belgium, Poland and Hungary, and
perhaps in some of these states a majority, have

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 203

adopted republican opinions. Nor is this the whole
of the republican strength ; — which is to be found
also in part in other states and nations. The repub-
lican party of Europe, therefore, respectable, at least,
both in its numbers and talents, and its courage and
physical resources, is a permanent and important ele-
ment in European affairs, which it would be useless
to attempt to ignore, and which every wise statesman
will not only be willing to recognize, but will be de-
sirous to conciliate.

Of the republicans there are two divisions ; one
which is desirous of leaving the establishment of the
republican policy to time and those methods of pub-
lic enlightenment and of gradual political ameliora-
tion which time alone can bring. The other party,
maddened by hopes long deferred and by oppressions
actually realized, carry the swords under their gar-
ments, and wait only for the day and the hour when
they shall flash in open light on the field of battle.

Further, I think I can say this. No party will at-
tempt to move now upon an irreligious basis ; —
that is to say, with a disregard of those sentiments,
everywhere implanted in the human mind, which
recognize the existence of God, and the duties
which are owed to Him. Democracy, taught by the
sufferings of her former blindness, has re-assumed her
respect for man's religious nature. This is right. —
Religion may be perverted ; and its perversions may
be tyrannical. But true religion is, by its nature, es-
sentially republican. Patriarchs, prophets and apos-
tles, and the early martyrs, were men, if I may so
express it, who came up from the masses ; — men who

204 LETTERS JSSTHETIC,

knew the people, men who sympathized with the
wants of the people, and who labored and suffered
for their good. The Sermon on the Mount is the
great proclamation of human liberty; — a proclama-
tion, unequalled in its expression, as it is unequalled
in the length and breadth of its just and generous
sentiments. And I do not hesitate to say, that, in a
true estimate of His character and teaching, consid-
ered in their relation to the universal establishment
of human rights, Jesus Christ, as compared with any
other reformer or teacher, ought to be regarded, and
spoken of, and loved, as the true democratic leader.

The great republican leaders of the present time,
unlike those of the period of 1790, — the Mazzinis,
the Kossuth s, the Cavaignacs, the Girardins and La-
martines, understand well, that religion is a necessity
of man's nature, that it is the only sure basis of prac-
tical morals, and that liberty without religion cannot
stand. This is a great gain to the republican cause ;
and I think it one of the most favorable omens of its
ultimate success. And I do not doubt, that the sym-
pathies of a large body of religious and praying men,
particularly in England, harmonize now, for the first
time, with the republican ideas and position, as they
are developed in one or the other of the republican
sections to which I have referred. The moral influ-
ence of this significant alliance, which has greatly
diminished and almost put an end to the cry of re-
publican infidelity, is immense. And I think it but
justice to say that in the republican enrollment there
will be found to be, — contrary to what in America is
sometimes supposed to be the fact, — a multitude of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL* 205

sincere and devout Catholics. So far as I can form
an opinion, the republican position has never been so
strong in Europe, as it is at this moment. And no
temporary disappointment, no sudden and midnight
treachery, no defeat in the battle-field, no deferring,
even from generation to generation, of long cherished
hopes, will be likely to alter this fundamental state
of things.

It might perhaps be inferred from this statement,
that it is the object of the republican party, without
making the proper and just discriminations, to over-
throw the existing governments in Europe. But it
would be better and nearer the truth to say, that
their object, in any proper sense of the terms, is not
to overthrow, or to injure governments, but to estab-
lish the great and inalienable rights of humanity, —
such as freedom of religious belief, freedom of polit-
ical opinion and of the press, just laws and equality
under the law, and especially the recognized and un-
changeable representation of the people in all mat-
ters where the people are concerned. This they
claim. For this they are organized. And this, if I
am not mistaken in what has come under my notice,
they are determined to accomplish. Any govern-
ment that will so modify itself as to admit and es-
tablish what this great party regard as the rights of
humanity, no matter whether it bears the name of a
republic or a constitutional monarchy, will continue
to stand and will be increasingly prosperous/ And
any governments which refuse this must take their
chance of life or death in the great contest of opin-
ions and of material forces, which threatens soon to
overtake them.
18

206

LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

The wisdom of England, enlightened by her great
and patriotic history, is steadily adjusting the ship of
State to this new and fixed position of things ; and
thus there is reason to think, that the flag, which has
waved a thousand years, will yet triumph' in any
coming storms. Belgium and Sardinia, and I sup-
pose it may be the same in a few other states, are
taking the same course. So far is there from being
any general hostility on the part of the republicans
to these patriotic kingdoms, whose hospitality many
of them have experienced in their sad exile from
nearly every part of Europe, that they name them
with pride and grateful affection, and quote them ev-
erywhere as examples of actual and progressive liber-
ty,— broad enough now, and capable of expansion
enough hereafter, to accept and conciliate the conflict
of opinions, and to satisfy the reasonable demands of
humanity.

I would say further, that the republican party is
not a party, which is circumscribed in its views by
geographical limits. Its objects pertain to humanity.
Its bond of union is the tie of human rights and affec-
tions. Its locality, therefore, is the world. It has those
among it, as I have already intimated, who every-
where advocate its cause by the appeals of reason
and love ; men who do not cease to be men of peace
because they are republicans, and whose declaration
of independence is the " Sermon on the Mount," — ta-
ken in its more literal and obvious import. This por-
tion of the party, which embraces some names of
great power and influence, is averse to war ; — though
it is not on that account less true to its political

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 207

principles, and is ready to sustain them by its testi-
mony in prisons and on the scaffold. But the party
has among its ranks also a still greater number, who,
if reason and appeals to a kindred humanity shall
fail to have a hearing, will unsheath the sword in the
desperation of violated rights, and will either con-
quer or be destroyed.

But there is another side to this state of things.
Face to face, in antagonism to this great and uncom-
promising party, who stand erect with their bosoms
bare, ready to accept the charter of freedom or the
baptism of blood, there are arrayed at the present
moment the great empires and kingdoms of Russia,
Austria, Prussia and France, aided by Tuscany and
Naples, and I know not how many smaller states,
with a standing army of two millions of bayonets,
and with cannon planted and with matches blazing
from Paris to Moscow. It is thus beyond all ques-
tion that the two great parties, with such modifica-
tions of thought and feeling as have been referred
to, have taken their stand in fierce and fearful oppo-
sition ; mutual in their defiance and mutual in their
hatred ; and each party apparently waiting for the
signal of that mysterious Providence which rules the
destiny of nations, and which destroys those, who, in
refusing to be just, refuse to harmonize.

Whether the two political parties, which are thus
arrayed in opposition to each other, will come into
actual conflict, is a thing which lies hidden in the
future. It would be useless to conjecture. But this
does not vitiate the correctness of the statements which
have been made ; nor alter the actual and imminent

208 LETTERS JBSTHETIC,

state of things which exists. Let us hope, that sound
reason will prevail ; and that those who hold power
against right, whoever and wherever they may be, if
they fail to be moved by the sentiments of justice,
will at least consult their own interests, by harmoni-
zing with the claims of liberty.

I cannot close this letter without mentioning one
or two incidents, which have a little connection with
it. I was in France at the time of the re-establish-
ment of the usurped empire. Being in a certain
town, a French gentleman invited me to the munici-
pal hall. He led me to a corner of the large room
where the town authorities were in the habit of as-
sembling, and taking the republican flag on which
were inscribed the large letters, "Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity," he unrolled it and gazed upon it with
deep emotion. Then rolling it up, he returned it to
its place ; but not without giving me to understand,
that the hands which had unfurled it once, but from
whom it had been deceitfully wrested, would unfurl
it again.

In many other instances I found the same feelings
expressed. At a certain time, stopping with my
friends at an obscure village in Italy, the inn-keeper,
whose manners and whose open and intelligent brow
indicated that he was not formed to be a slave,
asked Mr. Thompson, if he knew anything of the
Italian exiles of America. And when he understood
that he had seen Forbes, and Avizenna, and Garibal-
di, and especially when he understood that we had
both seen Mazzini in London, and that the great re-
publican leader had lost neither heart nor hope for

SOCri\L, AND MORAL. 209

Italy, he was filled with wild delight. In a few mo-
ments the news was communicated to a considera-
ble number of poor people around ; and it was inter-
esting to see how they gathered around our carriage
as we departed, and lifted their hats in recognition
of republican affinity, and earnestly gazed upon us
with tears starting to their eyes, as if we had brought
them news of a son or a brother, " who was dead and
is alive again ; who was lost and is found." And
thus, in no small number of instances in France and
Italy, we were able to ascertain the feelings of the
people.

In London we attended the meeting of the Italian
and other republican exiles. The room was capable
of holding more than a thousand persons, and was
full. And I cannot forget that this meeting, without
spies to report or bayonets to control it, was held
within the realms of Queen Victoria, who fears noth-
ing from the republican sentiment, because the free
constitution of government which she administers,
recognizes the just right which supports it, and pro-
vides, in one of its great departments, for its full and
powerful manifestation. I never attended a meeting
which evinced more settled principle, more fixed de-
termination, more deep enthusiasm. Kossuth and
Mazzini were there. And when they arose, embody-
ing as they did in their own persons the hopes of na-
tions, they seemed to me, as I associated them with
the past and the future, like the strong but tempest-
beaten landmarks of passing generations. They took
each other by the hand, and in the presence of this
large assembly mutually pledged whatever yet remain-
18*

210 LETTERS-^-JESTHEtldj

ed of life, fortune, and hope ; and added in the name
of those who knew them and loved them, the still
higher pledge of the blood of Hungary to Italy and
the blood of Italy to Hungary.

On this occasion, and at the close of the meeting, I
had the pleasure, in company with many others, of
taking Kossuth by the hand, whom I had before seen
in America ; — the man invincible, not merely because
of his vast powers of intellect and his generous and
universal heart, but especially because he is a child of
Providence, and is what he believes himself to be, an
instrument of God in the destiny of nations. I went
also a few days after, in company with Mr. Thomp-
son, and spent an evening in the humble and secreted
room of Mazzini, — that great man, and true patriot
and exile. We conversed with him ; and it was from
him that I gained- some of the opinions and impres-
sions which I have expressed. I saw in him, as I
thought, the sincerity of conviction, the modesty of
strength, a high trust in Providence, and the invinci-
ble will. It was nearly at the same time, and in the
city of Paris, that I saw Louis Napoleon at the Tuil-
leries. And I am obliged to say, that I felt a far deep-
er respect for the man who adhered to his principles
and held the idea of a republic in poverty, suffering
and exile, than for the man who betrayed the people
that trusted him, and rewarded himself with an empire.

Mazzini told us, that blood was flowing in Italy, —
the blood of those who were dear to him. We soon
afterwards had more specific confirmations of his re-
marks on the trying state of things in that country.

Before we left Sardinia, we learned, from a private

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 211

but authentic source, the appalling news of the whole-
sale massacres, — for such I think they may justly be
termed, — of suspected republicans in Austrian Lom-
bardy. And since I have been in Rome I have been
informed on authority which I could not well doubt,
^hat four thousand young men, republican citizens of
Rome, are entered on the lists of the police as suspect-
ed persons, — that they are constantly watched, — and
are not allowed to be in the streets after certain hours
of the day. And it is no small thing, that Rome it-
self, the land of the most celebrated names of free-
dom, is at this moment held in subjection, on account
of its republican tendencies, by the bayonets of a for-
eign despotism.

It is thus that liberty in the persons 'of those who
love and cherish her, is everywhere proscribed. The
heart mourns ; but convictions are unaltered. The
cause of freedom like that of religion, has life in it-
self; and grows stronger and brighter in its trials.

The nations, with ambitious mind
On wealth and warlike glories bent,

In strength alone had sought to find
A true and lasting monument.

Alas, their early history's page

Foreshows the downfall of their age.

The grandeur, rais'd by force or crime,

In towers and walls and heaven-built spires,

Is like the mountain height sublime
That stands upon volcanic fires.

Above, 'tis seeming strength. Below

An ocean's fiery billows glow.

212 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

But that which sinks, at last shall rise,
Strong in the strength which cannot die.

The flames of that great sacrifice
Have only power to purify.

The form may die ; — the life remains ; —

Humanity survives and reigns.

(XXIV.)

First views and impressions of Rome — Porta del Popolo — Egyptian
obelisk — Visit to the Capitoline hill — Statue of Marcus Aurelius —
View from the tower of the Capitol — The seven hills of Rome —
The Coliseum — Arch of Titus — Remarks.

ROME, DEC. 28, 1852.

With the improved facilities of motion which were
mentioned in the beginning of my last letter, we ap-
proached Rome by the old Cassian way. The last
place of much importance on our route was the town
of Viterbo ; the supposed site of the ancient " Fanum
Voltumnae," where the associated Etruscan States
held their general assemblies. Passing the eleva-
tions of no great height, which mark on that side the
boundaries of the Campagna Romana, we descended
into the plain of the Tyber, which flowed on, about
four hundred feet in breadth, with a full and strong
current ; — not clear and sparkling like the Rhone,
but with that dark and muddy appearance which I
had noticed in the Soane and the Arno. At the dis-
tance of two miles from the city we crossed this cel-
ebrated river at the old Milvian bridge ; the place
where the envoys of the Allobrogi were intercepted

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 213

in the time of Cicero ; their letters taken ; — and Cat-
aline's conspiracy discovered. At this bridge, among
other places which witnessed their patriotic resist-
ance, the modern Romans opposed the recent en-
trance of the French with no small share of the cour-
age of their ancestors. Passing down on the north
side of the river, we came into the city by the
" Porta del Popolo," the Gate of the People.

One of the first things which arrested my atten-
tion, as we passed through the People's Gate, and
into the great square into which it opens, was an
Egyptian obelisk of red granite, towering to a great
height and covered with hieroglyphics. This obelisk,
which was first erected by Remeses, the Egyptian
king who is known in Grecian writers under the
name of Sesostris, stood originally in the city of He-
liopolis in lower Egypt ; and was brought to Rome
by Augustus Caesar after the battle of Actium. The
sight of this striking object, the memorial of other
ages and distant climes, vividly recalled to my mind
that I had entered a city, which more than any other
had extended its influence either by arts or arms ; —
the conqueror and the mother of nations ; the mighty
emblem of the rise and fall of greatness ; — the cen-
tral point of profane history ; from which, as if stand-
ing on the dividing line of ages, the mind books back
to the beginning and forward to the end.

At the earliest opportunity I visited the Capitoline
Hill ; not only because it stood first and clearest in
my historical associations ; but because I had hoped
by ascending it to gain at once a full view of the city,
and in this way adjust and localize my remembrances.

214 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

At the base of the steps which ascend this still im-
posing eminence, are two Egyptian lions of bronze
granite. At their top are marble statues of Castor
and Pollux with their horses ; and in a central posi-
tion, in the open place or square of the summit, called
by the Italians the Campodoglio, is a bronze eques-
trian statue of Marcus Aurelius ; elevated on a large
pedestal composed of a single marble block. This is
the only bronze equestrian statue, which has come
down to us from the times of ancient Rome. But
this is not the only nor the chief circumstance, which
imparts to it an interest and value. I came unexpect-
edly in view of this remarkable statue, and stopped
to look at it. It seized hold of my conceptions with
a power, which seemed to me a test of its excellence.
Again and again I turned to examine it. The noble
form of Aurelius is seated firmly erect. His counte-
nance is imperial. His right hand is proudly extend-
ed, as if indicating the movement and destiny of na-
tions. The horse, on which he is seated, seems to
know that he bears an emperor. His form is the em-
bodiment of energetic strength. His neck curves in
the direction of his master's hand; and his large eye
appears to glow, as it catches the meaning of its con-
trolling power. Lifting his right hoof, he throws it
firmly forward with a movement corresponding to the
curvature of the neck and the stern direction of the
hand of the emperor ; and his broad and muscular
breast swells with the impulse of his own fiery action.
It is thus that I recall it to mind, as I am seated to
write ; — a form true to nature ; — the action giving life
to the form ; and the life enlarged and glowing with

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 215

greatness and fiery impulse. Such are the works of
art which are everywhere found in Rome and in Ro-
man territory ; so that if it be true, that she is dead
in the form of her ancient nationality, it is equally
so that she lives, and will continue to live, in the per-
petuity of her genius.

At the northern extremity of the Capitoline Hill, is
the Franciscan church of Santa Maria d' Ara Coeli.
As I looked upon this church, I called to mind a pas-
sage in the writings of Gibbon, which in early life
had left a deep impression on me. It was here, as he
himself tells us in his auto-biography, " On the 14th
of October, 1764, as he sat musing amid the ruins of
the Capitol, while the bare-footed friars were singing
vespers," that the idea of writing the Decline and Fall
of Rome first occurred to his mind.

Leaving the area of the Campodoglio, and I know
not how many works of art within and around it, I
ascended the tower of the modern Capitol. Below
me, including the Capitoline, were the seven hills of
ancient Rome, so often mentioned by historians ;
the Palatine, Once inhabited by Romulus and Numa,
and in the later periods of the republic the residence
of Quin tus Hortensius and Cicero, now strewed
with the fragments of the .Csesar's palaces ; — at a lit-
tle distance and reaching to the Tyber, the Aventine,
which in other days had been surmounted by the
temples of Diana and Minerva and a palace of Tra-
jan, but now more destitute of edifices of every kind
than any other of the seven hills ; — in another direc-
tion the Celian, the place of residence assigned to
the ancient Albans, after the destruction of their

216 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

principal city, — its extreme limit marked at the pres-
ent time by the church of St. John Lateran ; — the
Esqutline, situated to the north of the Celian, and
extending with its gardens and its remains of ancient
buildings to the city walls ; — the Quirinal, a long,
narrow eminence, commencing at the Forum of Tra-
jan, covered with buildings comparatively modern, and
extending back of the Colonna Palace in a northeast
direction ; — and the Viminal, between the Quirinal
and Esquiline. These hills, of moderate height and
extent, rising perhaps an hundred and fifty feet above
the level of the sea, did not look to me like the hills
which I had seen in America ; but there is a great-
ness besides that which is physical, and history had
magnified them; so that they filled a much larger
space in my mind. Beautiful above was the clear
Italian sky. In the valley below, skirting the Palatine
and Aventine hills, was the winding Tyber. Moving
among the memorials of decay and dissolution, it
seemed to have no death and no decay in itself; but
still kept its triumphant march, as in the days of
Romulus and Camillus, from its native mountains to
the sea. Beyond the Tyber was Mount Janiculum.
In the opposite direction was the mighty Coliseum.
In the distance was the long line of the Appenines.
Directly beneath me, in one direction was the steep
Tarpeian rock ; and in the other the old Roman Fo-
rum. Such were the various objects of interest around
and before me. Having looked upon them for a short
time, I came down from the Capitol.

I have mentioned the Coliseum, as one of the ob-
jects seen from the tower of the Capitoline hill, — that

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 217

great ruin of Rome and the world ; and I am remind-
ed now of my first visit to it. It was the evening of
the day of our arrival in Rome. The sky was cloud-
less. The moon shone brightly. That night, in com-
pany with the excellent friends who had accompanied
me thus far, I went to visit this mighty ruin. The
Coliseum, taking its name as some have conjectured
from its great size, is an amphitheatre ; elliptical in
its shape, six hundred and twenty feet in one direc-
tion, measuring from the exterior surface of the wall,
and five hundred and thirteen feet in the other. The
height of the wall is one hundred and fifty-seven feet.
This immense edifice was commenced by the empe-
ror Vespasian and finished by his son Titus, ten years
after his return to Rome from the destruction of Jeru-
salem. Capable of holding originally eighty-seven
thousand persons, and built with all the strength
which architectural genius and profuse expenditure
could impart to it, it is now a great mass of ruins. —
We walked through the broken arches of this mighty
desolation. The moon threw its light full upon the
open arena; tinging the dewy grass and the clinging
ivy which grew in the fissures of the walls. I remem-
bered Byron's admirable description.

" I do remember me, that in my youth,
When I was wandering, upon such a night
I stood within the Coliseum's wall."

I subsequently visited it in the day time. My
mind had never been more deeply impressed by the
greatness of man's works or the magnitude of their
desolation ; but the impression was subdued and ob-
literated by the recollection, that this very spot had
19

218 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

been the scene of one of the great contests of Chris-
tianity. Within these vast walls the Roman people,
in the days of imperial enslavement and corruption,
assembled to witness the contests of wild beasts and
the dying struggles of gladiators. But this was not
all. They looked with almost equal pleasure upon
the shedding of innocent blood. A cross stands in
the centre of the open space. As I fixed my eyes
upon this significant emblem, I saw in my imagina-
tion the dying Christian. It was there he knelt.
Perhaps upon the very spot where I stood, a mother
or a sister looked down upon him, and prayed that
his faith might not fail. He lifted his eyes to heav-
en. His body was torn by the wild beasts. His
blood mingled with the sand of the arena. Perhaps
it was Ignatius or Justin, names memorable in Chris-
tian history ; perhaps some humble believer, unknown
to the world, but dear to the Saviour. It was thus,
in those days of fiery trial, that the old and young,
the learned and the ignorant, the father, the mother
and the children, perished. But Christianity still
lives. When true to her principles of love, forgive-
ness, and willingness to suffer, she always conquers ;
and no defeat and no dishonor is recorded of her, ex-
cept when, forgetful of the principles and example of
her Master, she returns violence with violence.

There were but few objects in Rome, on which I
looked with more interest than the old imperial arch-
es ; a number of which still remain. A triumphal
arch, constructed in the manner of those at Rome, is
susceptible in a very high degree of those architectu-
ral combinations, which cause emotions both of beau-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 219

ty and grandeur. The eye embraces them in their
general form at once, so that the emotion is not
broken and diminished by that distraction of the
attention which is caused, when the mind contem-
plates an object which is much multiplied in its parts.
At the same time they are susceptible of minor deco-
rations, which harmonize with the general outline.
Erected in honor of distinguished names and memo-
rable achievements, the principle of association also
adds to the effect on the mind, which the architecture
itself is fitted to inspire. The arch of the emperor
Claudius, as appears from the fragments which yet
remain of it, was erected in commemoration of his
conquest of the island of Britain. The arch of Con-
stantine, a truly magnificent structure, notwithstand-
ing the injuries of time, and the loss of the triumphal
car and the bronze horses which once adorned it, was
erected in honor of the victory of that emperor over
Maxentius. It has three archways, with eight col-
umns of the Corinthian order, four on each front, and
is ornamented with bas-reliefs. The arch of Septi-
mius Severus, the model of the beatitiful arch erected
by Napoleon in Paris in the Place du Carrousel, which
I mentioned in a former letter, commemorates the con-
quest of Parthia and Persia by Septimius and his sons.
The arch of Septimius is in the northwest corner of
the old Roman Forum. At no great distance in the
direction of the Palatine hill is the celebrated arch of
Titus ; not so large and imposing as that of Constan-
tine, but not less beautiful. It was erected by order
of the Roman Senate in honor of Titus, and particu-
larly in commemoration of his conquest of the city of

220 LETTERS .ESTHF.TIC,

Jerusalem. What affecting associations gather in the
mind of the Christian as he views such a monument !
In passing under the arch the attention is arrested by
the bas-reliefs on the piers, which are still beautiful,
though much injured. One of them represents Titus
seated in his triumphal car, surrounded by Romans
carrying the fasces, and drawn by four horses. But I
looked with a different and much deeper emotion on
the bas-relief on the other side, which represents the
early emblems of our religion, taken from their sacred
place, and carried in triumphal procession ; — the gold-
en table, the silver trumpets, and the candlestick of
gold with its seven branches, and other spoils taken
from the great temple of the Jews. Captive Jews,
sad exiles from their native land, make a part of the
procession. This bas-relief is regarded by biblical
archaeologists as furnishing one of the most reliable
and authentic representations of these sacred objects;
harmonizing as they do with the accounts given both
in the Bible and in Josephus.

The vessels of the Temple were taken away ; but
the Temple itself, the work of forty years, and unex-
ampled in splendor, was levelled with the ground.
The Temple of Jerusalem, with what was contained
in it, represented, in the form of a great material em-
blem, those conceptions of the Deity and of the
methods of approach to Him, which were suited to
the capacities of the human mind in that period of
the world. When the time came in which it seemed
proper, that the mind of man should be liberated
from these limitations and raised to a higher and
juster mode of thought, the ploughshare of destruc-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 221

tion passed over it, and left no stone upon another.

The mysteries of Providence are unsearchable.

They work out the problems of truth and freedom by
destruction as well as by creation. Nations fall ;
monuments, temples, cities, perish ; but principles
and truths remain. And who knows, that the vast
edifices of worship, which have since been erected in
many places with more than Jewish architectural
skill, and with but little short of Jewish splendor,
tending as they do with the aids of statuary and
painting to give a doubtful form to the unseen and
unknown mysteries of eternity, and even to embody
and localize God himself, may not be destined, in the
convulsions of betrayed and struggling humanity,
striking at the same moment for civil and religious
liberty, to a like sudden and terrible destruction ; so
that men, knowing God in his simplicity, shall under-
stand at last the meaning of the Saviour's words,
when he said, " Ye shall neither in this mountain nor
yet at Jerusalem worship the Father ; but the hour
cometh and now is, when the true worshippers shall
worship the Father in spirit and in truth."

Such was the thought that occurred to my mind,
when viewing the monument, erected nearly two thou-
sand years ago, in memory of a man, whom God had
mysteriously employed as His instrument in one of
the most remarkable and terrible events in the history
of the human race. It was a thought rather than an
opinion. What is to be hereafter will be known
when the mysteries of the future develop it. The
calculations of human thought and philosophy are
often baffled by the decisions of Providence,
19*

222 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

One thing, however, is certain. The forms of re-
ligion may vary. The exigencies of different periods
may demand different methods of manifestation. —
What was once revered as an assistance by aiding
the heart through the outward sight, may require to
be removed as an obstruction, because the heart has
begun to see more clearly with the inward vision. —
But religion itself, in its essence, is always the same.
Its office is to deal with spirit. " The kingdom of
God is within you." In the day of his fiery coming
and universal baptism, the Holy Ghost will not be
bound. He will work not only in Jerusalem, in Rome,
in London, but in Waldensian mountains and in
American wildernesses. Mind and not marble will
be his material. Working with the skill of the God-
head, which chisels thought and moulds affections,
and adjusts the flowing outlines of freedom to the
stability of Providence, he will sculpture the soul
itself ; and create immortal beauty from an immortal
element.

(XXV.)

Departure from Rome — The Alban mount — Lines to the morning star
— The Appian way — Principal towns — The Pontine marshes —
Monument to Cicero — Arrival at Naples — Visit to Herculaneum
and Pompeii.

NAPLES, JAN. 2, 1853.

Sweet morning star, with golden ray,
How clear thy gentle splendors shine,

To usher in the early day

Along the Tyber's winding way,
And o'er the Appenine.

SOCiAU AND MORAL. 223

Oh, thus, with smile as clear and bright,
In other lands I've known thy beam,

The lingering day delayed its light,

But thou didst crown the distant height,
That watched my native stream.

I met thee there, I meet thee here ;

I loved thee then ; I love thee yet ;
And not the less, that thy bright sphere
Recalls the home, to friendship dear,

Which love cannot forget.

Oh no ! And if it fits thy ray

The messages of love to bear,
Haste to that distant home and say,
That love may wander far away,

And yet be always there.

Very early in the morning of the day after we left
Rome, we passed down the side of the Alban Mount,
where the ancient town of Alba Longa was situated,
which was much older than Rome, and was destroy-
ed by Tullus Hostilius. This beautiful eminence,
gradual in its ascent and susceptible of being built
upon and cultivated to its summit, answered precisely
the idea of it, which the descriptions of the Latin
poets and historians had left upon my mind in early
life. As I was observing, at the breaking of the day,
the beautiful scenery which opened to my view, my
eye caught the morning star shining with peculiar
richness in the clear blue above the Appenines, not
far distant. I had often watched its morning bright-
ness from the hills of my own land ; it reminded me
so strongly of home, that I committed to its swift
and beautiful rays the little message of the heart,
with which I have begun this letter, and which I trust
will reach its destination in safety.

224 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Our route from Rome to Naples was for the most
part along the old Appian way, built by the Censor
Appius Claudius, three hundred years before the time
of Christ, and called by Cicero with a good deal of
propriety, " regina viarum." We entered on this
road at Albano on the Alban mount, and left it at
the river Garagliano, the ancient Siris. The princi-
pal places through which we passed were the city of
Velletri, once the capital of the Volsci, but which
has ceased to retain the splendor which formerly be-
longed to it ; — Cisterna, the location according to an-
tiquarians of the Tres Tabernae or Three Taverns,
where the Christians of Rome are mentioned in the
Acts of the Apostles as having met the Apostle Paul;
— the city of Terracina, originally one of the towns
of the Volsci, known in the time of Horace by the
name of Anxur, and which is described by him in his
journey to Brundusium; — the town of Fondi, which
has some interest for the admirers of scholastic inge-
nuity as being the residence of Thomas Aquinas and
the place where he gave his instructions in theology ;
— the town of Itri, without any special historical in-
terest, but encircled with hills which were covered
with vines, fig trees and orange trees ; — the town of
Mola di Gaeta, from which we had a view of the
beautiful city of Gaeta, situated upon the Mediter-
ranean,— the same with the ancient Cajeta, which
Virgil has celebrated in the seventh book of the
JEneid ; and the city of Capua upon the river Vol-
turno, the ancient Vulturnus, near which Hannibal
defeated the Romans.

Between Cisterna and Fondi are the Pontine

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 225

marshes, twenty-four miles in length; — once stagnant
and unhealthy, but now drained and restored to fer-
tility by canals. Large herds of cattle were feeding
on them. At the western extremity of these marsh-.
es, stretching out into the sea, is the rocky and lofty
residence of the ancient sorceress Circe, known at the
present time by the name of Monte Circello, which
the Homeric traditions have celebrated as the place,
where the companions of Ulysses were detained and
made the subjects of her enchantments. On the por-
tion of the Appian way which passes through the
Pontine marshes was the old Roman town of Appii
Forum, which seems to have been a considerable
place in the time of Pliny. The prevalent opinion
locates it at the place in the marshes which is now
called Casarillo, about fifty-six miles from Rome. —
" When the brethren heard of us," says the account in
Acts, " they came to meet us as far as Appii Forum,
and the Three Taverns."

Near one of the towns which I have mentioned,
Mola di Gaeta, the great orator of Rome had a coun-
try villa, to which he often retired for study and re-
creation. It was here that he had his meetings and
conversations with Laelius and Scipio. When his
inveterate enemy Mark Antony came into power, and
the name of Cicero, a name equally near to elo-
quence, philosophy and liberty, was placed on the list
of those who were proscribed, he fled to his retired
residence and had nearly reached it, when he was
overtaken and put to death by his pursuers. It was
with melancholy interest that we looked upon the
lofty tower, still standing on the right hand of the

226 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

road as it approaches Moli di Gaeta, which the affec-
tion of his freed-men erected to his memory on the
spot where he was slain.

The road through the Pontine marshes is wide and
level, and in many places planted with trees. Rich
and various were the beauties of nature, appealing
everywhere to man's heart and reading lessons on
the goodness of Providence, as we passed onward to
other places more diversified in their character. On
one side were level and verdant plains, and distant
glimpses of the sea ; and on the other hills and moun-
tains ; — and everywhere, though it was mid winter,
were gardens, still bright with their flowers, and trees
laden with fruit. Passing the river Vulturnus at
Capua, now called the Volturno, I was much struck
with the appearance of the rich and level plains,
everywhere bearing the marks of high cultivation,
which extended several miles from its banks. Situ-
ated in such a country, it is not surprising that an-
cient Capua had such attractions of magnificence
and pleasure as to perplex even the strong mind of
Hannibal ; and that it stood second at one time only
to Rome and Carthage. But while my heart paid
homage to the beauties of nature, I could not con-
ceal from myself, that man, who should have been
her glorious and crowning work, appeared in many
instances sad, degraded, and suffering. The beggary
which had afflicted us in other places, increased in
the variety of its forms and importunity, as we ap-
proached Naples. As I witnessed the rags and the
sunken countenances of the poor creatures, who con-
tinually surrounded our carriage and asked for the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 227

smallest pittance, it was difficult to realize, that
these were the descendants of the men whose genius
has inspired the arts and literature of other nations,
and who were once the conquerors of the world.

We left Rome the 29th of December, in the after-
noon, and reached Naples on the 31st. On the next
day, the first of January, we visited the remains of
Herculaneum and Pompeii, and ascended Vesuvius.
Pompeii was once a populous and beautiful city,
some three or four miles in circumference, situated on
the river Sarno at twelve miles distance from Naples.
It was overwhelmed by an eruption of Vesuvius on
the 24th of August, in the seventy-ninth year of the
Christian era ; an eruption of terrible violence, in
which the burning lava, boiling over the crater and
carrying off large portions of the mountain, took the
direction of Herculaneum and destroyed it, while im-
mense masses of ashes and small stones, driven in
another direction by the wind, overwhelmed Pom-
peii. The city of Pompeii, buried in this sudden and
terrible manner, lay in its dark tomb of volcanic
ashes, concealed and almost forgotten, for more than
sixteen hundred years. In the year 1751, some peas-
ants, who were employed in cultivating a vineyard
near the river Sarno, discovered it. And since that
time the excavations have been made ; till at last a
large portion of the city, in a state of wonderful
preservation, has been brought to light.

On the first day of the year, and early in the morn-
ing, we entered Pompeii through the Herculaneum
gate. With a map before us, and accompanied with
a guide to give the necessary explanations, it may

228 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

well be imagined, that we walked with deep emotion
through this city of resurrection, this disentombed me-
morial of a departed empire. The streets, which gen-
erally cross each other at right angles, are straight
and paved with lava ; and have on each side a raised
footway. The houses are generally one story in
height, strongly built of lava or other hard material,
stuccoed and frequently painted. As is common in
this climate, they are so built as to enclose open
quadrangular areas, in some of which are fountains
supplied with water from the Sarno, which seems to
have been carried under the city by means of subter-
ranean canals. We rapidly examined many houses.
Entering first the quadrangular space, we inspected
successively the rooms of the house which is built
around the open square, which vary in number and
size in accordance with the size of the house ; — the
parlor or sitting room, the dressing room, rooms for
sleeping and bathing, the kitchen ; and in some cases
we noticed the small chapel which was appropriated
to the Lares or household gods. The windows have
the appearance of having been provided originally
with wooden shutters. The floors are frequently a
pavement of mosaic. The names and occupations
of many of the inhabitants have been ascertained
from the inscriptions in red paint on the exterior of
the houses.

Some of the excavations are outside of the Hercu-
laneum gate. The house of Marcus Arrius Diome-
des is here. It is of two stories, and is the first
which was discovered. Some of the rooms in this
house are constructed with mosaic pavements, and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 229

adorned with fresco paintings. It has a garden, cel-
lar, baths and furnaces for heating water. In the
cellar there still remain a number of large wine-jars
partly rilled and surrounded with ashes ; and which,
by a fusion of materials contained in the ashes, have
become cemented to the wall. An incident occurred
here, which reminded us of the dreadful nature of
the catastrophe, which overwhelmed this devoted
city. We were pointed by our guide to the place in
the cellar of this house, where the skeleton remains
of seventeen persons were discovered. One of them,
adorned with gold ornaments, is supposed to have
been the wife of Diomedes. One of the objects of
special interest in the city, is the house of Sallust,
the Roman historian. It is a large house, situated
upon the street by which we entered the city ; and
such an one as might be supposed to suit the taste
and convenience of a man of wealth and a scholar.
Art had contributed to adorn it with its statuary and
paintings. Some of the paintings on the walls, to
which our attention was directed, are still in a toler-
able state of preservation ; one in particular, a pic-
ture of Diana and Actaeon. It is worthy of notice
that this house has its little chapel for the Lares ; —
indicating that Sallust was not disposed to discredit
or to treat with contempt, the religious sentiments
of his countrymen. The remains of four persons,
who perished in the destruction of the city, were
found here.

I could not have anticipated, that anything which
I should see at Pompeii, would have any special per-
sonal interest for me. But the interest which we
20

230 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

feel in the works of a man, whether of literature or
art, naturally attaches to the author of them ; and
the interest which we feel in the man attaches itself
again to his place of residence ; so that in visiting
the house of Sallust and going from room to room, I
felt very much as if I were visiting the residence of
some old friend, to whom I had been under personal
obligations for his instructions and kindness. The
residences of other distinguished Romans have been
ascertained.

Among the buildings which have been excavated,
are shops of various kinds ; — wine shops, barber's
shops, baker's shops ; — showing, as well as temples,
theatres, and works of art, though in different ways,
the necessities, employments, and character of the
people. It is not to be supposed, however, that all
which has been found at Pompeii, exists there now.
Among the ancient remains which have been dug up
there, and which are still preserved at Naples, some
of which we had an opportunity of seeing subse-
quently, are not only busts and statues and other
sculptures, but household utensils, coins, weights and
measures, surgical instruments, vases of silver and
bronze, the various ornaments worn by females, such
as rings, bracelets, ear-rings, sometimes enriched with
pearls, also amulets of various forms and made of
various rich materials, and exquisitely wrought repre-
sentations of birds and other animals in mosaic. I
hardly know of anything in the works of art, which,
in niceness of workmanship, and in the accuracy
with which they represent objects, exceeds some of
the mosaics which have been found at Pompeii.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 231

(XXVI.)

Ascent of Mount Vesuvius — Narrow and precipitous paths bordered
by a river of lava — Old Herculanean crater — The two craters now
in action — The prospect in descending — Historical references.

NAPLES, JAN. 2, 1853— SECOND LETTER.

Returning from Pompeii, we stopped at the town
of Resina, which is built above the buried Hercu-
laneum. We descended the excavation, which leads
to the celebrated Herculanean theatre, and afterwards
visited another portion of the city, which has been
excavated and remains open for inspection. At noon
our party, including Mrs. Walcott, the enterprising and
much esteemed lady, whom I have already mention-
ed as being one of our number, started from Resina
on horseback, with the view of ascending Vesuvius,
whose fires and ashes had caused the vast ruin of
which we had just been the witnesses.

The route is on the western side of the mountain,
the distance eight miles ; a continual ascent through
ways narrow, rocky and precipitous ; but not without
interest, bordered as they are with the habitations of
men, and with gardens and vineyards, and often pre-
senting wild and magnificent views. As we came
near the mountain, which rose majestically above us,
throwing out from its heated craters a column of
smoke, we passed along the side of an immense river
of lava, which had stopped in its burning progress
and hardened into stone ; — a perpetual monument, in
its mighty and terrific desolation, of the terrible agen-
cy,which has wrought in the bosom of this mountain.
Having passed the rugged base and ascended to a

232 LETTERS JESTHETIC,

considerable height, we found ourselves at last in the
bottom of the great crater, from which are said to
have issued the volumes of melted material, which
destroyed Herculaneum,

Standing in the centre of this old and mighty cal-
dron, with its blackened walls of two miles in cir-
cumference, it was easy to go back in imagination,
to the time when its great heat melted earth and
rocks, and when it boiled with its restless waves of
flame. At this place, where the mountain becomes
very precipitous and difficult, we were obliged to
leave our horses. The remaining ascent was about
a thousand feet, and could not have been effected by
us without very considerable aid from others. Mr.
Thompson ^with the aid of the vigorous men who as-
sisted us, ascended on foot. The others of our num-
ber, unequal to the attempt, in any other way, were
carried on chairs, elevated on men's shoulders ; and
the whole distance was over lava and cinders. In
this way, not without some trouble and perplexity,
we reached the summit of the mountain of fire.

There are two craters, which are now slightly in
action, not far from each other, and unequal, though
not varying much in size. They seemed to be about
three fourths of a mile in circumference at the top.
Their form is that of a hollow, inverted cone. We
walked to the edge of each of these craters. It was
terrible to look down. The edge, which is distinctly
marked in its outline, is a hardened and burnt crust ;
a fusion of the various materials thrown out from
the vortex; black in color, but everywhere diversified
by the pale yellow tint of sulphur. The craters grow-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 233

ing more and more narrow towards the bottom, are
hundreds of feet in depth ; and it is but natural to
suppose, that they are connected with other un-
known depths in the vast burning caverns in the
base of the mountain.

From the bottom the smoke ascended in columns
of living and endless darkness. And the large dark
mass from the abyss was increased by the number-
less small wreaths of smoke, which issued from the
crevices in its scorched and sulphurous side. Repeat-
edly I placed my hand over these smoking crevices,
which operted frequently on the edge of the crater, as
well as on the side below, and felt great heat. Strik-
ing my foot upon the earth in different places, it
emitted a hollow and ominous sound, which indicated
that nothing but a heated and uncertain crust sepa-
rated us from the unknown conflagrations below.
Having sufficiently satisfied our curiosity in view-
ing this wonderful place, we were not slow in return-
ing. And I think that most persons who have as-
cended Vesuvius, will agree in saying, that there is
but little inducement to remain there for any length
of time.

On coming down the side of the mountain, it was
near the setting of the sun ; and a scene of wide and
diversified grandeur opened before us. In one direc-
tion were the Appenines, with their tops covered
with snow. In the other the bay of Naples, with the
distant islands of Proscida and Ischia, realized all
that had been said of its wonderful beauty. Below
us was the city of Naples, and other cities and towns
as far as the eye could reach ; adorned with all that
20* *

61

34 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

is rich and variegated in nature and wonderful in art.
And the setting sun, illuminating the clear blue sky,
glanced upon land and sea, upon mountain and val-
ley ; and wrote his farewell in letters of gold. And
yet, this expanse of inimitable beauty could not
make us forget, that we were on the sides of Vesuvi-
us. It was a beauty around us, but not with us.
The earth, upon which we trod, in contrast with
what we saw in the distance, was scorched and
black, 'and full of chasms. We could not forget, that
buried, as well as living cities, were at our feet. We
were on the mountain of destruction.

I have already remarked, that the eruption which
destroyed the cities visited by us, took place in the
seventy-ninth year of the Christian era. Pliny the
younger, who was an eye-witness, has given a graph-
ic and striking account of it in a letter to Tacitus.
But Vesuvius did not exhaust itself at that time.
There have been thirty-six recorded eruptions, some
of them as terrible as that which destroyed Pompeii,
besides those of which we have no account. The im-
mense amount of ashes, lava, and cinders scattered
over the whole coast, enough if collected together to
form a mountain larger than Vesuvius as it now
stands, is evidence of their number and violence.
As the effects of these eruptions are essentially the
same, differing only in degree ; so are the circumstan-
ces which attend them.

Writers, who have given accounts of them, inform
us, that they often exhibit premonitory signs. The
earth shakes. Beasts and birds taught by their un-
erring instincts, scream with terror and flee away.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 235

Murmurs and groans are heard, deep and terrible, as
if uttering the agonies of a mountain laid upon a
burning altar. The sea rolls back in agitation. Vast
clouds of ashes, hovering high in the air, obscure the
light of day. If the sun penetrates them at all, his
rays are feeble and red, as if his brightness had put
on mourning. Burning rocks in rapid succession are
thrown high above the summit. Deep streams ojf lava,
hundreds of feet in width, roll down the mountain's
side in cataracts of fire ; and in their restless march
destroy everything that comes in their way. Man
hides himself. Nature mourns. Desolation triumphs.
Such are the terms, in which those who have wit-
nessed these terrible scenes, have attempted to de-
scribe them.

(XXVII.)

Tomb of Virgil — Capri, Scylla and Charybdis — Arrival at Malta —
Shipwreck and journeys of St. Paul — Character of the Maltese —
Churches.

VALETTA, ISLAND OF MALTA, JAN. 6, 1853.

A French steamer from Marseilles, has brought us
to this place. It has been pleasing to me to sail in a
foreign vessel, because it furnishes a new chapter in
the book of man's varied history and nature. We have
been much pleased with the captain, sailors, and
general arrangements of the ship. The real and na-
tive politeness of a Frenchman does not desert him
when upon deck. But I must go back a little in my
narrative, and say something more among the multi-
tude of things which will be left unsaid.

236 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

I should not have pardoned myself, if I had left
Naples without following the example of many oth-
ers in visiting what is supposed to be the tomb of
Virgil. The tomb, which bears the name of this
great poet, is on an elevated spot near the road which
leads to Pozzuoli and Baiae. It is a retired and
beautiful place, affording a wide and variegated pros-
pect. The tomb once contained a sepulchral urn
supported on nine columns, which is now gone. The
small monumental building which was erected around
the urn, still remains ; but the greatest works of
art, if they were here, could add but little to the
interest with which the place is invested. Virgil
was suddenly attacked with his last sickness, when
travelling with the Emperor Augustus ; and it is gen-
erally thought, that he selected the place of his inter-
ment himself. There can be no doubt, that the Em-
peror, who esteemed and loved him, fulfilled his wish-
es, whatever they were. The common opinion, so
far as I know, asserts this to be the chosen spot. It
is such a place as might be supposed to suit a mind
which loved retirement, and which was itself a recep-
tacle and an emblem of beauty. Upon a marble tab-
let in the wall is the epitaph which he wrote for him-
self.

Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nunc
Parthenope. — Cecini pascua, rura, et duces.

Some poor people, who cultivate the grounds, —
such humble people as he loved to describe in his in-
imitable lines, live near his burial place. Fragrant
flowers and plants adorn the spot. The ocean breezes

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 237

fan it. The beams of the sun of Italy love to linger
here.

In coming out of the bay of Naples we passed
near the island of Capri, which separates the bay in
one direction from the Mediterranean. It seemed
nothing but a lofty rock, very little suited for the
habitations of men. And yet this was the place, se-
lected by Tiberius Caesar for his residence ; — dark,
solitary, rocky, shut out from everything else, like the
hardness and selfish seclusion of his own heart. Ha-
ting men, because his suspicions and injustice had
made himself an object of hatred, he fled to this
lonely and desolate spot, and made a palace on the
rocks, but without ceasing to be cruel and without
fleeing from remorse.

As we approached Sicily, we came in sight of the
islands called the Lipari islands, in one of which,
Virgil has located the habitation and caves of iEo
lus. One of the most remarkable of these is Strom-
boli ; — a precipitous volcanic mountain, ten miles in
circuit at its base ; — a Vesuvius in the midst of the
ocean. It is said that this volcano seldom ceases to
give signs of action ; so that in the night it is a light
house to the sailors in these seas ; but passing it in
the day time, we saw nothing but a heavy cloud of
smoke resting upon its crater.

It is something for a man to say that he has passed
safely through Scylla and Charybdis ; but this has
been done by us in our voyage to this place. As we
passed along the coast of Calabria, we went into the
beautiful harbor of Messina in the island of Sicily; —
formed by a narrow promontory of land, running off

238 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

from the east end of the city. This promontory con-
tracts the straits of Messina at this place ; — and
combined probably with other causes, such as hidden
rocks and caverns, causes a violent and irregular mo-
tion of the water. And this is the whirlpool, or rath-
er a multitude of little whirlpools, of Charybdis ; less
violent, perhaps, than it was once, but still not with-
out its perils. Sailing ships, in avoiding Charybdis,
stand over to the Calabrian or Italian side, and are
thus in danger, especially when the current and winds
set in that direction, of running upon an elevated
and rocky point of land at some distance in the nar-
rowest part of the strait. This is the rock called
Scylla ; and near it is the modern Italian village of
Sciglio. I am not at all surprised at the dread,
which these real dangers excited in the minds of an-
cient navigators. Brydone remarks, that five ships
were wrecked on the rock of Scylla during the win-
ter previous to his visit here some years since. Our
excellent steamer of course carried us through with-
out difficulty.

On arriving at Malta we could not forget, that this
island was the scene of St. Paul's shipwreck, of
which Luke has given so specific an account in his
history of the Acts of the Apostles. I am aware that
some writers have supposed, that this shipwreck
might have taken place on another small island
in the Adriatic sea. But the evidence in favor of
Malta seems to me very decisive. The place, as
designated by the traditions of the country, is on the
north side of the island, about eight miles west from
the city of Valetta. As our stay at Malta was short,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 239

We lost no time in visiting this interesting locality*
We came in full sight of it on a height of land
more than a mile distant, and were struck with its
conformity to the description given in Acts. Here
is the small creek, where the sailors in their perilous
situation, would naturally endeavor " to thrust in the
ship." On the left of its mouth is a narrow point of
land projecting into the sea where the " two seas
met;" or what seems to be a better translation, " a
place washed by the sea on both sides." On the
point of land forming the other side of this natural
harbor, is the place, to which the Maltese traditions
assign the meeting of Paul with the " barbarous
people who showed no little kindness." Publius,
" the chief man of the island," is supposed to have
resided at the old town of Citta Vecchia, a few
miles distant.

On leaving Malta, after three months' residence
here, the Apostle sailed for Italy ; touching at Syra-
cuse in Sicily, and at Rhegium in Calabria. This
last place, now called Reggio, we passed in coming
through the straits of Messina. It is still a consider-
able town. His voyage terminated at Puteoli, now
called by the Italians Pozzuoli. Puteoli was once a
large and commercial place ; and if it be true, as is
stated by some writers, that it had much commerce
with Alexandria, we see how it happened that an
Alexandrian ship brought Paul here. It is an inter-
esting circumstance, that a Christian church was es-
tablished at Puteoli before Paul's arrival. At least
such would be a natural inference from the fact that
he met with Christian brethren there, and abode with

240 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

them seven days. In visiting Puteoli, which we did
soon after our arrival at Naples, we were influenced
by a natural desire to see the spot, which had wit-
nessed the faith and prayers of Christians in the ear-
ly days of Christianity, and where the apostle first
set foot upon the land, where he was to complete
and crown his multiplied labors by a triumphant
martyrdom. We had thought of him when travel-
ling the Appian road, and at Appii Forum and the
Three Taverns ; — he had been recalled to our mind
when visiting the Mamertine prisons in Rome and
the dungeons of Nero on the promontory of Baiae ; —
and in looking upon the fragments of the Caesar's
palaces on the Palatine hill, we had not forgotten
that this too was the scene of his prayers and toils,
and that among the devoted ones who had been
blessed by his labors, were some of "Caesar's house-
hold." He was put to death in the city of Rome.
But though history records the fact, no historian un-
dertakes to state the precise time of his execution, nor
the precise spot on which his blood was shed.

We have enjoyed much our short visit in this isl-
and. The truth is, that Malta, in many respects is
a very remarkable place ; — remarkable in its location,
its physical and geological formation, and in its long
and varied history. A mere calcareous rock in the
ocean, covered with so little soil that its industrious
inhabitants are obliged to increase it by importations
from Sicily, it is rendered important by its geo-
graphical position, in consequence of which it has
long been one of the great naval stations of the Med-
iterranean. And it is an evidence of the value which

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 241

is attached to it, that it has passed successively in
the course of its history, into the hands of the Phe-
nicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Arabians, French,
Spaniards, and English who now hold it.

The city of Valetta is the capital of the island of
Malta, built upon a small rocky peninsula ; which is
washed on its two sides by two parallel arms of the
sea, running some distance into the land, and form-
ing two large and secure harbors. The fortifications
of these harbors and of other parts of the island, are
of immense extent and of vast strength. The ditch-
es surrounding the city, which are of great size and
many miles in length, are cut out of the solid rock.

The Maltese have long had the reputation of being
a peaceable and industrious people ; and we saw
nothing which led us to doubt the correctness of this
opinion except the contests among the boatmen,
which may be ascribed chiefly to the rivalship of ne-
cessity rather than to evil disposition. Their religion
is Roman Catholic, and there is more appearance of
sincerity and devoutness, than we had noticed in
some parts of Italy and France. They have numer-
ous churches ; the largest and most splendid of which
is the cathedral church of St. John, which is distin-
guished among other things, by its costly sepulchral
monuments to the Masters and Commanders of the
Knights of Malta. In our visit to this church we
were shown three keys, taken at different times from
the Turks by the Knights of Malta ; and which are
said to be the keys of the gates of Jerusalem, Acre,
and Rhodes. Of the paintings which it contains, the
most remarkable is the beheading of St, John by
21

242 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Carravaggio. The church itself, like other Catholic
churches, is on a scale of size and magnificence,
which is not often witnessed in Protestant countries ;
and which is hardly consistent with, or at least is
not required, by the simplicity of Protestant worship.

(XXVIII.)

Coast of Africa-Keminiscences of Italy and its works of art — Of some
frequent and obvious defects in them— Statue of Moses by Mi-
chael Angelo — Statue of Christ in the church of St. John Late-
ran — The Christ of Corradini in Naples--The Laocoon — The dying
gladiator — American artists.

FRENCH STEAMSHIP ALEXANDER, OFF THE
COAST OF AFRICA, JAN. 10, 1853.

We left Malta on the seventh. In the course of
the voyage which is not yet terminated, we have
sailed a considerable distance along the coast of Tri-
poli. And here for the first time, we came in sight
of the great Lybian desert, which stretches westward
from the banks of the Nile. On this coast was the
ancient city of Cyrene, the residence of the Cyreni-
ans mentioned in the New Testament. "We passed
in full sight of the city of Derne, which was once
in the possession of the United States during their
troubles with Tripoli. It is still a considerable place.
Vast desert plains and arid mountains have been in
sight.

With the leisure now afforded I wish to say some-
thing further of what came under my notice in Italy.
In one sense Italy is a land in ruins, and yet it is a

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 243

land, on which is deposited everything which hu-
man art and genius can effect. Works of art are
found in England and France, in many of their prin-
cipal places, in Oxford, in London, in Paris, and oth-
er great centres of material and intellectual wealth.
But in Italy, either in the form of ancient remains or
as the result of modern skill, they are to be found
everywhere. Temples and statues are in her dust. —
In repeated instances our attention was called to col-
umns, capitals, sculptures, which in America would
be regarded as great treasures, scattered in the fields
and gardens, lying about in the streets, and some-
times built up in the rude stone walls which the
people had erected around their cultivated places.

It would be pleasant, undoubtedly, to give some
more particular account of the works of art which
we have seen ; but their number renders it difficult to
do so in the course of a few letters ; and besides it is
hazardous to offer statements and critiques upon art
when there has been but little time for examination
and study. I give, therefore, impressions and not
criticisms. Man is not born a critic, which implies
culture, as well as elemental power ; but he is simply
born a man ; and therefore, though I make no preten-
sions to formal criticism, founded upon any special
knowledge of the arts, I cannot deny the power of
perceiving and feeling, because this is common to
humanity. It must be conceded, I suppose, that the
world nowhere else exhibits what is to be seen in
Italy, either in the number, the greatness, or the excel-
lence of her works. To this general praise she is en-
titled, and it would be as little to a man's credit to

244 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

deny the unsurpassed literary excellence of Cicero,
Virgil, and Tacitus, as to deny a like completeness
and excellence of the Italian genius in the various
departments of art. And yet it must be confessed,
that the impression which is left upon the mind, (I
mean a mind which perceives and feels without pre-
tensions to a scientific criticism,) is not always favor-
able. In the great edifices which attract notice, the
churches, palaces, and other public buildings, the
most frequent defect which occurs, is the want of ap-
parent unity of purpose and plan. It may be thought
perhaps by some, that vastness and unity cannot be
combined ; but this is an error. One of the first feel-
ings which a person has in contemplating St. Paul's
church in London, or the church of St. Genevieve in
Paris, or St. Peter's in Rome, is that one mind, ani-
mated by one leading artistic conception, presided
over their construction, and harmonized their various
parts. The same may be said of the Coliseum at
Eome and of many other large edifices. They are
single thoughts, — the vast conceptions of the inward
intelligence, — taking an outward form, and raised
and brought into shape and harmony in sculptured
stone and marble.

But still the defect to which I have referred, namely,
the want of unity, is frequent. The circumstances
under which many large edifices have been built, is
probably the explanation of this frequent defect, in
part. The addition of building to building, carried
over a large extent of ground, erected at different pe-
riods of time, with different styles of architecture,
and with various and conflicting objects, may consti-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 245

tute an edifice which will astonish by its vastness
and splendor ; but which can hardly fail to be want-
ing in that obvious and controlling unity of concep-
tion, which is essential to the completeness of archi-
tectural beauty. But it ought to be added, that
these remarks may be true in regard to many public
edifices, while at the same time the subordinate
parts are finished with an excellence of art, which
cannot be surpassed.

Another defect in many of those public edifices, to
which the particular notice of the traveller is invited,
is excess of decoration. Art, not satisfied with the
natural limits of its own power, has gone on exhaust-
ing itself in repetitions, and in worse than useless at-
tempts to give additional touches to beauty which
did not need them. Nothing seems to be left for the
mind to fill up. Wherever there is a place for orna-
ment it seems to be occupied, as if there were no
power and no beauty in simplicity. This excessive
decoration is probably owing in some cases to the
zeal of unregulated piety, as much as to defective
taste.

In the countless statuary which came under our
notice, the defect which seemed to me most frequent-
ly to occur, was the failure to harmonize expression
with character. If it is true, that every man has a
character of some kind, it is also true that every char-
acter, which is only another name for the predomi-
nant dispositions of the mind, has its appropriate
expression. A sculptor may give the great outlines
of the head of Nero or of Caligula, but if he adds
the comparatively mild and just expression, which
21*

246 LETTERS JESTHETIC,

characterizes the features of Antoninus or Nerva, he
violates both history and nature. I am not certain
that I shall make myself understood, but it seems to
me that the celebrated statue of Moses by Michael
Angelo may properly be regarded as an illustration
of this remark.

In looking upon this great work, which occupies a
place in the church of St. Peter in vinculis in Rome,
we felt no disposition to detract from its acknowl-
edged and obvious merits. In all the attributes of
art, with the exception, as it seemed to me, of the
relation between expression and character, it is a
work eminently worthy of its distinguished author.
We could not fail to recognize the creative mind of
the artist at once. But naturally forming our ideal
of Moses from our early readings in the Bible, we
were led to inquire, — where is the other mind which
the mind of the artist has undertaken to represent ?
Where is the mind of Moses, which it should have
been his first object to gather up and combine from
history, and re-establish and make alive in marble ?
Where is the expression of that humble and meek
disposition, which his history and his writings have
led us especially to attribute to him ? We certainly
failed to recognize it in that stern and angry gran-
deur, which characterizes the countenance of this
statue.

In many of the numberless paintings and statues
of the Virgin Mary which we everywhere saw, there
was this painful failure of appropriate expression.
Art has exhausted itself in drawing the outlines of
her beauty ; but they are not inlaid with those revela-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 247

tions of holy thought and feeling, which her personal
history has led us to expect. And still more is this
defect seen in the statues and paintings of the Sa-
viour. The predominant dispositions of the Saviour
in his humanity were meekness, benevolence, pity,
and perfect faith in God ; — traits which were not
overcome or obscured by man's unbelief and perse-
cutions, nor by the inward trials to which his Heav-
enly Father sometimes left him. He had nothing in
himself, but all things in God. And being a " parta-
ker of the divine nature," he loved as God loves,
and communicated himself to others in all the appro-
priate sympathies of humanity. His love shone in
his tears. His faith was not shaken, when the powers
of darkness were let loose upon him.

In Paris, in Florence, in Rome, I looked upon
painting after painting and statue after statue, and
in almost every instance missed something of that
divine expression, which should have stood out as
the interpretation and the symbol of his character.
The works in other respects were often admirable.
There was symmetry, intelligence, beauty, such as we
often see in the statues and portraits of good and
distinguished men, but still an absence, in a greater
or less degree, of the true and Christ-like disposition.

I saw a painting in the Vatican by a painter not
much known, which is exempt in a great degree
from this defect. It does not fully give the idea of
Christ's intellectual power ; but the expression of his
affectional nature, of those heavenly dispositions
which I have mentioned, leaves nothing to be de-
sired. In the church of St. John Lateran we were

248 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

shown a recumbent statue of Christ after his cruci-
fixion, which produced upon us a similar effect. The
countenance, as it appeared to be made present in
marble, had not lost the look which was appropriate
to its humanity ; but a mingled expression of sympa-
thetic sorrow and triumphant peace seemed to ally
it both with earth and heaven. But I think I never
saw the character of the Saviour, the outline and fill-
ing up of his inward and sacred disposition, so per-
fectly sculptured in the countenance, as in the mar-
ble statue of Christ in death, which we were shown
in the church of St. Mary in the city of Naples. This
extraordinary work was designed by Anthony Corra-
dini, a Venetian artist of high reputation, but in con-
sequence of his death, it was executed by Sarumar-
tino, an artist of Naples, to whom a large share of its
perfection is to be ascribed. Christ is laid in the
tomb veiled. The veil is wrought in the marble with
immense care and labor, and with such skill that the
form of the body, and even the muscles are seen
through it, and what is remarkable, it is made to ap-
pear by the artist, as if it were slightly moistened by
the perspiration of death. But this veil does not ob-
scure in any unfavorable degree the expression of the
Saviour's countenance, which is full of resignation,
svmpathy, peace and triumph. My heart, which had
long dwelt upon the inward image, was deeply affec-
ted in the presence of that triumph of Christian art.
The divine countenance, which it had embodied in
marble, seemed to come like a revelation from another
world, and was present with me many days after.
So perfect was the expression of the Christ-like attri-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 249

butes, — it harmonized so completely with the im-
pression left by the frequent reading of the Scripture
narrative, that I could hardly help saying to myself,
that I had seen the Saviour.

It may be laid down as a general principle, that
an artist can embody in the forms of art only what
he has in himself. If he has powers of intellectual
conception, he will make the marble or the canvass
conform to the intellectual idea. But if with these
requisites of art, he is wanting in true and good dis-
positions, if there is nothing benevolent, just and no-
ble in his character, his hand will tremble and grow
weak under the want of an inward inspiration and
guidance, and will betray the imperfection of the ar-
tist's nature. I might almost say, since such is the
general result, that the canvass and marble, as if un-
willing to violate the tendencies and laws of univer-
sal nature, will refuse to honor that which is not
honored in itself.

If this view is correct, I think we may partially
understand the secret of the frequent failures in the
artistic representation of Scripture subjects and per-
sons. The artist must have some elements of sym-
pathy with that which he undertakes to represent, or
he will not be likely to succeed. And it is easy for
me to believe, that the artist, who executed the admi-
rable statuary to which I have last referred, had much
of the spirit of Christ in his heart ; and that he was
thus assisted in representing it in marble.

In passing through the galleries of art, the travel-
ler is not to expect, that he will find everything
equally perfect. Some works are much mutilated,

250 LETTERS iESTHETIC,

and are retained chiefly on account of their antiqui-
ty ; or because they throw light upon some doubtful
fact in history, or upon some obscure passage in an-
cient writers. Of those which are retained exclusive-
ly on account of their merit, some will be found to
possess much more excellence than others. So that
in rapidly passing through the immense and numer-
ous galleries which are found in Italy, many works
of art will justly claim and will be likely to receive
only a slight notice. Others will stand out as their
own commentators, and will make their own power-
ful appeals.

I shall not easily forget the emotions I experienced,
when, in the palace of the Vatican, I stood for the
first time in the presence of the Laocoon ; styled by
Michael Angelo, " the wonder of art." Different from
all other works of statuary in the subject which is
represented, and exceedingly difficult from the peculiar
nature of the subject, it left upon my mind the im-
pression, that it must stand alone and unequalled in
its execution. What a subject ! — a father with two
sons, enveloped in the folds of an enormous serpent ;
and yet so grouped and so developed from the mar-
ble, that each object is distinctly exhibited, and each
in character. Central to the eye and heart of the
spectator is the strong and muscular form of the
father, rendered doubly strong by parental sympathy
and fear, his body twined around by the serpent, his
convulsive hand grasping his terrible folds and strain-
ing with the anguish of despair — a father mighty in
his agonies. With sad and tortured countenances,
turned upward towards the father as if to catch a

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 251

gleam of hope from him, his two sons, one on each
side, are twined and compressed and crushed by the
same terrible folds, but still struggling and beautiful.
Youth, beauty, strength, age, a child's affection, a
father's love, pain, sympathy, despair, horror, the
death struggles of the body, the agonies of the mind,
each perfect in itself, all united in one group, all born
as it were out of one solid piece of marble, and all
grasped and wounded and crushed in the successive
and endless windings of the inexorable monster ; —
such is the subject and the execution.

I wandered through the Museum of the Roman
Capitol, another of the great receptacles of the works
of art, with all those feelings of deep interest, which
are due to the place and the rich treasures it con-
tains. We could give but little more than a passing
look. Each successive work, so far as it had relation
to the aesthetic nature, was allowed to tell its own
story and produce its own effects.

Many things were seen and briefly examined with
more or less care and passed by, leaving but feeble
impressions. They had value, but not power. But
it was not so when I came to the Dying Gladiator.
The relations of this work of art to the operations of
the human mind is definite and complete ; and the
result on the feelings is as certain as the laws of na-
ture. The celebrated English anatomist, John Bell,
who visited Italy some years since, asserts, and goes
into particulars in support of the assertion, that the
anatomy of this remarkable figure is exceedingly per-
fect. There is no doubt of the truth of this. But I
must confess that I thought but little about the

252 LETTERS iESTHETIC,

anatomy as a separate subject of consideration. It
was the the dying man which occupied my thoughts,
or rather the dying body sinking slowly to the earth
with its relaxed and recumbent limbs, and yielding up
in expressions of sadness and agony the unconquer-
able spirit to another life. It was the sculpture of life
and death in actual conflict, and both conquerors ;—
death conquering the body, but life escaping from the
drooping eye and asserting its immortality in the
fortitude and mournful memories, which still lingered
upon the fainting countenance. Byron in his Childe
Harold has referred to this wonderful piece of sculp-
ture in a touching and graphic stanza.

" I see before me the G-Iadiator lie ;
He leans upon his hand ; — his manly brow
Consents to death, but conquers agony,
And his droop'd head sinks gradually low;
And through his side, the last drops, ebbing slow
From the red gash, fall heavy, one by one,
Like the first of a thunder-shower ; and now
The arena swims around him. He is gone,
Ere ceased the inhuman shout, which hailed the wretro who won."

I ought not to omit to say, that we found a number
of American artists at Rome. These young men go
to Rome to contemplate ancient genius and to gather
inspiration from the minds of other days still living
in their works ; as in earlier times, and under the
same impulses of the love of truth and of hon-
orable ambition, the artists and philosophers of Rome
went to Athens, and the distinguished men of Ath-
ens went to Memphis and Thebes. We were kindly
received in the studio of Mr. Story, the son of the
eminent American jurist of that name ; and our feel-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 253

ings were touched at witnessing the efforts of the
artistic genius and filial piety of the son, in erecting
in the sculptured statue upon which he is employed,
a worthy monument to his distinguished father. In
the studio of Mr Crawford, another American artist
of justly established fame, we spent an interesting
hour in viewing the works of which he is the author,
or which he has gathered around him. Mr. Craw-
ford has been many years in Rome ; and has made
his way to his present high position as an artist, by
the impulses of true genius, directed and aided by a
just estimate of the cost of artistic skill, and by perse-
vering and self-sacrificing industry. He is employed
at the present time by the State of Virginia, in mak-
ing an equestrian statue of Washington.

(XXIX.)

Arrival at Alexandria — Cleopatra's needle— Pompey's pillar — Palace
of the Pasha — Character of [he population — Mahmoudie canal —
Commencement of voyage up the Nile — Character of the boat's
crew.

EGYPT, NILE BOAT LOTUS, TOWN OF ATFEH,

JAN. 14, 1853.

We reached Alexandria on the eleventh of Janu-
ary. We came in sight of the city at dawn of day.
It was a calm and beautiful morning. No clouds ob-
scured the sky. The surface of the sea was unbroken
except where at intervals it dashed its foam gently
over the breakers. On our right, as we approached
the city, a long line of low, sandy hills was seen in
22

254 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

the distance. Large sea birds in great numbers came
around us. They seemed to rejoice in our coming ;
sometines soaring upward far into the blue depths,
and then descending upon their broad white wings,
till they fanned the sails of the vessel. As we were
looking at the city, more beautiful in the distance
than on a nearer inspection, a boat was seen ap-
proaching from the harbor. A swarthy Turk, his
head bound with a turban, came on board, whose
business it was to act as our pilot. Under the direc-
tion of his dark and thoughtful eye, the vessel moved
slowly along the narrow and winding channel. On
our left was the Isle of Pharos ; on our right was the
pillar of Pompey. The harbor was full of merchant
vessels, steamers and ships of war. The flags of
many nations floated around us. The rising sun,
gilding with light the objects which it touched, gave
new splendor to the scene. For the first time I saw
the crescent flag unfurled. It floated broadly and
proudly, the emblem of Mohammedan power.

We had no sooner come to anchor than a number
of boats made their appearance around the ship.
They were manned by Arab sailors, clad in a rude
dress, which but partially covered their sunburnt
bodies ; — and speaking in an unknown language,
they were clamorous for the privilege of conveying
us on shore. Through narrow streets, which bore in
general the marks of poverty, we were conducted to
the quarter which is inhabited by Europeans.

At an early opportunity, as we had but little time
to spare, we made ourselves acquainted with what is
to be seen in the various places of the city. Such

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 255

have been the vicissitudes of commerce, and the rav-
ages of time and war, that but few objects of special
interest remain. One of them is the beautiful obelisk
in the Eastern part of the city, called Cleopatra's nee-
dle, seventy feet in height, and covered with hiero-
glyphics. It appears from the hieroglyphic inscriptions
on the obelisk itself, that it was the work of Thoth-
mes the Third, the Egyptian king who ruled in the
time of Moses, some portions of whose history have
been brought to light in the numerous hieroglyphical
monuments of Egypt. It was originally erected at
Heliopolis, and was brought down to Alexandria in
the time of the Ptolemies. It is as high, wanting a
few feet, as the obelisk of Luxor, which I had seen
in the place De la Concorde in Paris. Near it is
another large obelisk, lying upon the ground, and at
the present time nearly covered with earth.

In another part of the city, favorably situated on
the summit of a small elevation, is the beautiful col-
umn called Pompey's Pillar. It is said to have been
the centre of the ancient city, which extended in this
direction towards the lake Mareotis. Different opin-
ions are entertained as to the time when it was
erected. But as I travel for health chiefly, I am
obliged to leave antiquarian inquiries to others. It
is ten feet in diameter, and ninety feet in height, ex-
clusive of its Corinthian capital. It is a very striking
object; beautiful in its position, as well as its sym-
metry and great height. At the foot of the gently
rising hill on which it stands, is an extensive Moham-
medan grave yard, filled with its rude white monu-
ments,

256 LETTERS iESTUETIC,

Among other objects and places of attraction, we
found time to visit the palace of the Pasha, which
overlooks what is denominated the "old harbor," and
were pleasantly surprised at the taste and elegance
with which it is fitted up. It was the varied and
gorgeous richness of Orientalism, with scarcely a vi-
olation of a just and severe simplicity. Surrounded
with gardens filled with the ever blooming trees and
flowers of the East, it reminded one of those en-
chanted palaces which Oriental poets and romancers
love to describe.

It must be admitted, that Alexandria at the pres-
ent time, is far from being what it was once. In the
period of its early prosperity, it was fifteen miles in
circumference, and contained six hundred thousand
inhabitants, including slaves. At present, its popu-
lation is said to amount to sixty thousand. Some
writers place the number higher. It has long ceased
to be the emporium of commerce, and the seat of
science and the arts. Comparative poverty has taken
the place of the immense wealth which it once gath-
ered from the contributions of many nations. The
high civilization, which in the days of the Ptolemies
attracted the notice of other States and communities,
has gone back, at least among considerable portions
of the people, to a state of semi-barbarism. But hu-
manity with its good and evil, is not extinct. The
Turk, though a follower of Mohammed, is still a man,
and not without man's capabilities of intellect and
feeling ; — and I think I may add, that, in his calm
countenance, and ample forehead, and dignified man-
ner, he leaves an impression which is much in favor

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 257

of the prevalent opinion of the original capacity and
power of his race. The poor Arab beneath his rude
garment bears a heart which has been described as
treacherous and cruel, but which I am obliged to say-
exhibited kindness to me. Much of the beauty of
outward nature still remains ; — and amid many things
which are strange, and some things which are un-
pleasant, there is not a little which is fitted to please
both the eye and heart.

I walked through some of the bazaars. Much
business is still done in them. The Turkish mer-
chant, meditative, and never in a hurry, sits cross-
legged, seldom without his pipe, and tenacious of the
dignity of his flowing beard and turban. Various
are the dresses and languages. There are traders
from different nations, and in the persecutions to
which they have been subjected at home, many
Italians have found their way here. Many of the
streets are narrow and dirty, but there is a clear blue
sky above them. Carriages there are none ; but men
and veiled women are riding on diminutive donkeys.
Camels with heavy burdens, reminding us of the days
of the patriarchs, march slowly through the streets.

On the third day after our arrival, we sailed in a
beautiful boat, called the Lotus, on a two months'
voyage up the Nile ; the great river, which has not
only fertilized Egypt, but nourished humanity. We
were four in number ; the same little company who
have traversed together France, Savoy, and the dif-
ferent States of Italy, and who have found the at-
tractions of travel enhanced by the pleasure of each
other's society. We started from the South side of
22*

258 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the city, with a favorable breeze, on the Mahmoudie
Canal, which connects Alexandria with the Nile at
Atfeh, the place from which I date this letter. The
part of the city which extends in the direction of the
canal, and which may be said to rest upon it, con-
trasts advantageously with the other parts. There
are many good buildings in this part of Alexandria,
and a higher cultivation. By the side of the streets,
and on the banks of the canal, are the palm tree, the
sycamore, and the acacia with its " yellow hair. " It
was here that we heard for the first time the noisy
wheel of the sakhia, by which the water is drawn up
from the canal for irrigating the lands. The large and
well watered gardens are rich with the productions of
the climate, and gorgeous with the hues of Eastern
flowers.

The canal connecting Alexandria and the Nile is a
little more than forty miles in length, and is ninety
feet wide. This canal is undoubtedly an extraordi-
nary work for modern Egypt, where there are so few
evidences of practical energy and improvement. A
hundred and fifty thousand men, called from all parts
of the country by the despotic will of the late Mo-
hammed Ali, were employed in its excavation. ^ It
was excavated in a single year, but at the sad cost
of some thirty thousand workmen, who perished
through want, fatigue and cruelty.

In going through the" canal, we have passed nu-
merous boats from ten to thirty and forty tons bur-
den. They are on their way to Alexandria from dif-
ferent places on the Nile, and are ioaded with, the
products of the country, particularly wheat and cot-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 259

ton. We have had thus far a favorable breeze, and
our boat throwing out her large lofty sail, has ad-
vanced with good speed. The crew are in excellent
spirits. With the exception of our pilot, they all
seem to be of Arabic descent. Many of them have
friends at the different towns and villages which we
expect to pass. Our captain lives at Gheneh, nearly
opposite the celebrated Denderah, and more than five
hundred miles above Alexandria, He has reason to
be cheerful. His wife and children are there. Our
pilot is a Nubian. His name is Hassan. He is not
swarthy like the natives of Egypt, but black of the
deepest hue. His full muscular form is in perfect pro-
portions. He walks erect, and with a natural and
firm step. His countenance is open and generous.
His eye is darkness lighted. When he speaks, he
accompanies what he says with a natural movement
of the hands and body, which is full of dignity and
grace. No one can see him without feeling that he
has a capacity above his situation. He has a wife
and children at Assouan, near the first cataracts of
the Nile.

When I look upon these people, and study their
characters, and little personal histories, I cannot har-
monize with those persons who speak contemptu-
ously of them. There is something in them which
interests me. I have seen enough of them already
to know that they have the ties and sympathies
which humanity recognizes, and which religion sanc-
tifies. If science, exiled by a haughty despotism,
has been compelled to neglect them, nature has not
forgotten to be their teacher. Their affections are

260 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

not buried in the ruins of the intellect. They all of
them have a soot which they call their home. The
past lives in their memories, and the clay-built hut of
their fathers is still dear to their hearts.

After waiting an hour and a half for the passage
of other boats, we have just gone down the locks.
We are now on the broad bosom of the Nile, or
rather on one of its branches, which, however, is a
mighty river, about three-quarters of a mile in width.
The flag of America is floating over us. We are sail-
ing under the town of Atfeh, which is at the termin-
ation of the canal, and on the high, rich banks which
overlook the river. And it is at Atfeh that I date
and close my letter, as I look around me upon the
land of Goshen, and cast my thoughts forward to
Cairo and the Pyramids, to Denderah and Thebes.

(XXX.)

Delta of the Nile and the land of Goshen — Villages and inhabitants of
the Nile — Camels, oxen, arid flocks of sheep — The passage of the
Nile by a herd of oxen — Condition and character of the Arabs of
Egypt — Incident illustrative of their kindness — City of Rameses
— Bridge across the Nile — Wailing for the dead — Arrival at Cairo.

CITY OF CAIRO, EGYPT, JAN. 24, 1S53.

As J remarked in my last letter, we left the Mah-
moudie canal and entered the Nile at the town of
Atfeh, — ascending it by the Rosetta branch. A little
below the city of Cairo this great river, as if desirous
of rescuing a larger portion of fertility from the sur-
rounding deserts, divides itself into two streams of
nearly equal size. One of them, the Damietta branch,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 261

flows in an easterly direction, and passing by the
considerable towns of Semenood and Mansoora, en-
ters the Mediterranean near the city of Damietta.
This city contains at the present time twenty-eight
thousand inhabitants ; but was formerly much more
important than at present ; and in the time of the
crusades was regarded as the entrance and the key
to Egypt in that direction. The Rosetta branch
flows in a westerly direction, and enters the Mediter-
ranean not far from the city of Rosetta. The Ro-
setta and Damietta branches at their entrance into
the sea are eighty miles distant from each other ; —
leaving between them the triangular tract of land,
bounded on the north by the Mediterranean, which is
denominated, on account of its form, the Delta of the
Nile. The Delta was anciently much larger than at
present. On the eastern side of it was the land of
Goshen, which holds so conspicuous a place in the
narratives of the Old Testament, — also the great
Egyptian city of Zoan, frequently mentioned in the
Scriptures likewise, which was situated on the an-
cient Tanitic branch of the Nile.

In ascending the Nile from Atfeh to Cairo by the
Rosetta branch, we were frequently delayed by oppo-
sing winds. This was in some respects favorable. It
gave us opportunity to visit many of the numerous
villages which line its banks, and to notice the meth-
ods of living and sources of support. The people
have a knowledge of a few domestic mechanic arts,
such as the making of a coarse pottery, the weaving
and coloring of cloths, boat-building and the making
of bricks. They mingle straw with the mud or clay

262 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

from which their bricks are made, as was done in the
time of the Pharaohs. But they find their principal
support in the cultivation of the soil and in the keep-
ing of flocks and herds.

The soil, formed by the overflowings of the Nile, is
of great depth and richness. It is irrigated by water
drawn from the Nile. The fields, waving with wheat,
barley, lentiles, and the other products of the country,
are not enclosed by fences. Each man distinguishes
his land from his neighbor's by the large stones placed
in the ground, which serve as permanent marks and
boundaries. The soil and climate are favorable for
the raising of cattle. The camels and oxen and
sheep which we daily saw in great numbers, remind-
ed us of the days of Jacob and his descendants, who
occupied portions of this land. The sheep look like
those which are seen in England and America, but
the wool is coarser. The goats and sheep are not
separated from each other, but go in flocks together ;
and are generally watched by little children, aided by
a dog. I noticed, that the sheep and goats are some-
times, during the night, penned together in a fold in
the open field. But generally the sheep and other
animals, cows, goats, donkeys and camels, are driven
into the villages at night. Each house had an enclo-
sure attached to it, formed of mud or of stalks and
reeds and open at the top, in which they are shut up.
Sometimes they seem to be otherwise provided for.
A number of times in the morning I saw the sheep
and goats walking complacently about on the flat
roofs of the houses. The houses are commonly made
of un-burnt bricks, hardened in the sun.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 263

The oxen of Egypt, those which we first met
with and which are much the most frequent, are of a
large size, resembling somewhat in shape the buffalo
of America, black in color with scarcely an exception,
and with large crooked horns reaching back and de-
pressed almost horizontally with the neck. I often
saw them patiently turning the wheel of the Sakhia,
or drawing the plough through the fields. The
plough is very simple in its construction, being hard-
ly more than a sharpened stick of wood, though some-
times pointed with iron. It could not easily have
been more simple in the days, of the Patriarchs. The
oxen are very tractable. I have seen them with a
string round the horn or neck, led home from the
fields at night by little children.

At one time I noticed a herd of these animals,
which may be said to make a part of an Arab's fam-
ily, on the brink of the Nile under the care of two
boys. It was just as the sun was setting. They be-
longed to a village on the western side, and were on
their way home from a pasture ground, where they
had been feeding during the day. I noticed their
appearance, because they stood crowded together,
about twenty in number, silent and thoughtful, as if
meditating some act of importance. The boys took
off their clothes, tied them in bundles, and fastened
them on their own heads. They then mounted the
backs of two of the animals, gave the word of com-
mand and the whole herd plunged into the river.
They passed directly in front of the boat at a place
where the Nile was running more rapidly than com-
mon. The boatmen suspended their rowing. Noth-

264 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

ing was seen but their black heads and horns moving
towards the other shore. The boys sat upright with
the bundles of clothes on their heads. They made a
singular appearance, moving rapidly over the Nile
and apparently without any support, as the backs of
the cattle were concealed under the water. They
reached the other shore in safety. The boys put on
their clothes. The cattle shook their wet sides on
the sand, and they went together up the bank.

The inhabitants of the villages of which I am now
speaking, are for the most part of Arab descent.
When the Arabs overran the country in the seventh
century, they wasted it, and made great destruction
of the people. The descendants of the original Egyp-
tians are found, not among the Arab portion, but
among the Copts, who are few in number, and gen-
erally reside in the large towns. They are compara-
tively intelligent and well instructed, and profess the
Christian religion. The religion of the Arabs is Mo-
hammedan. They are poor, uneducated and scantily
clad. But the climate is such, that they do not re-
quire much clothing. Though they are poor, there is
not such suffering from poverty, as is often wit-
nessed in the large towns of Europe. They are su-
perstitious, chiefly because they are ignorant. In re-
peated instances I saw the children assembled in
schools in the larger towns, but did not notice any
schools in the small villages. Mohammedanism is
not favorable to intellectual culture. The people
need the Christian religion. But the laws of the
Koran and of the country are strict in the defence of
the Mohammedan faith, and to become a Christian

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 265

is to expose themselves to death. It seems to me,
therefore, that there is but little hope for Egypt at
the present time ; at least for this portion of the peo-
ple. It may be different with the Greeks, Armenians
and Copts.

I was favorably impressed with many of their traits
of character. I judge of them from what I saw.
They seem to have lost the active and fierce spirit,
which characterized their ancestors. They are timid,
and make but poor soldiers. I am not prepared,
however, to condemn that cowardice, if such it may
be called, which shrinks from the taking of human
life. As a general thing I observed no deficiency of
industry ; but there is very little enter prize. Their
study is to live, and not to improve and advance. I
cannot easily join with those, who are disposed to
make an impeachment of their honesty, — because
personally I have had no evidences to sustain it.
Nor have I seen evidences of inordinate suspicion,
cruelty, and disposition to injure. I have been in
their villages daily. The dogs which guard every
door, have sometimes attacked me. But the dogs
were faithful to what they considered their trust ; and
I have no especial complaint to make of their some-
what premature and unnecessary zeal. And the less
so, because in some instances the Arabs themselves
came and drove them away. What may be true of
the Bedouin Arabs inhabiting the deserts, who are of
the same race but differently situated and under dif-
ferent influences, I am unable to say. Time will per-
haps determine. But from the Arabs of the Nile, I
have received as decided marks of kindness, as amid
the civilization of Europe.
23

266 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

I will mention a single instance, which may be
taken as an illustration of their treatment of me.
One day the boat was fastened to the shore on ac-
count of a head wind. I strayed away alone into
the fields, as was sometimes my practice. Passing
near the little hut of an Arab shepherd, who was
seated at his door on a mat, he made signs to me to
come and sit down. I accepted the invitation and
sat down on the mat with him, and we began to
converse in signs, aided by a few Arabic and Italian
words which one easily picks up. I felt quite at
home. In a short time he arose and went to his
dwelling, which was a very simple enclosure formed
partly by a mud wall and partly by a fence of long
reeds which were strongly bound together ; and
which was covered at the top with a roof of corn
stalks. Bringing out a jug of water and a wooden
dish filled with excellent dates, he invited me to eat.
I could not well refuse his hospitality. I was pleased,
because I saw he had that faith which can take hold
of the common link of human brotherhood. Look-
ing up I saw a little child peeping round the corner
of the hut. This was a new incident. I made signs
to it to come to me ; but it was frightened at my
strange appearance, and ran away. The father smiled
at this, and got up, and ran after the child, and
brought it back. I pacified it with a little present,
and we soon became good friends. The result of
this was, that in a little time all the children, some
four or five in number, came round successively from
an opening on the other side of the enclosure. After
a little while the Arab's wife, — contrary I believe to

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 267

the usual customs among them, — came also with an
infant in her arms. The sun shone brightly, but we
were on the shady side of the hut and a gentle
breeze made music in the reeds. It was quite a fam-
ily meeting, and I tried to make them as well pleased
with me, as I was with them. I staid half an hour,
and know not how much longer the visit might have
been prolonged ; but our captain, (the Rais, as the
people of the country call him,) sent one of his men,
named Mohammed, to find me. He came with an
amazing long club to guard me, as he said, against
the Arabs, which seemed to me a very unnecessary
precaution. I left my hospitable entertainers, well
pleased with my visit, and with sincere desires and
prayers for their happiness ; — and have often thought
of them since.

It was to this region of Egypt that Pharaoh sent
the brethren of Joseph ; and it answers well the de-
scription given of it, as the "best of the land." And
no one can visit it at the present time, without seeing,
that it is peculiarly suited to their occupation as
" herdsmen. It is at the head of the Delta on the east-
ern side, and probably a little beyond its present lim-
its, that we are to look for the site of the ancient
city of Rameses, from which the children of Israel
started on their memorable journey in the wilderness.
Rameses is spoken of as one of the " treasure cities
of Egypt." It probably had its palaces and architect-
ural monuments, but like many other great cities of
Egypt, nothing now remains of it. At the head of
the Delta is a long, and beautiful bridge in the course
of erection, extending over both branches of the Nile,

268 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

a little below the point where the river separates. It
is a very picturesque object as viewed by one in as-
cending the Nile. It is nearly finished, apparently a
mile and a half in length, if we include the portion
of the Delta, which unites the two parts together,
and will compare well in strength and beauty with
other great structures of I hat kind.

I find that I have omitted many incidents of this
little voyage ; but I will mention one. At a certain
time walking near a little village, I heard a sad and
piercing cry. It was the mourning wail of the Egyp-
tian women. They tossed their arms wildly, as if
frantic with grief, and scattered dust upon their gar-
ments. It reminded me of the descriptions of sorrow
and wailing which are given in the Scriptures. The
occasion was indeed a sad one ; — the death of a little
boy, who the day before was drowned in the Nile.
He laid dead in the house. The mourners were out-
side ; — some standing and some sitting on the sand.
As I stood near, a witness, and perhaps I may say a
sharer of their grief, I saw a company of mourning
friends and relatives coming from another village.
The Arab loves his children, and his grief is bitter
when they die. The voice of anguish sounded from
village to village, and from one side of the Nile to
the other.

But the traveller stops neither for joy nor sorrow.
His sympathy, ruled by the occasion, may harmonize
with either, but it passes on. He gives a smile or a
tear, a just tribute to a common nature, and then
goes forward to his own place.

In eight days from Alexandria we arrived at Cairo.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 269

Our boat stopped at Boulak, which is the harbor of
Cairo. The bank of the river at Boulak is steep and
rocky. For a mile or more it was lined with the
large boats of the Nile ; — a number of which bore
the American flag. We saw signs of activity, wealth,
commerce, intelligence. Cairo is only a mile and a
half distant ; and is so connected with Boulak, not-
withstanding the low sunken grounds between them,
that in the eye of a stranger they are essentially one
city. In coming back from Thebes we shall of
course stop here, and I shall therefore speak of it now
only in a few words.

Cairo contains two hundred thousand inhabitants ;
divided and characterized by descent, history and reli^
gion; — Arabs, Turks, Armenians, Greeks and Copts.
Here also are the Nubian and the European. The
number of the old Egyptian or Coptic race, of whose
situation and prospects we hope to learn something
further, is said to be sixty thousand. It is through
them, as it seems to me, that we must look for the
religious recovery of Egypt.

" The streets of the city, the buildings and gardens,
the dress, manners and occupations of the people, all
remind us, that we are in a great city of the East.
We are in the midst of oriental civilization without
the modifications, which in Alexandria it is constant^
ly receiving from the West. Knowledge has a dif-
ferent language. Art has a different eye. We per-
ceive more and more, and not without painful emo-
tions that we are in a land of a different religion.
The lofty minaret of the mosque of Mohammed Ali
glitters in the sun.
23*

270 LETTERS — AESTHETIC,

Nature also, still more than at the mouth of the
Nile, puts on a new dress. It is a land of flowers ;
and I might almost say every flower has its singing
bird upon it The palm, the acacia, and the orange
are here. We have come once more to the region of
mountains. I look upon them with the emotions of
one who has loved tbem from childhood. But they
are not the mountains of our own land. Back of the
city, and guarding it from the Syrian desert are the
bare, broken, and lifeless heights of Mokattam. Em-
bosomed in the Nile are the beautiful gardens of the
isle of Rhoda ; — the place where, according to the
traditions of the country, the infant Moses was ex-
posed in the bulrushes. On the opposite bank of the
river, near the site of the wasted and buried city of
Memphis, are the pyramids. They stand alone, with
the sandy billows of the Lybian desert breaking
around them, like the peak of Stromboli in the midst
of the sea.

But it is dangerous to get the first glance of such
an object when one is closing a letter. There are no
pyramids in America. Mountains and mounds, the
monuments of a departed race are there ; but not the
pyramids of Egypt.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 271

(XXXI.)

Arrival at Benisooef — Convent of St. Anthony — Mohammedan mosque
— Visit to a Bey of the Pasha — Picturesque appearance of the vil-
lages of the Nile — Birds of the Nile — Gebel-E-Tayr — The wound-
ed eagle — The crocodile — The blind boy.

EGYPT, TOWN OF GHENEH ON THE NILE,

FEB. 15, 1853.

We sailed from Cairo on the twenty -fourth of Janu-
ary with a favorable wind. Passing by the isle of
Hhoda, and the town of Old Cairo on the left, and
the town of Geezeh on the right, and village after
village in continual succession, we reached on the
fourth day the large town of Benisooef, which is dis-
tant from Cairo seventy-seven miles. This town is
one of the principal places in Upper Egypt, and is the
residence of the governor of the province, of which
Benisooef is the capital. Numerous boats, moored
under the steep banks, lined the shore ; indicating
that it is a place of considerable commerce. It has
manufactures of silk and cotton, recently established.
Anciently it was famous for its linen manufactures.

From Benisooef, commencing on the opposite side
of the river, is the road which leads to the celebrated
convent of St. Anthony in the eastern desert. The
general course of the road is through the great valley
called the Wady-el-Arraba, which runs between the
two lime-stone ranges of mountains, bearing the
name of the northern and southern Kalalla. The
convent, built at the foot of the Kalalla and sur-
rounded with gardens, is within eighteen miles dis-

272 LETTERS jESTHETIC,

tance of the Red Sea. I mention this convent the more
particularly, not only because it is a place of consid-
erable resort, but because it is the principal convent
of the Coptic Christians. The patriarch of the Copts
is elected by its members. The convent is of great
antiquity, and possesses some historical interest. The
cavern is shown near it, in which the celebrated St.
Anthony passed a portion of his days in religious re-
tirement.

Leaving Benisooef .after a slight examination of it,
we reached the pleasant town of Minieh on the west
bank of the Nile, an hundred and sixty miles from
Cairo, on the second of February. One of the ob-
jects which attracts notice in approaching this town
from the water, is a Shekh's white tomb, situated
upon the rising ground, and overshadowed by a large
sycamore tree. We visited the large and ancient
mosque, which stands upon the bank of the river.
We found there a number of Mohammedans going
through with their devotions. Within it are marble
and granite columns with Corinthian capitals, which
originally belonged to some building of earlier times.
The modern cemetery of Minieh is on the opposite
side of the river. The dead are ferried over in boats.
The custom of burying their dead on the opposite
bank, which is often easily explained in connection
with the natural features of the country, existed in
ancient times, and gave rise to the legend of Cha-
ron's boat.

Modern improvements on a limited scale have
found their way to Minieh. The Pasha of Egypt
has established a large sugar manufactory here,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 273

which is in successful operation. Although we were
entire strangers, we were kindly invited to go through
it and examine it. We had repeatedly passed large
and flourishing fields of the sugar cane. The culture
of the sugar cane and also of cotton has recently
been introduced.

A bey of the Pasha, resident at Cairo, was on a
visit at Minieh when we were there. We understood
that he had been sent up the river on a tour of in-
spection, but with particular reference to the manu-
facturing establishments. His boat lay very near us.
We called upon him in the boat. Seated on a divan
in the oriental manner, he bade us a cordial welome ;
and ordering coffee to be brought us, politely answer-
ed our questions, and made on his part many inqui-
ries in relation to America. His countenance indica-
ted that he possessed good powers of mind. And I
have rarely seen a man more truly dignified and at
the same time more kind and affable in his manners.

It is the small villages, however, rather than the
large towns, which constitute the marked peculiarity
of the Nile, and which constantly arrest the attention
of the traveller. It is undoubtedly true, that they
lose much of their attraction when closely inspected,
but they are certainly very picturesque when seen in
the distance. For hours I have sat in the boat and
looked upon them. There is poetry in their very
location. They are almost always built in a grove of
palm trees. The palm tree itself is a very impressive
object. Tall, straight, crowned with a tuft of long
waving leaves, it has a lofty and meditative aspect, as
if it were conversing with the spirits of the air. In

274

LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

front of the villages is the Nile ; and south of Cairo
they have a back ground of mountains. The eastern
mountains, with rugged but imperishable walls, guard
them from the Syrian desert. The mountains on the
western side protect them from the encroachments of
the deserts of Lybia. Many villages have canals near
them, running back from the river towards the moun-
tains. Their high banks form a road. Oxen, camels,
flocks of sheep and goats, are constantly passing and
repassing. Narrow paths lead from different parts of
the villages to the water. Women and girls are seen
going to and from the river with water-jars on their
heads. They are dressed in simple but decent gar-
ments of blue cotton ; and are modest and cheerful
in their appearance. In many instances they are
adorned with necklaces, ear-rings and bracelets.^
There are folds for the sheep and cattle in the villages ;
and in nearly all of them are large dove-cotes. The
doves in countless numbers are flying about. Dogs
are keeping sentinel on the flat roofs of the houses. —
Oxen are turning the wheels of the sakhia, by which
the fields are watered. At times is heard the sound
of the mill-stone, which is turned sometimes by oxen
and more frequently by hand. Groups of unwashed
children with their loud laugh are playing in the dust
of the lofty banks or at the brink of the river. Such
is the scene which repeats itself almost every hour.

One of the features of the Nile is its numberless
beautiful birds ; — not only those which haunt rivers
and disply their tall forms upon the water's brink and
scream among the reeds ; but the birds of song and
bright plumage, which haunt the tree and forest. The

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 275

trees in the small gardens of the villages and larger
towns are alive with them. A stone thrown into a
wheat or bean field at a distance from the towns often
starts up a cloud of them which fills the air. The
Egyptians, either for want of fire-arms or for some
other reason, do not seem disposed to injure them,
and hence they have become exceedingly tame. I
have seen a crow, a bird which is generally not very
familiar in its habits, sitting quietly on the mast of
our vessel. The sparrow was almost constantly hop-
ping about on the deck, picking up the seeds which
were there. Not unfrequently large birds are seen,
seated much at their ease on the back of an ox or
camel. Repeatedly I saw groups of pelicans with
their long snowy necks, walking on the banks of sand
in retired places. Wild ducks are without number. —
At night flocks of geese, uttering their shrill cry, are
seen flying over the river ; — extending in long and
marshalled array from one bank to the other. Eagles
make their nests in the chains of mountains which
bound the valley of the Nile ; but we saw them fre-
quently near the towns and villages.

One evening, just as the shades of night were fall-
ing, I saw an immense flock of birds pass near the
boat and light upon the lofty side of a rocky moun-
tain under which we were at the time. They were of
considerable size, but I could not tell of what kind
they were. In a few moments they all disappeared
in the multitude of crevices and excavations which
are found there. Here were their nests ; and as they
were adjusting themselves for their night's repose,
they set up that sort of social congratulation, which

276 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

is common with them at such times. Nothing was
seen but the bare rugged face of the mountain ; and
yet every crevice and fissure and cavern was suddenly
endowed with vocality. The echo of these hollow
and rocky recesses increased the sounds to the loud-
ness of the human voice. They were like an army
of men that were talking loudly. I sat upon the
deck and looked, but saw nothing. The illusion was
complete. The whole mountain cliff, as if it were a
thing of life which had just waked out of sleep, seem-
ed to forget its usual solidity and silence, and to be-
come light-headed, and to laugh, and to chatter and
make merry.

I had written this before I was aware of the fact,
that one of the rocky heights on the eastern side of
the Nile and above Benisooef, is named gebel-e-tayr,
which means the " mountain of the bird ;" and that a
singular tradition is connected with it. The tradition
is, that all the birds of the country round about as-
semble at this mountain once a year. They then
hold a grand consultation for the purpose of selecting
one of their number, whose duty it is to remain in
the mountain till the next year. The birds then fly
away into various and distant parts ; but return
again at the appointed time to the " mountain of the
bird," for the purpose of releasing their comrade and
appointing another in its place.

Travellers on the Nile frequently go ashore for the
purpose of shooting. The sound of their guns was
not pleasing to me. It seemed to me to be cruel. I
cannot see the good sense, the humanity or the reli-
gion of taking away that life which God alone can

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 277

give, for the gratification of a useless and momentary
pleasure. Hearing a gun one day, I looked up and
saw a dove winging its way heavily towards the
boat. Its slow, irregular motion attracted my atten-
tion. The blood dropped from its breast. It strug-
gled but still descended nearer and nearer to the
water. Its strength failed. Its white plumage sank
in the dark wave. Near Minieh a wounded eagle fell
by the side of the boat, and was taken on the deck,
and died. That dark straggling wing, now feeble in
death, had power to climb the mountains. As the
light faded from his dying eye, he seemed to utter a
reproach and to say, that to destroy him thus was un-
worthy of man. I am not ashamed to say that I
wept.

The crocodile, which was here in the time of He-
rodotus, is still an inhabitant of the Nile ; not, how-
ever, of all parts of it. They are very seldom seen
below the town of Minieh. We did not see them
until we had ascended above the town of Girgeh,
more than three hundred and forty miles above Cairo.
We then saw them repeatedly for a number of days ;
and in nearly every instance sleeping on little sand-
banks in the middle of the river in the heat of the
day. In a number of instances we approached quite
near them. The largest of them were about twelve
feet in length. There were generally two together.
They lay stretched out upon these banks, dark, rough,
motionless, with their legs and feet projected at their
sides and pressed into the sand. When the boat ap-
proached them, they moved slowly to the water's
edge and plunged into the river.
24

278 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Some people of the country, coming down in a
boat, had taken a young crocodile. They gave it
to our men. It was very small, about two feet in
length. The men placed it in a vessel of water, and
gave it food, in hopes to keep it alive. Apparently
discontented and angry at being taken from its native
reeds and waters, it refused to eat, and in a few days
died.

Such are some of the scenes and incidents which
characterize a voyage on this remarkable river ; in its
natural features, its ancient remains, its history, the
customs and character of the people, unlike any
other river in the world. Of the remains of ancient
cities and temples which are found on its banks, I
will endeavor to say something in another letter.

I have referred in a former letter to the strength of
domestic and family attachments in this people ;
particularly the Arab portion. I have seen nothing
since, which leads me to alter that opinion ; but some
things which seem rather to confirm it. Egypt has its
afflictions. And among others is the prevalence of
blindness ; a fact not easily explained, but which is
often mentioned by travellers. But it was pleasing
to see, that the subjects of this heavy affliction were
not deserted by their relatives and friends. One
morning when the boat was laying under a high
bank and before we were ready to start, I heard a
voice uttering a plaintive note. I looked out of the
window, and saw a beautiful boy standing half way
down the shelving declivity. He seemed to be about
twelve or thirteen years of age. And his sister, a lit-
tle smaller in size and younger in appearance, stood

SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

279

by his side, holding his hand. I looked a moment
and perceived that he was blind. I asked our inter-
preter what it was which he sang so plaintively. He
said it was only a few simple words having reference
to his situation.

" I am blind,

My father and mother are poor,

Give me some bread,

I am blind."

I noticed while the boy was singing, that he turned
his calm but sightless face upward, as if beseeching
the Almighty to inspire us with kind sentiments ; but
the face of the sister, full of anxiety and sorrow,
looked downward towards the people of the boat.
One of the sailors ran up on the bank, and gave the
girl a piece of bread ; and they were about leaving.
But they were requested to stop a moment, and an-
other piece of bread and some money were sent to
them. The little girl took the pieces of bread and
the money and placed them in the hands of her
brother, — and then placed her arm in his and led him.
away. I cannot easily forget their pleased and grate-
ful expression of countenance as they left tfe. The
burden seemed to be lifted from the heart of the sis-
ter, as she saw the smile on her poor brother's face.
Affliction seemed to bind them nearer to each other.
And I have sometimes thought, that even sorrow has
its value, when it thus adds increased intensity and
beauty to love.

On the 7th day of February we reached the beau-
tiful city of Ossioot ; — fourteen days from Cairo and
distant two hundred and fifty three miles. But the
wind, which had been much in a contrary direction,

280 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

beiig favorable, we passed on. We hope to visit it
on our return. We are now at the town of Gheneh
or Keneh, on the eastern side of the river, more than
four hundred miles south of Cairo. This place is cel-
ebrated for the manufacture of the porous water-jars,
through which the water of the Nile is nitrated. The
clay from which they are made is found in a valley
to the northward of the town. From Gheneh a road
runs through the eastern desert to the town of Cos-
sair on the Red Sea ; and by means of this route it
keeps up a considerable commerce with Arabia. A
provincial governor resides here.

Opposite to Gheneh is Denderah with its celebra-
ted temple. We have just visited it. It is two miles
distant from the present bank of the river. It stands
on an elevated spot, rising from the green plain
around. We walked among its columns, and de-
scended into its darkest recesses ; — a great monu-
ment erected partly in the time of the Ptolemies and
in part by the Romans in the time of Tiberius Csesar,
in honor of the Egyptian superstitions ; — interesting
to the Christian as showing by contrast, the simpli-
city, the purity, and the great and ennobling disclo-
sures of Christianity ; — interesting to the lover of art
for its massive and splendid architecture, the work in
different parts in different ages and nations, and also
for its sculptures and paintings, still fresh and life-
like ; — interesting to the philosophical historian as a
memorial of the development of the human mind, of
the affiliated relationships of the human race, the
transmission of artistic and social ideas, the succes-
sive life and decay of nations,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 281

(XXXII.)

Preparations for a visit to the mountains — The old man's donkey and
daughter — The plain of Thebes — The statue of Memnon — Medee-
net Haboo — Temple Palace of Remeses III. — Statue of Remeses
II. — Reflections.

THEBES, WESTERN BANK OF THE NILE,
FEB. 22, 1853.
On Saturday, the nineteenth of February, we ar-
rived at Thebes. We moored our boat on the west-
ern side of the river. The Nile flows on as beautiful
as ever. The spreading sycamore shades its level
banks. The mountains are seen in the distance.
There is life and majesty in the river. There is
grandeur in the mountains. But the eye looks in
vain for the mighty city, which dates its early glory
in the very beginnings of history.

Early on Monday morning, after our arrival, we
made preparations for a visit to the mountains, — the
locality of ruined temples, and of the celebrated The-
ban tombs. The sun rose. It was the sun of Egypt ;
— a cloudless and living radiance in a clear blue
sky, more clear and deep and vast even than the
sky of Italy. A breeze from the north cooled
the air. The shore, as we left the boat, was lined
with men and donkeys. I found myself in the midst
of a crowd, clamorous in an unknown tongue, — each
vociferating and urging his claims. I was somewhat
perplexed in the midst of this confusion. But seeing
a feeble old man at a little distance, who seemed to
be thrust aside by his younger competitors, I made
my way to him and placed my hand on the donkey's
24*

282 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

saddle. The younger Arabs looked disappointed.
The old man's donkey was not as good as theirs.
But very soon, seeming to appreciate my feelings,
they murmured their approbation.

As I held my hand on the saddle, looking at the
varying countenances of the crowd, I felt it timidly
and gently held from the other side. It was the pres-
sure of the hand of a little girl, who seemed to say
with a half beseeching, half grateful look, — "We are
poor, take our donkey, though the saddle is not very
good." The old man smiled at this innocent mani-
festation of filial earnestness, and gave me to under-
stand, that the young girl was his daughter, and
would drive the donkey to the mountains. I was
entirely satisfied.

We made our way through the centre of an Arab
village. The dogs barked ; and the goats and kids
looked down from the flat roofs of the houses. The
little girl, to whose protection the old man had con-
signed me, had a small stick in her hand, with which
she rather gently exerted her authority over the don-
key. They appeared to understand each other very
well. She wore a loose garment of blue cotton.
Her feet were bare ; but she was adorned with the
necklace and earrings, of which the poorest Arab girl
will not willingly be destitute.

After leaving the village, we passed two miles or
more over the plain ; taking the direction of the stat-
ue of Memnon. There were groups of people, rais-
ing water from the reservoirs of the Nile, and pour-
ing it into the sluices which conveyed it over the rich
soil. Camels and oxen and flocks were feeding. On

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 283

one side of our path was the ploughman ; — on the
other the reaper. On going through a dry channel,
through which the Nile flows when the water is high,
we passed a blind man. My little girl, who sympa-
thized in his affliction, gave me to understand that
he was a suitable object of my charity. He was affec-
tionately attended and led about by a young woman
whom I supposed to be his daughter. My little atten-
dant, who was was almost daily passing and repass-
ing this part of the plain, seemed to be well acquaint-
ed with her.

The plain of Thebes is wonderful. I gazed upon
it from one of the mountain heights ; and also from
the top of one of the temples of Carnac. From both
places the eye easily reached its limits as they are
denned by the mountains, though it is a circuit ap-
parently of thirty miles. As viewed from the ascent
in the mountains, the curving Nile, seen through the
whole length of the plain and glittering in the sun,
flowed through it like a river of gold. The plain
waved with luxuriant vegetation. It is not surpris-
ing, that the first inhabitants, who viewed it in its
primitive beauty, made it their stopping place, and
laid the foundations of the great city. Thebes, un-
like the cities of the east generally, had no walls. In
the time of its greatness it probably occupied the
whole plain. Reaching out from both banks of the
Nile, it was guarded on all sides by vast deserts, and
still nearer by the continuous line of mountains which
intervened between the plain and the deserts. It had
but little need, therefore, of walls. The hundred
gates of Thebes mentioned by Homer were not gates

284 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

as is commonly supposed, which furnished an en-
trance through city walls, but the gates of palaces
and temples. And the Theban gate, which is thus
commemorated in early poetry, is not a mere portal,
through which a man can scarcely enter, but a great
architectural and historical arch, some fifty or sixty
feet high, which in its proportions, sculptures, and
massive boldness, leaves Greece and Rome behind.

We wrere three days in the plain and mountains of
Western Thebes. I mention what we saw during
these successive days ; — arranging it in the order sug-
gested by the nature of the objects, rather than by
that of the specific day or hour in which they were
seen. I shall give but part,, however, in the present
letter.

We first came to the statue of Memnon ; and we
had opportunity to examine it again on another day.
It stands at the extremity of the plain and at the
foot of the Lybian heights ; sculptured from the solid
rock with a care which preserves grandeur without
violating truth and simplicity. Rising from the base
of the pedestal to the height of sixty feet and with
head and breast and shoulders and hands and feet
all in proportion to the height, it had the appearance,
as it rose up suddenly before us, of some mysterious
and mighty apparition ; — holding as it were the gate
of the mountains and keeping the guardianship of
temples and tombs.

The statue of Memnon is only one among many
which formerly existed here. Another of equal size,
but not of equal celebrity, is standing near ; and
others are at no great distance in mighty fragments,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

285

like fallen giants with their limbs dislocated, lie pros-
trate upon the ground. The Memnon statue is the
one so often alluded to by ancient writers, which
was said to welcome with notes of music the first
bright rays of the rising sun. We had the opportu-
nity of listening to the sounds, which probably gave
rise to this interesting fiction. They are produced
by striking on a hollow portion of the stone in the
lap of the statue, which has the peculiarity of emit-
ting a sharp metallic sound like that of brass when it
is struck. The statue is seated ; and is so large that
the boy who ascended it and went to the furthest
part of the lap for the purpose of producing the
sounds, was entirely out of sight ; so that the statue
itself seemed to have the power of uttering them.

Leaving the statue of Memnon, we next came to
the place called Medeenet Haboo, — the Arabic name
which is given to a portion of the plain of Thebes,
on the western side of the river. Among the ruins
which are found here, are the remains of the great
" temple palace," as it has sometimes been denomina-
ted, of Remeses III. There were other ruins around,
some of them of Roman origin ; but our attention
was particularly directed to this. We were perplexed
at first in forming a satisfactory idea of the plan of
this great work. Our guides furnished us but little
assistance. But we were able, after a time, and
with some little effort, to ascertain as we thought,
the general outlines and position, with the successive
entrances and courts ; and thus, with what still re-
mained of massive walls and splendid columns, to fill
up mentally the original and grand conception.

286 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

This temple, which was the abode of royalty as
well as of the Egyptian gods, may justly be regard-
ed in its objects, the style of its architecture, and its
hieroglyphical sculptures, as one of the great monu-
ments of primitive Egypt. Some of its columns are
more than twenty feet in circumference. The scenes,
deeply sculptured with great skill on the walls, are
chiefly battle scenes. Remeses is represented in one
place as putting to rout his Asiatic enemies, who are
in full armor, but in flight before him ; and in another
as smiting the captives taken in war in the presence
of the god Amunre. War then, as now, when prose-
cuted successfully, constituted glory. There are some
scenes, however, of a more domestic nature. Among
the sculptures, for instance, on the walls of the pri-
vate apartments of this edifice, is a representation of
Remeses seated on an elegant divan, surrounded with
female attendants who wave their fans before him,
and present him with flowers..

In another place he is represented as seated on a
canopied throne, which is borne by twelve Egyptian
princes, and attended by officers, who carry in their
hands the royal insignia and arms.

This temple or " temple-palace " dates back in its
origin to the reign of its builder, Remeses III. This
king began to reign in the year 1235 before the Chris-
tian era ; about three hundred years after the time of
Moses.

There are interesting ruins at the Arab village
called Goorneh or Koorneh, which is nearly opposite
Karnac and not far from the bank of the river ; — es-
pecially the remains of a large and beautiful temple

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 287

older than the one I have mentioned. These remains
are scattered over a large extent of ground and bear
the evidences of mechanical skill, as well as of sublime
conception, which generally characterize the architect-
ural remains found in this region. And not far from
these ruins are other fragmentary remains of a tem-
ple, which dates back to the time of the third Thoth-
mes, the cotemporary of Moses. But I found myself
more interested by the ruins generally but perhaps
incorrectly known as the memnonium, which are found
between Medeenet Haboo and Koorneh.

The temple, which bears this name, was originally
entered through the opening in the vast pyramidal
towers, built of massive stone and covered with sculp-
tures, which still stand as the magnificent front of
the large area or court which first opens behind them.
This court, which is more than two hundred feet in
length, by an hundred and eighty in breadth, was
originally ornamented with a double row of columns
on each side, some fragments of which only remain
now. This large area opens into another court or
area, a little smaller in size, which had lateral corri-
dors of large circular columns. There were also rows
of pillars of a different form at the northern and
southern extremities of this court. The second court
connects itself with a third, an hundred feet in length,
covered with a solid roof, painted of a light blue color
and studded with stars. Forty-eight large columns
of great beauty, originally supported this roof; many
of which are still standing, as also a considerable
number of those in the second court. The twelve
central columns in the third court are thirty-two feet

288 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

in height and twenty-one in circumference. Some of
the columns are prostrate. The remains of pedestals
and statues are strewed around them.

The surfaces of these remarkable ruins are covered
with hieroglyphical and other sculptures. Many of
them seem to be historical in their character. Towns
are taken. Chiefs are led captive with ropes about
their necks. In one place a town, favorably situated
on a rocky eminence, is defended with obstinacy, but
at length overcome. Those, who are able to inter-
pret the hieroglyphical characters, state that the
towns were taken in the fourth year of Remeses II.,
who was styled the Great. He is the same with the
Sesostris of the Greek historians. There are other
sculptures of a different character. Some represent
religious ceremonies. In one place is a procession of
the sons and daughters of this Remeses.

One of the most remarkable things here is the
statue of Remeses Sesostris. It lies near the entrance
of the second court, prostrate and broken. Its
estimated weight is a little less than 900 tons. It is
sculptured from a single block of sienite. The pas-
sing traveller is obliged to rely chiefly upon the state-
ments of others. I will only add, therefore, that those
who have investigated the subject, inform us, that it
was overthrown by the Persian king Cambyses, when
he overran and conquered Egypt, so that it may be
said to have taken a nation's strength to erect it, and
a nation's strength to throw it down. The king in
the Egyptian idea of government, represented the
State ; and the statue which was erected in his honor,
may be said to have embodied the king. And as I

SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

289

stood beside the mighty fragments, and saw the head
severed from the body and the face prostrate and hid-
den in the dust, I seemed to be looking upon a fallen
empire.

A mere transient stranger in the land, — a sojourner
of a few days, — I can of course see but little ; but I
have already seen more than I was prepared for. A
new ray of intelligence has broken in upon the mind.
I can understand now better than I once could, why
Greece, in her desire to obtain knowledge, came to
Egypt. But where Egypt received her high civiliza-
tion, and under what circumstances it was developed,
is still a problem. Of the fact of such civilization,
including both knowledge and art, the numerous
monuments which still remain, leave no doubt. So
far as I could perceive, as I looked upon the standing
or fallen statues and columns, and upon the number-
less beautiful sculptures on the walls, and upon the
paintings still fresh and distinct, they exhibited all
the attributes of just conception and finished execu-
tion, which constitute excellence in art. Of course,
as there were many hands employed, there are differ-
ent degrees of excellence. And it is true also, that
the Egyptian idea of the outward or formal represen-
tation of works of art is different from that of the
Greeks and Romans. But beauty is infinitely varied.
Of all the numberless works of the Creator no two
are entirely alike ; — and the power of genius is seen
in retaining the essence and divinity of the thing,
(that which is its life and character,) under a variety
of forms. The eye of the Egyptian artist is oriental ;
and accustomed to scenery and life which are found
25

290 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

nowhere else, it is filled with the forms of oriental
beauty. And that is not all which is to be said.
What Egypt was, and what she was able to effect, is
not to be estimated by European ideas, nor by the
specimens of Egyptian architecture, which are to be
found from time to time in Europe and America.
She is to be judged not only in connection with her
oriental position, which in part gives a character to
her works ; but in the light of her own intellectual
and moral history, from her own massive ruins, and
on her own soil.

What I have seen of these ruins is only the begin-
ning. I can say nothing further at present. I will
only add, that new forms of life are generated or take
up their abode amidst destruction. I did not see the
moss and the ivy growing upon the wall, as on the
ruins of Italy and England. But these are not the
only signs of change. What were once the palaces
of kings or the temples of heathen deities, have other
inhabitants now. Aroused by the noise of our com-
ing, a lizard thrust his head from a hole in a column.
Countless birds flew around us from the crevices in
the walls. A flock of sheep and goats came in from
the plain, and reposed themselves in the shade of the
towers and of the fallen statue of Remeses. Groups
of Arabs were seated on the massy fragments. The
noise of children echoed through the walls.

While my learned associate, Mr. Thompson, who
added science to taste and industry, took measure-
ments and made notes, I sat down on a broken col-
umn and meditated. It is thus, I said to myself, that
the works of man perish. Among human works there

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 291

seemed to me to be nothing greater than that which I
then witnessed ; but that which is greatest in grand-
eur, is greatest also in desolation. But nature lives,
because the life of God is in it. There is beauty in
the Theban plains. There is grandeur in the Theban
mountains. Truth lives also, because truth can never
be separated from eternity. Love lives, because with-
out love truth ceases to be beautiful, and because
without love to give it life, eternity itself becomes an
infinite wilderness of desolations. Desolation there-
fore, speaks. Its language is, that everything which
is not of truth and love, is false ; — false in position
and false in nature. And everything which is false,
though in its power and pride it may call art and
genius to its aid, only builds its own tomb. Man
learns wisdom in the midst of ruins.

I was aroused from these contemplations, which
the place and the objects could hardly fail to inspire,
by my little donkey girl. She had her own thoughts ;
her own sorrows, cares, and joys. She had begun to
think of her father's humble home ; and gave the sig-
nal for our departure by pointing to the setting sun.

(XXXIII.)

Luxor — Palace of Amunoph Third — Dromos and Sphynxes — Temple
of Carnac — Night scene — Tombs of the kings and queens — Ideas
of the Egyptians on the subject of immortality — Poetry.

THEBES, EASTERN BANK OF THE NILE,
FEB. 25, 1553.

Having thus spent successive days on the western
bank in the examination of various objects of inter-
est, we 'passed the river to the village or town of

292

LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Luxor in eastern Thebes. Luxor, " the place of pal-
aces," as the name means, in allusion probably, to
the ruins which are found in it, is a considerable
town situated on a small .hill, with fertile valleys
around, and pleasant residences and gardens. The
population is mixed, — Arabic, Turkish, Coptic, and
some Europeans. In all the important towms on the
Nile we found resident Italians in greater or less
numbers, who had fled from the oppressions or the
revolutions of their unhappy country ; but in Luxor
and its vicinity there are attractions, which, indepen-
dent of the influence of any such necessity, are likely
to induce the temporary or permanent residence of a
few strangers. It is foreigners, and not the natives
of the country, who bring to light and appreciate,
and explain the Egypt of ancient times. We were
happy in making the acquaintance of a French gen-
tleman, who is employed by the Egyptian govern-
ment in superintending the excavations which are
still in progress here.

On the rising ground and fronting the Nile, which
flows by in unequalled beauty, a row of columns of
great size and finished in the highest style of Egyp-
tian art, indicate the locality of another vast temple.
Here again, carried back in imagination to its historic
date of more than three thousand years, the period
when its foundations were laid, we stopped in silent
admiration of the genius which conceived, and the
power which executed these great works. This tem-
ple, as appears from the inscriptions upon it, was
commenced by Amunoph Third, wrho seems to have
built the original sanctuary and the apartments con-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 293

nected with it ; and was completed by Remeses
Second, who added a large court with its pyramidal
towers, obelisks and statues. If we can rely upon
these statements, they carry us back to nearly four-
teen hundred years before the Christian era. As I
have already said, however, the passing traveller can
only give the statements of others.

It is true that all can see and admire the beauty of
the remarkable inscriptions, which ornament the The-
ban walls ; and which enclose, in the elegance of
their sculptured outlines, the suggestions and truths
of a remote history. Of the multitudes, however,
who thus behold and admire, few only have the pow-
er to understand and interpret their meaning. But
science, as well as curiosity, has trod among these
ruins. Den on, Champollion, and Wilkinson have been
here. And we owe it to the patience of the laborious
antiquarian and the man of science, that we can thus
associate results with historical persons, and skill
with epochs of time.

This temple will be better understood, when the
excavations to which we have already referred as be-
ing in progress, shall have been completed. And yet,
as it now exists, with large portions buried in the
dust, it repays all the interest it excites. Among
other fragments which indicate its ancient splendor,
there still remains, though not without defacements
and injury, a magnificent gateway with its vast and
lofty towers. The sides of these towers are covered
with hieroglyphics. Before this large and imposing
entrance are gigantic statues, which the labors of the
learned antiquarians whom I have mentioned, have
25*

294 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

ascertained to be the statues of Remeses Second, one
of the great men and memorable names of ancient
Egyptian history. But these too, though once sup-
posed to have the power of perpetuating the features
and the honors of a king so illustrious, are defaced
and broken. Here, also, were originally two obelisks,
covered with inscriptions deeply cut in the solid
granite ; — inscriptions which are nearly as distinct
now as when the rock first yielded to the chisel. —
I have looked upon both of them. But one of them
only remains here. The other, removed a few years
since at great labor and expense, adorns the city of
Paris.

From the pylon or great gateway of the temple of
Amunoph and from the obelisks which stood in front
of it, there is a dromos or narrow road, enclosed orig-
inally on each side by a row of colossal sphynxes,
which extended nearly two miles to the great temple
of Carnac. Many of these sphynxes have disappeared
under the changes of three thousand years ;— many
are much injured ; but others still remain, with much
of their original vastness and magnificence.

Of the great temple of Carnac, I feel unwilling to
speak, because I know it would require little short of
a life's labor, instead of a visit of a few days, to esti-
mate it in the details of its origin, of its various and
sublime architecture, and of the historical records
which are concealed under its obscure but countless
symbols. Volumes have already been written ; but
the subject is not exhausted.

Imagine a level expanse, beautiful in its situation,
and a mile and a half in circuit. In the early days of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 295

Egypt and of the human race, as early as the period
when Joseph, the son of Jacob, had authority, the
king of that time erects a small but beautiful sanc-
tuary near the centre of this plain. It still exists, defin-
able and separable, without much difficulty, from all
that is around it ; but it exists in ruins. Its sculp-
tures tell its history. It is the work of Ositarsen First.
Other kings in after times and often at long intervals,
Amunoph First, the Third Thothmes, Osirei, and
Remeses Third, animated by sentiments of religion
or of personal glory, add other courts, temples, corri-
dors, walls, gateways, obelisks, colossal statues, which
entirely fill up the circuit which has been mentioned ;
all having a combined but definite relation to the
little central temple from which they have their origin,
and also to the temple of Luxor on the eastern side
and to the temple of Goornah on the western side of
the Nile. So that temple may be said to look upon
temple; and the numerous objects of worship, which
occupied their sanctuaries, or were sculptured on their
walls, as we recall them in the days of their idola-
trous supremacy, seem to utter voices of mutual recog-
nition and encouragement from one side of the Nile
to the other, and from mountain to mountain.

On all sides of this vast pile of buildings, are gate-
ways with lofty towers, some of them in a state of
remarkable preservation ; so beautiful, so immense,
that human art furnishes no other equally striking ex-
amples. In that part of the temple called the grand
hall, which is more than three hundred feet in length
by an hundred and seventy in breadth, are columns,
twelve feet in diameter and sixty-six feet in height,

296 LETTERS — ESTHETIC,

exclusive of the pedestal. The height of this hall
from the pavement to the top of the roof is stated to
be eighty feet. In all parts of this immense edifice
and on the obelisks which remain, are hieroglyphics
and pictorial representations, which illustrate the cus-
toms and manners of the people, their political his-
tory, and their religion.

We visited these ruins by night as well as by day.
The moon shone brightly. Silence reigned in the
midst of desolation. It was an impressive scene ; —
art and genius struggling against time. In one of
the areas a lofty column stood alone, like the palm-
tree of the desert ; and in its solitude seemed to look
with sorrow upon its fallen brothers, which were bro-
ken at its feet. In another place I looked with amaze-
ment on two of these mighty pillars, which had start-
ed from their foundations apparently at the same
time, and had met and embraced each other in their
fall. There they stand, folded as it were in each
other's arms, struggling together against the footprints
of ruin, yielding a mutual and sympathetic support,
and awaiting in some epoch of coming ages a mutual
destruction.

On leaving these interesting places I must refer
briefly to the tombs. They are in the mountains
on the western side of the Nile ; — in retired places
and difficult of access, amid the stillness of per-
petual solitude, and where nature's surrounding deso-
lation, shapeless, discolored and without verdure, is a
fitting emblem of this great empire of the dead. We
spent among them a large portion of two successive
days. The tombs of the kings and queens, without a

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 297

parallel in any other place or nation, are of immense
size ; — cut from the solid rock. Some of them, con-
sisting of successive chambers, are more than three
hundred feet in length. They are adorned in some
instances with niches and statues, and with columns
of great beauty ; and might well be denominated the
palaces of the dead. Not only the sculptures with
which they are covered, but the paintings also, to a
considerable extent, are exceedingly distinct and fresh
in appearance. In a number of the tombs there still
remain sarcophagi, hewn from granite, and of very
great size. On the lids of the sarcophagi are the
sculptured figures of the monarchs, whose dust they
were destined to contain. One of these figures, well
sculptured and in high relief, is that of Osirei Second.
Many of the sculptures on the walls obviously have
relation to great moral and religious truths. We
could not well doubt from the inscriptions and figures
which we saw, that the Egyptians, though much per-
plexed on the subject, had a dim belief in the immor-
tality of the soul. How could the thoughtful and
inventive minds, which projected and carried into ef-
fect these remarkable works, believe or think other-
wise ? Or what motive could they have had to stim-
ulate them in these great exertions, if they had sup-
posed that the death of the body is the absolute ex-
tinction of existence ? In the farthest chamber of the
tomb of Remeses Seventh, on the wall beyond the
massive sarcophagus which encloses the ashes of the
dead, is sculptured a winged globe, in the centre of
which is a little child ; — intimating that from beyond
the tomb there arises a new and higher existence.

298

LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

The sculptured representations, which are intended
to set forth the examination and trial which the dead
are required to undergo in passing from this life to an-
other, involve the idea of the continuance of being.

If we adopt the supposition, that their own minds
were incapable of originating the doctrine of immor-
tality, we may perhaps account for its existence
among them in another way. To the distinguished
men of the Israelites, Jacob and Joseph and Moses,
and many others who resided in Egypt at different
periods, but whose names are not handed down to us,
this idea was familiar. They learned it from the God
of their fathers. And with such dispositions as they
possessed, they could not fail on favorable occasions
to communicate it to others. From Egypt, which
may be regarded as the first great school of the civil-
ized world, it spread to other nations. Egypt was
the teacher of Greece. Plato, with a mind thirsting
for all knowledge, resided a number of years on the
banks of the Nile ; — pursuing his studies in the re-
nowned schools of Heliopolis. He is said to have vis-
ited Thebes. And a mind like his, which conversed
with men, with history, and with nature, heard also
and understood the voice from the tombs. He had an
eye for the beauties of art ; but knowing that there is
a science above that of the beautiful, he made it his
worthy aim to become acquainted with the moral and
religious ideas of the people ; and while his great and
thoughtful intellect rejected their mythology and the
puerilities of their unworthy worship, it accepted and
defended the fundamental suggestion of an immortal
existence.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 299

Walking among the repositories of the dead, in the
mountains of Thebes, the memorials sometimes of
pride and ambition, and sometimes of domestic affec-
tion and of dim but struggling religious hope, and re-
flecting upon the character of the people with whom
they originated ; so ingenious and meditative, and in
general so pacific in their dispositions towards other
nations, my mind was profoundly affected. Espe-
cially when I saw them groping after the truth but
still sinking into darkness ; — multiplying gods under
the names and forms of Horus, Athor, Anubis, Osiris,
Isis, Pthah, and I know not how many others, and
yet rejecting or not seeing God in his truth and sim-
plicity ; — unable to crush the desire of immortality and
yet not understanding the time, the method, or the
source of its realization ; — demonstrating that the
greatest human wisdom without God to guide it, is
but a light to error and a beacon to destruction, — I
felt grateful, that God, the only source of true guid-
ance, had made himself known to the world, and had
put an end to doubt. Clasping to my bosom that
Bible, which from early life had been my instructor
and my consolation, my joy in prosperity and my
hope in trial, I felt it to be more precious than ever ;
and I recognized anew, in the humble Son of Mary, a
greater teacher than the masters of Roman, Grecian,
or Egyptian wisdom.

Thus the time allotted us has passed. There are
monuments of art and attractions of nature still high-
er up this river of rivers. But they are not for our
eyes ; and Philas with its broken and its standing col-
umns, and the sounding cataracts, and Nubia, not

300 LETTERS JESTHETIC,

unknown to history, cannot be seen by us. The
Rais of our little boat, instructed by the winds, has
given his orders. The sailors, with their rude song
upon their lips, are already seated at their oars.—
Time is the controller of action. Each moment has
its own history, and issues its own commands. I
gave a parting look to the mighty architectural monu-
ments of a buried nation, and saw for the last time
the mountain of tombs.

LINES WRITTEN ON LEAVING THE TEMPLES AND TOMBS
OF THEBES.

The oar is dipping in the waves,

That bear me on their watery wings.

Farewell to Egypt's land of graves !
Farewell, the monuments of kings !

They died j — and chang'd the living throne

For chambers of the mountain stone.

I trod the vast sepulchral halls,

Designed their lifeless dust to keep,

And read upon the chisell'd walls

The emblems of their final sleep ;

•And learned, that when they bow'd to die,

They hoped for immortality.

Dark was the way. They knew not how

That other life would come again,
To rend the flinty mountain's brow,

That overlooks the Theban plain.
But if aright their hearts they read,
The rocks at last would yield their dead.

Oh yes ! The instincts of the heart,

In every land, in every clime,
The great, ennobling truth impart,

That life has empire over time.
Death for eternal life makes room,
And heaven is born upon the tomb.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 301

They saw the end, but not the way,

The life to come, but not the power j
And felt, when call'd in dust to lay,

The doubt and anguish of the hour.
Oh Christ ! By Thee the word is spoken ;
The power is given j the tomb is broken.

(XXXIV.)

Arrival at Osioot — Its situation — Coptic Christians — Mountain of Osi-
oot — Tombs in the mountain — View from the summit — The des-
ert— John of Lycopolis — Extract from Gibbon — Commotions in
Upper Egypt — Affecting death of an Arab girl — Ruins of Abydos
— Poetry. .

OSIOOT, UPPER EGYPT, MARCH 7, 1853.

In coming down the Nile we have reached, after a
passage which has been somewhat delayed by unfa-
vorable winds, the pleasant city of Osioot ; — the resi-
dence at the present time of the governor of the The-
baid or Upper Egypt, and which may be regarded as
its capital. It is situated about two miles from the
river, under the shadow of a lofty mountain of lime-
stone, which guards it from the sands of the Lybian
desert. The nourishing village of El Hamra upon
the bank of the river is its port. There is a large ca-
nal, which conveys the water of the Nile into the city,
and into the fields and gardens around it. Portions
of the grounds within the city and in its immediate
neighborhood are low and are innundated in the an-
nual rise of the Nile ; but a communication is kept
up at all times between the Nile and the city, and be-
tween the city and the plain at the foot of the moun-
tain, by'means of a large dyke, which is well built,
and is richly ornamented with trees. The city is said
26

302 LETTERS-— ESTHETIC

to contain twenty thousand inhabitants, of whom one
thousand are Christians, chiefly Copts.

In this place, and still more in other places, we
have made some inquiries in relation to this Christian
sect. They claim to be the descendants of the old
Egyptians ; and intellectually they seem to possess
much of that power, which gave such an ascendancy
to their ancestors. But deprived of the means of edu-
cation, inheriting a system of forms and ceremonies
which seemed to us in its tendencies, to perplex rather
than to enlighten and encourage the true religious
spirit, and crushed by arbitrary power and the domi-
nant influence of Mohammedanism, their condition is
discouraging, and almost hopeless in their own view,
as it seems to be in the view of others. They an-
swered our inquiries promptly, and appeared to be
grateful for the interest and sympathy we expressed.
Their history, their character, their present prostrate
condition, give them a claim upon the aid, the pray-
ers, and the sympathy of Christians in other lands.

One of the objects of interest at Osioot is the lofty
and picturesque mountain which overhangs it. It is
steep and difficult of ascent, but well repays the labor
of the traveller in the wide and rich prospect which
it presents from its top. In its side are rows of tombs
excavated in the rock, differing much in size and ris-
ing one above another almost to the summit. In the
days of early persecution under the Roman emperors,
they are said to have furnished a place of refuge and
of residence to the Christians of Egypt. We have oc-
cupied a short time in examining a number of them.
In some of them are inscriptions upon the walls, which

SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

303

may yet repay the labors of the Egyptian antiquarian.
Portions of the mummies of human bodies are scat-
tered upon the ground. And repeatedly we saw what
we had seen nowhere else, the mummy of the wolf,
which was once regarded as an object of special ven-
eration and probably of worship in this region. It
was owing to this circumstance, that the Greeks gave
the name of Lycopolis to the city — the city of the
ivolf. Some of the tombs are quite large, and would
be regarded as objects of great interest in other coun-
tries ; but they are so far inferior to the tombs found
in other parts of Egypt, that the traveller looks upon
them for a few moments and then passes on.

With some difficulty we reached the summit of the
mountain. A little below it, as we were clambering
along among the rocks, two eagles, disturbed by the
unusual sound of human footsteps, suddenly flew out
of one of the smaller excavations. The summit of
the mountain, which we judged to be some five or six
hundred feet high, presents an enchanting prospect of
very great extent. It is true, it does not differ much in
its general features, from what we had witnessed in
some other places ; but it is richly varied and heighten-
ed in particular elements of beauty; the rich Nile
flowing for many miles in its magnificence, — the bloom-
ing gardens in the city and in its environs, — the fields,
as far as the eye can reach, green with perpetual veg-
etation and traversed everywhere by flocks and herds,
— the mountains which enclose the plain on every side
with their lofty white walls, — the clear blue sky rest-
ing upon them ; and on the side of the city the straight
tall minarets, and the outlines of the city itself, mel-

304 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

lowed and beautiful in the distance, without any-
thing seen or experienced from the crowded bazaars
and narrow and circuitous streets, which might other-
wise detract from the favorable impression. Repeat-
edly had we witnessed such scenes in Egypt. My
experience has not been very wide, and therefore it
might be more proper for others to make comparisons.
I can only say, I have seen nothing which exceeds
these wonderful panoramas in other countries, except
perhaps the unexampled view from Richmond Hill
in England, which has equal extent with increased
elements of interest.

Turning from the valley of the Nile, we looked in
the other direction upon the desert. The contrast was
as great as imagination could well conceive. But
the desert also has its power over the human mind.
If it is not beautiful, it is not without sublimity.
Stretching in every direction, like an illimitable sea,
it produces an impression, profound, grand, sublime.
Does philosophy undertake to explain it ? The thing
itself is both its cause, and its explanation. How is
it possible for vastness to be without sublimity ?
Magnitude of the thing, even if it be the magnitude
of desolation, gives magnitude to the thought and
feeling. There must be something ultimate. The
vast power of such a scene is, and must be inherent
in it, by its own nature. True philosophy describes,
when it has no further power to analyze. The des-
ert, therefore, utters its own voice ; is sublime, if we
may so express it, by its own declaration, because it
is sublime in itself.

We saw the remains of ancient buildings on the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 305

top of this mountain. It was in this place, a spot pecu-
liarly favorable to retirement and meditation, that we
are to look for the residence of the celebrated eremite,
John of Lycopolis. Shut out from the world by a
voluntary and almost inaccessible seclusion, he may be
said to have looked down upon it ; and the suggestions
of so grand a scene could hardly fail to have aided that
communion with God, which was favored by retire-
ment. This remarkable man spent a great portion
of his time in private worship ; and such was the
prevalent opinion of his sanctity and of his intimacy
with the Divine Mind, that people came to him from
a great distance, and even kings sent to him, to learn
his opinion on the. great matters of morals, religion
and providence. It is to this man, whom some peo-
ple will call superstitious and others will describe as
devout, but whose personal history is involved in so
much obscurity and is perhaps so much exaggerated
by fiction, that all judgments upon it are liable to
more or less of error, that the historian Gibbon refers
in a passage which may properly be quoted here.
Speaking of the emperor Theodosius, he says :

" Before he performed any decisive resolution, the
pious emperor was anxious to discover the will of
heaven ; and as the progress of Christianity had si-
lenced the oracles of Delphi and Dodona, he consul-
ted an Egyptian monk, who possessed, in the opinion
of the age, the gift of miracles and the knowledge of
futurity. Eutropius, one of the favorite eunuchs of
the palace of Constantinople, embarked for Alexan-
dria ; from whence he sailed up the Nile as far as the
city of Lycopolis or of Wolves, in the remote province
26*

306 LETTERS — .ESTHETIC,

of Thebaid. In the neighborhood of the city, and oil
the summit of a lofty mountain, the holy John had
constructed with his own hand a humble cell, in
which he had dwelt about forty years, without open-
ing his door, without seeing the face of a woman,
and without tasting any food that had been prepared
by human art. Five days of the week he spent in
prayer and meditation ; but on Saturdays and Sun-
days he regularly opened a small window, and gave
audience to the crowd of suppliants, who successively
flowed from every part of the Christian world. The
eunuch of Theodosius approached the window with
respectful steps, proposed his questions concerning
the event of the civil war, and soon returned with a
favorable oracle, which animated the courage of the
emperor, by the assurance of an infallible victory. "

At the very hour in which I am writing this letter,
there is great commotion in Upper Egypt ; probably
greater than has existed for a considerable period. It
is not, however, so much the commotion of political
excitement and rebellion, as the general outbreaking
of individual and domestic sorrow. This unhappy
state of things, of which it would have been difficult
for me to conceive if I had not witnessed it, origi-
nates from the recent order of the Pasha of Egypt for
a new and universal levy of troops. The shekhs or
subordinate governors of the small districts, who ex-
ercise authority under the Pasha and are dependent
upon him, are required to enforce this military man-
date ; so that it is now taking effect in selecting and
enforcing its victims in all the towns and villages.
I refer to this subject in part, because it throws light
upon the domestic habits of this people.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 307

When we were at Thebes, as we went into the
western mountains to visit the tombs of the kings, it
was painful to see in repeated instances tombs and
caverns and difficult places on the heights, occupied
by large companies who had fled from the conscrip-
tion. They preferred a military execution or starva-
tion among the rocks in sight of their own homes, to
an exile, — which would be the result of their falling
under the levy, — of five and perhaps seven years, in
Cairo and Alexandria, or on the borders of Syria. At
every town where we stopped in coming down the
Nile to this place, we heard the agitation and outcry
of this universal sorrow. It is the same here.

As we came down from the mountain of Osioot,
and were passing along the raised dyke which con-
nects the region of the mountain with the city, my
attention was called to a sorrowful group of people.
A guard of soldiers was conducting a young conscript
to the city barracks. He was bound with cords ; and
closely followed by a blind old man, who was attend-
ed by two women, one on each side of him, whom I
supposed to be his daughters. The faces of the wo-
men were soiled with dust. Dust was scattered upon
their heads, and they uttered often a loud wailing cry.
Advancing a little further, we found that there was a
great number of conscripts in the city, who had been
brought in from the neighboring villages. They were
collected at the different military depots, which were
surrounded with large numbers of their relatives, who
gave expression to their deep grief in the oriental
manner. I am not aware that any adequate expla-
nation can be given of this general opposition to the

308 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

levy on the part of the remote population, except
their strong attachment to their families and homes.
I could mention a number of additional facts in sup-
port of this view ; but I will give only one, which has
left upon my mind a painful sorrow.

On our return from a visit to the ruins of Abydos,
where we had witnessed some remarkable remains of
Egyptian art, and as we were passing over the beau-
tiful plain which connects Abydos with the city of
Girgeh, we met a number of men carrying a dead
body on a rude bier. They appeared very sad, as
they stood silently on the side of the road, while we
were passing by. And as we had seen nothing of
this kind before, — -a lifeless body carried to its place,
with mourners but apparently without any relatives
present, — we took the liberty to make some inquiries.
We learned from them, that it was the corpse of a
young woman who had been killed but a little while
before ; and that they were carrying the body to the
place where she had lived. Her brother had been
taken as a conscript and forced from his home. The
sister whose affections had been united and nurtured
with his in their solitary residence, followed him with
her lamentations, till the officer, under whose author-
ity he was taken, exasperated by her uncontrollable
grief, drew his pistol and shot her dead. The lifeless
body was before us ; and such was the story of her
death, as I gathered it through our interpreter.

In a moment all the beauties of nature around me,
which had filled my heart to overflowing, were cov-
ered with a cloud. Thought, imagination, conscious-
ness, seemed to be absorbed in this painful event. I

SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

309

heard her lamentations ; I saw her life-blood flowing.
I followed the corpse to the old father's home. He
was an old man unknown to me. I never entered his
hut. I never saw his gray hairs. But still the sym-
pathy of a common nature placed him before me.
Imagination saw him in his sorrow. He stood bend-
ing over his staff. The corpse was brought to his
door. He saw its blood-stained features ; and the deep
cry which he uttered went forth upon the winds. It
was the shrill, hopeless cry of a broken heart.

There is but one consolation in such sad events.
They are solemn protests against error and crime, —
not the protests of calculation and of argument, but
the higher and juster protests of the unconquerable in-
stincts of the heart and of life itself. In the early
times of the Roman republic, the blood of woman,
in more instances than one, consecrated rights and
truths ; and history has done her justice. And the
sacred blood of this poor Arab daughter and sister,
(shed, if I may so express it, because her full beating
heart could no longer hold it,) the blood of this un-
taught but true-hearted child of the desert, has conse-
crated and ennobled the great truth, that affections
are the life of the soul ; and that man cannot under-
stand the principles and worth of his existence till
strife shall cease, and he shall " love his neighbor as
himself. "

I have referred in the course of this letter to our
excursion to Abydos, which lays back at some dis-
tance from the river and about ten miles from the
city of Girgeh. We were there on the 2nd of March.
There is an Arab village not far distant ; but the site

310 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

of the ancient city, which among the cities of the
Thebaid is said to have been second only to Thebes
itself, is buried deep in recent accumulations of sand,
so that in walking over it we ascended a considerable
distance and easily placed our feet on the sculptured
roofs of the splendid temples, which were once its or-
naments. With no small difficulty we descended into
them, and admired anew beautifully colored sculp-
tures and columns of nearly three thousand years' an-
tiquity, as perfect as if but yesterday from the hands
of the architect.

We are once more starting for the Pyramids and
Cairo. We hope to be able to stop a few hours at
the celebrated tombs of Beni Hassan, some of which
were excavated in the time of Joseph, and which are
represented as being covered with well executed paint-
ings, illustrative of Egyptian manners of that early
period. It is there that Doric columns are found;
differing but little from those of the Greek ; and sculp-
tured and erected in these distant regions, before the
Doric name was known. But strange is the power
of saddened associations. The poor Arab girl is still
before me. The monuments of Egypt cannot drive
her from my mind. And I will close my letter with
a stranger's humble tribute to her sad but noble
memory.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 311

LINES COMMEMORATIVE OF AN ARAB GIRL SLAIN NEAR GIRGEH,

IN CONSEQUENCE OF HER INCONTROLLABLE AFFECTION

FOR HER BROTHER.

Beneath the palm tree's lonely shade

His flock the wandering shepherd leads.

'Twas there in early life they played
Around their lowly hut of reeds.

Oh how she loved him ! On the plain,

That stretches from the mountain rock,

'Twas theirs to watch the waving grain,
Or guard the lootsteps of the flock.

He was her brother. But the hour

Which tore him hence, has hastened on.

Taught by affection's mighty power,

She felt, that bliss and hope were gone.

Frantic, she could not let him go.

The arms were clasped which would not part.
Oh, blame her not ! Thou dost not know

The pangs, which rent that sister's heart.

But what against tyrannic wrong

Are woman's griefs and feeble cry ?
But woman too is sometimes strong,

The Arab girl had strength to die.

Too weak to break her brother's chain,
But strong in love, she bled and fell.

Child of the desert ! Not in vain

Thy lips breathed out that sad farewell.

Oh no ! Thy blood has made it true,

That despots cannot break or bind,
Though they may pierce the body through,

The, loves and memories of the mind.

312 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

' (XXXV.)

Tombs of Beni Hassan— Columns and inscriptions — Arrival at Ghezeh
— Excursion from Ghezeh to the pyramids — Size of the great pyra-
mid— Impressions left upon the mind--The colossal Sphynx —
Memphis— Return to Ghezeh — Cross the Nile at the isle of Rhoda
— Reach Cairo.

EGYPT, PYRAMIDS OF GHEZEH, MARCH 17, 1853.

We realized the anticipated pleasure, to which I al-
luded in my last letter, in stopping at the tombs of
Beni Hassan ; — eighty miles below Osioot where I
last wrote. These tombs are interesting on account
of their antiquity ; — it being conceded, I believe, by
those who profess to be learned in early Egyptian
history, that some of them were excavated in the time
of Ositarsen First. I have already had occasion to
intimate, that it was in the reign of this king that
Joseph and his brethren came into Egypt.

On entering the tombs of Beni Hassan, which are
found at a little distance from the Nile on the side of
a high hill which overlooks the ruins of an Arab vil-
lage, we noticed the deep square pits, which we had
seen in other places. They are not found, however,
in all the Egyptian tombs. They are cut with great
exactness and care in the rock, without any fixed rela-
tive position, but often near the centre of the great
sepulchral chambers ; about six feet square, and va-
rying in depth from twenty to forty feet. The bodies
of dead persons, — probably those not entitled to the
highest degrees of honor, — were deposited in them.

The sepulchral chambers in this place are not so
large as those of the kings and queens in the moun-
tains of Thebes ; but it can hardly be said, I think,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 313

that they are inferior in architectural beauty. Cer-
tainly the proportions of the rooms and the beauty of
the columns with which they are ornamented, indicate
artistic conceptions, which could hardly be expected
in the very early age which is assigned to them. The
shafts of some of the columns are fluted polygons of
sixteen sides, differing in style from any we had no-
ticed elsewhere ; and from the similarity which they
bear to columns of later date in other countries, it
may well be supposed, that the architects of Egypt,
whose elaborate works could not exist without being
widely known, furnished suggestions, which had their
influence in the progress and perfection of Grecian
art.

The tombs of Beni Hassan are especially remarka-
ble for the character of their sculptures and paintings,
which are occupied almost exclusively with domestic
scenes, and with the scenes and arts of common life.
Mingled with representations of dancing and hunting,
are other representations of men employed in agricul-
tural pursuits, in manufactures, and in various other
ways ; such as watering flax, manufacturing cloth from
flax, fishing with nets, making bread, feeding cattle,
playing games of ball, making pottery, blowing glass,
taking inventories of goods, inflicting the punishment
of the bastinado, and performing various active and
athletic feats. There is a difference in the execution ;
but some of the paintings, estimated on any just prin-
ciples which are known to the art, must be regarded
as admirable. Some of the figures are in perspective,
and are executed with skill in that respect as well as
in others.

27

314 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

In wandering a few months ago through the exca-
vations of Herculaneum and Pompeii, I felt, as I trod
the very dwellings they had inhabited, that I knew,
from what I saw around me, much more than I could
learn elsewhere, of the domestic occupations, habits
and life of the people. They were records which
could not be mistaken. And the sculptures and paint-
ings in the tombs of Beni Hassan, have left a similar
conviction in respect to ancient Egypt. Dead in fact,
and dead in the ordinary forms of history, it may still
be said of Egypt, — what can hardly be said of any
other nation, — that she still lives in her own burying
place.

We are now amid different scenes. In seven days
from Beni Hassan and nineteen from Thebes, a voy-
age down the Nile of unusual length, we have at last
reached the pleasant town of Ghezeh, directly oppo-
site the town of Old Cairo and the enchanting island
of Rhoda. From Ghezeh to the celebrated pyramids
of Memphis, the ancient capital of Egypt, but which
are now generally described as the pyramids of Ghe-
zeh, is a distance of six miles. When the country is
overflowed by the Nile, the route is circuitous and is
longer.

The excursion from Ghezeh to the pyramids is a
pleasant one. Skirting the town of Ghezeh and on
the edge of its wide and fertile plain, is an immense
forest of palm-trees, regularly set out and all of them
of great height. Standing erect, and destitute of
branches, excepting the long feathery limbs which fan
the air at their top, they have the appearance of tall
and majestic columns. The limbs at the top, reaching

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 315

out towards each other, form a roof overhead, exclud-
ing the light and heat of the sun, and inviting the foot
of the traveller to its shade. We passed through the
edge of this forest. On leaving it, we proceeded over
a plain of great fertility and high cultivation, which
bore marks of being overflowed in the inundations of
the Nile. It is the lower portion of the old plain of
Memphis. The city of Memphis, of which scarcely a
ruin now remains, was situated a little higher up the
river. In two hours we reached the base of the great
pyramid.

This pyramid, which has in its immediate vicinity
a number of others of smaller dimensions, is four
hundred and fifty feet in height ; with a square base
of seven hundred and forty-six feet on each side ; and
is said to cover twelve acres of ground. According
to the statements of ancient historians, it was twenty
years in building and required the labor of three hun-
dred and sixty thousand men. On the summit is a
level space of about thirty feet square. Mr. Thomp-
son was the only one of our party who felt able to as-
"cend to the top. He represented the view which was
presented from the summit as exceedingly extensive
and beautiful.

A thousand questions arise on looking at this great
work. Where were these immense stones cut ? By
what means were they transported to this place ? By
what skill and appliances of machinery were they
raised to their position? What was the object of the
mysterious chambers in its interior ? Who was buried
in the sarcophagus ? The mind is bewildered in con-
jectures ; but the pyramid itself is a reality, which

316 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

sets conjecture and scepticism at defiance, as it defies
time, tempests, and the Lybian sands.

It is dfficult to exaggerate the impression, which
this enormous pile of stone makes upon the mind,
when it is seen for the first time. But while the emo-
tion is powerful beyond what is experienced in other
places, perhaps in view of any other mere work of
man, it looks so much like another useless and heaven-
defying tower of Babel, the monument of mere hu-
man pride and ambition, that the feeling of humilia-
ting sadness is hardly less strong than that of admira-
tion. Nor will the friend of humanity and of human
rights forget, that these pyramids stand the perpetual
memorial of what political tyranny, grasping at power
and trampling on rights, has done in past ages, and
will continue to do, so long as it exists, in all ages to
come. If there were no historic testimony to that
effect, if the Cheops of Herodotus, who is said to
have been the builder of the great pyramid, were not
historically commemorated as a tyrant by the father
of history, we must necessarily have come to the con-
clusion from the work itself, that it was built at the
price of the most unjust exactions, and had its foun-
dations laid in blood.

At a little distance from the great pyramid is the
colossal sphynx, which no traveller willingly leaves
Egypt without seeing. Its enormous body is partially
buried in the sand ; but its head and majestic features
are still erect and lofty. The sphynx, which, in its
design, is a mystical emblem of the combination of
intelligence and power, is a sculptured human form
in its upper parts, attached to the recumbent body of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 317

a lion. The body is a little less than a hundred and
fifty feet in length. The fore-legs and paws of the
lion-shaped body extend to the distance of fifty feet.
Such is the statement of its measurements made by
travellers, who had leisure and opportunity to exam-
ine it carefully. The human breast and head, which
lift themselves upward out of the immense sculpture
which constitutes the leonine base, is more than sixty
feet in height. The circumference of the head around
the full, projecting forehead, is a' hundred feet; all
cut, with the exception of one or two small portions,
from one solid rock.

No object in Egypt, among the multitude of its
objects of interest, fixed my attention more deeply
than this. So vast and so fall of life, it had to me
the appearance of some mighty existence, lifting it'
self 'by its own power from the deep bosom of the
earth. Its features are worn and mutilated by time ;
but it requires no great effort of the imagination, aid-
ed by the mysterious power of what still remains, to
call them back and to restore something of the origi-
nal completeness of the mighty image. Its lips, di-
minished by the attrition of the sand and wind, were
once full ; and breathed their appropriate expression
of wisdom and beneficence. Its calm, majestic eye,
full of intelligence, but, in being robbed of something
of its original power, apparently drooping with sor-
row, looks out upon the wide level plain, the reposi-
tory of unknown ruins, and seems to seek the men
and monuments of other days. That benign but lof-
ty look has watched the march of generations and
nations. It saw the rising beauty of Memphis, and
27*

318 LETTERS— ESTHETIC,

delighted in its matured and mighty magnificence*
It looks at the present hour, as if it still anxiously
sought that image of beauty and greatness. It seeks
it in vain. No wall", no tower, no palace, scarcely a
broken column, is visible. It hears the sound of the
camel's tinkling bell ; it beholds the flock of the shep-
herd on the plain ; but the queen of cities has depar-
ted ; — Memphis is no more.

Returning to Ghezeh on our way* to the city of
Cairo, which we reached the same day, we crossed
the Nile to the pleasant and flourishing town of Old
Cairo, — passing the southern extremity of the isle of
Rhoda. The harbor of Old Cairo, which was crowd-
ed with the boats of the Nile, is formed in part by
this island. It was here, according to the traditions
of the country, near the southern end of this match-
less island of flowers, that the infant Moses was con-
cealed in the thick bulrushes on the banks of the Nile.
It was here, that the daughter of Pharaoh, whose
name, according to Josephus, was Thermutis, found
him. It was in this region, at least, and perhaps in
the schools and palaces of Heliopolis and Memphis,
now buried in the dust, that he was nurtured, under
the care of a protecting providence, for his high and
mysterious destiny.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 319

(XXXVI.)

Cairo — Excursion to Heliopolis — Name and scriptural allusions — Obe-
lisks— Tradition of Joseph and Mary — Garden of Shoobra — Ni-
lometer — Island of Rhoda — Religious ceremonies of the Dervishes
— Slave market — Citadel of Cairo — Tomb of Mohammed Ali —
Divisions of the modern city — Condition and prospects.

EGYPT, CITY OF CAIRO, MARCH 26, 1853.

We are now once more in Cairo, which we reached
on the seventeenth. We have been detained in mak-
ing preparations for the journey of the long desert
and Mount Sinai. In my former letter from Cairo,
I intimated that I might write again on our return
here from Thebes. We have been kept here longer
than we expected, but this detention has furnished
us with a better opportunity than we might otherwise
have had, of visiting the city, and the interesting lo-
calities in its immediate vicinity.

In making excursions for this purpose we have met
with no difficulty ; but on the contrary, every reason-
able facility has been afforded. The hauteur and dis-
tance which were formerly ascribed to the Turks, seem
to have passed away. If this is not entirely the case,
it certainly is so in a considerable degree. I ascribe
this very much to their increased acquaintance and
association with Europeans.

Among other excursions in the neighborhood of
Cairo, we have visited the site rather than the ruins
of the ancient Heliopolis, which was situated about
six miles distant from the modern capital of Egypt.
It was a city comparatively small in size, but of great
celebrity, both on account of the Temple of the Sun,

320 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

from which the city took its name, and also on ac-
count of its schools of astronomy and philosophy. It
was here, as I have had occasion to remark in a for-
mer letter, that Plato resided and studied ; and when
in the reign of Augustus Caesar the city was visited
by Strabo, the geographer, a house was pointed out
to him, in which the Greek philosopher was said to
have lived. It was in Heliopolis, also, that Herodo-
tus, who has been styled with no inconsiderable rea-
son the father of history, spent a portion of his time
when he visited these regions ; and here, in conversa-
tion with the priests and other learned men, he ac-
quired much of that knowledge which enabled him
to write the affairs of Egypt. And it seems to me no
unreasonable supposition, that Moses, at a still ear-
lier period, who was " learned in all the wisdom of
the Egyptians" and whose writings, independent of
what may be said of their inspiration, place him at
the head of learned men in the attributes of know-
ledge, eloquence and moral insight, studied in the
same schools ; and was the associate in place, if not
in time, with the philosophers and learned men of
Greece.

The ancient hieroglyphical name of this city,
given in reference to its temple and the form of
worship kept up in it, was Ei-Re, which means the
house of the sun. The Hebrew name applied to it in
the prophet Jeremiah, is Beth-Shemesh, which has
the same meaning. It is hardly necessary to add,
that the Greek name of Heliopolis, by which it is
commonly known at the present time, among Euro-
peans, is similar in its import. In Ezekiel, in the pro-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

321

phetic announcement of the various desolations which
were to take place in Egypt, it is called by a rhetori-
cal license of which we have other instances in the
Bible, Aven, or the city of falsehood or vanity, in al-
lusion probably to the false worship established in it.
In the opinion of many Biblical critics it was the
daughter of a priest of Heliopolis, who was married
by Joseph in the time of his great power and influ-
ence in Egypt. The hieroglyphical inscriptions which
have been found there, show that the city existed in
his time.

I think the excursion to the site of this ancient and
renowned city, one of the most pleasant which can
be taken from Cairo. It was a bright, cheerful day
when we went there, which was not rendered oppres-
sive, as was sometimes the case, by the heat of the
sun ; and the multiplied objects which presented them-
selves to notice, harmonized in one great panorama of
beauty. In approaching the place on which the city
was built, we passed a large level plain, and I ob-
served numerous camels and horses upon it, and that
it was occupied by a multitude of tents, which made
a picturesque appearance. They were the tents of
Mohammedans, who were assembling in great num-
bers from various places on the Nile, preparatory to
a pilgrimage to Mecca. Reaching the site of the city,
we did not find, nor did we expect to find, many ruins.
The natural effects of time, the inundations of the
Nile, and the ravages of conquering armies, have ac-
complished their work of destruction here, as they
have done at Memphis and other places. And there
are now but few ruins remaining. We saw, however,

322 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

a number of very large blocks of hewn stone, covered
with sculptures which belonged to some ancient
Egyptian building ; — also mutilated sphynxes.

From the position of these ancient remains, partly
covered in the earth, and with mounds of earth around
them in some places, it was natural to suppose that
other and more extensive ruins still exist under the
ground, and may hereafter be discovered.

The site of the temple of the sun, which is particu-
larly mentioned by Strabo, was easily indicated to us
in the midst of the trees and blooming shrubbery
which now cover it, by the lofty obelisk which still
stands. The earth had collected around this obelisk
at its base to the depth of five feet above its pedes-
tal ; but had been partially removed so as to bring
the pedestal in sight. The height of the column, ex-
clusive of the pedestal is sixty-eight feet ; but it does
not differ in its general form, and in the great number
of its sculptures, and in the skill displayed in them,
from other works of this kind which we have seen.
It is, perhaps, proper to add as indicating something
of the primitive splendor of Heliopolis, that there
were originally four obelisks here. One of them is
said to have been destroyed by the Arabs ; but at
what time, and under what circumstances, I am una-
ble to state. Two were carried to Rome by Augus-
tus Csesar after the battle of Actium. One of them I
mentioned in my letter from Rome, as particularly at-
tracting my attention, as we entered the great square
in the neighborhood of the Porta del Popolo. The
other remains here, where it stood more than three
thousand years ago, — a magnificent but solitary monu-
ment of a ruined city and a departed civilization.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 323

It is said among the traditions of the country, that
this city was visited by Joseph and Mary with the in-
fant Saviour, when driven into Egypt from Judea by
the persecutions of Herod. I am aware that there is
much difference of opinion in relation to the value
which is to be attributed to traditions. I do not attri-
bute any inordinate worth to them. And still it will
always remain true, that the history of traditions is a
part of the history of the human race ; and that they
furnish suggestions and open up trains of thought,
which sometimes throw light upon history, and still
more frequently upon the varieties of men's ideas
and affections.

But here in this singular land, the present and the
past, the living and the dead, all epochs of time, and
all varieties of civilization, seem to be mingled to-
gether. In one of the excursions in the neighborhood
of Cairo, desirous of seeing the Egypt of the present
as well as of the past, we visited the palace and gar-
dens of Shoobra. They are four miles from the city
in a northern direction. The ride for a great part of
the distance is over a wide avenue, raised a number
of feet above the verdant plains and gardens around
it, and protected by its greater elevation against the
overflowings of the Nile. In its whole length it is
lined on both sides with very large acacias, which bend
over so as almost to embrace and intertwine each
other with their magnificent canopy of shade. It was
filled with multitudes of people going in different di-
rections, and with caravans of loaded camels. At its
termination is the garden of Shoobra. Laid out, per-
haps, with too much regularity, but still rich in the

324 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

beauties of art and nature, this celebrated garden has
its palace and fountains as well as its shrubbery and
flowers. The birds have found out the beauty of its
cool retreat. So numerous do they nestle in its thick
green shades, that every branch and flower seems to
utter its song. Near its centre is a large marble foun-
tain, surrounded with a covered corridor, at the four
corners of which are rooms richly fitted up with di-
vans in the Turkish manner. The stranger, satiated
with the beauties of nature, is invited to repose him-
self here, if he chooses. And yet with a greater ex-
pense of the labors of art, the garden of Shoobra had
less attraction for me, than the quiet and varied beau-
ty of the gardens of the Island of Rhoda.

It was a matter of course that we should visit the
Nilometer. It is opposite Old Cairo, in the Island of
Rhoda. We passed in a boat the branch of the Nile
which separates the town from the island. Built by
one of the Caliphs in the beginning of the ninth cen-
tury, it once had its dome and its historic inscriptions.
The most that is seen now is a large and well-built
square chamber, which connects with the waters of
the Nile. It has a graduated pillar in its centre, by
means of which, at the time of its annual inundation,
the rise of the Nile is ascertained. A proclamation
of the exact advance of the river, as ascertained in
this way, is made every morning by public criers,
appointed for different parts of the city.

The Island of Rhoda is little more than a mile in
length. Not far distant from the Nilometer, and at
the southern end of the Island, is the palace of Ibra-
ham Pasha. Our little party were readily admitted

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 325

into this palace, and shown through its richly fur-
nished apartments. The southern side of the palace
rests upon piles of solid masonry, which form a bul-
wark against the strong currents of the Nile. We
wandered through the delightful gardens connected
with the palace, to which I have' already referred as
being more attractive in some respects than the gar-
den of Shoobra.

I hardly know by what impulse of the heart it was
that the same excursion which carried us to the flower
garden and the palace of the Island of Rhoda, found
us also in the large circular hall at Old Cairo, in which
are celebrated the mysterious ceremonies of one of
the sects of the Mohammedan Dervishes. Entering
this building under the direction of our guide, we
took a seat on the mats and cushions placed around
its interior. On the wall were hung the badges of
the society, and implements of war. On the side op-
posite to us a circle occupying about a third of the
space, was formed of cushions and rich skins spread
upon the stony floor. Soon after we had taken our
seats, the Dervish, who presided at the ceremonies on
this occasion, entered this circle, and seated himself
at the place where it touched the wall. He seemed
to be a man of about forty years of age ; with a form
erect and symmetrical, a countenance open and intelli-
gent, an eye large and dark. As the other members
of the company came in, those who seemed to be the
more important members, were received by him with
a kindness and politeness which showed that he was
not ignorant of the forms of polished society. This
man, whose manners and physical completeness, indi-
28

326 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

cated a mind above the common rank, attracted my
attention much. There was a hidden language in his
intelligent countenance, in general carefully repressed,
but which at times seemed to say, " my nature does
not correspond to my situation. It is a hard or a sad
necessity, that of sincerity building upon error, which
has placed me here."

The members of the society were at first seated.
For a time they seemed to be occupied in serious
meditation. Then they arose. Sounds of rude music
were heard. Standing in a circle, they began their
singular ceremony, which they regard as a special act
of religion, with a slight but regular motion of the
head. The bowing of the head soon became more
rapid, and with a deeper inclination. Then came ex-
clamations and deep groanings. This went on pro-
gressively, till the regular and prescribed motion of
the company was broken in upon by the unrestrained
motion and contortions of individuals. The rapidity
of the motion, continued in this way for a long time,
caused a rush of blood to the head. They lost all
control of themselves, and a number of them fell upon
the floor in convulsions. One of them fell at my feet,
and as I saw him thus, deprived of consciousness,
and his body writhing convulsively, I felt that super-
stition, in whatever country and under whatever name,
is dishonorable to God, and a hard and cruel burden
to man.

At another time we witnessed another painful scene,
— that of the slave-market at Cairo. We had pre-
viously visited the slave-market in Alexandria, and
whatever opinions may have been entertained or ex-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 327

pressed to the contrary, we saw enough to convince
us that in Egypt the traffic in slaves continues in
much of its original vigor. The greater number of
the slaves whom we saw, were boys and girls from ten
to fifteen years of age, brought from Nubia, and other
countries on the upper parts of the Nile. Sad in
countenance, and half naked as they were, they flocked
around us with some appearance of animation and
zeal, as if desirous or hoping to be purchased. Their
conduct seemed to indicate on their part a conviction,
the origin of which they might perhaps have been
unable to explain, that their misery could not well
be increased, and might be alleviated by some such
change.

Among the objects especially worthy of being visi-
ted in Cairo, is the Citadel, a lofty, fortified rock in
the south part of the city, overlooking the city in its
whole extent, and furnishing a view of the valley of
the Nile, and of its towns and villages for many miles
southward, and north as far as the head of the Delta.
It seemed to us, as we stood upon this elevated po-
sition, wonderful in itself, and memorable in its his-
tory, with the Nile before us and mountains behind,
with an hundred minarets at our feet, and the vast
pyramids full in sight, that no other spot in this vi-
cinity opened such an impressive view. One of the
remarkable curiosities within the limits of the citadel,
is the celebrated well of Joseph, excavated in the solid
rock to the depth of two hundred and sixty feet, with
a winding staircase leading to the bottom. Day and
night strong oxen are turning the wheel of this deep
excavation, and pouring out the water from its inex-

328 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

haustible fountain. This well, the history of which
has been the subject of much discussion, is generally
conceded to be one of the works of the ancient
Egyptians, but at what period it was made, is not
known.

Within the limits of the citadel is one of the nu-
merous palaces of the Pasha of Egypt, and also the
new mosque commenced by the late Mohammed AIL
This structure, enriched on every side with oriental
alabaster, is one of great size and beauty, though still
unfinished. Within its walls is the tomb of Moham-
med Ali, whose ashes have found a resting-place here ;
one of those men who leave their mark in the annals
of ages, by seizing power at any hazard and expense
of benevolence and of right ; and then by employing
it with almost the same energy, and the same disre-
gard of right, for what they choose to consider as the
general good. These men are the Caesars and Na-
poleons of history, renowned but problematical charac-
ters, who forget that success cannot justify crime, and
that a man of a true spirit, and most of all a man of
a truly conscientious and religious spirit, rejects and
abhors all favors and all goods, which are offered Mm
as the tyrant's compensation for the loss of a just and
honorable liberty.

There are two Egypts — the Egypt of the past and
the Egypt of the present. The Egypt of the past is
a mighty wreck, and her mutilated limbs are scattered
all along the banks of the Nile, from the Delta to the
mountains of Nubia. And the traveller seeks a know-
ledge of her greatness at Thebes, at Denderah, and at
Beni Hassan, rather than at Cairo. The modern Egypt

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 329

lives in the modern city. Its representative and its life
is Cairo. The stranger who visits it, is soon satisfied.
He passes through the narrow and crowded streets,
amid the agitations of passion and the urgencies of
business. He sees different and unknown races of men,
coming from distant regions, and variant in costume
and manners. He hears languages which he does not
understand. The community of the intellect, and es-
pecially of the heart which needs language for its ex-
pression, is obstructed and weakened. And in the
midst of a multitude he often feels himself to be in
the solitude of the desert.

The city of Cairo is divided into different Quarters,
as they are termed, which have their separate enclo-
sures and regulations. Having seen the mechanic
trades and the shops in these Quarters — the Jew's
Quarter, the Copt Quarter, the Armenian Quarter,
the Frank Quarter, and having visited the public
gardens and the citadel, and a few ancient and rich
mosques, which have their painful associations for
the Christian, the traveller finds but little either to
gratify or excite his curiosity. There are gatherings
of the populace around jugglers and mountebanks;
but there are no places of public resort, which are
suited to the wants of a serious and intelligent man.
Mind is not the growth of Cairo. The large public
libraries which are found in the cities of Europe and
America, many of which are easily accessible, are un-
known here. There are no reading rooms worthy of
the name, no public lectures, no places and assemblies
where great questions of a political, moral and con-
stitutional nature are discussed. The Nile still flows,
2S*

330 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

but thought is stagnant. No Plato studies and medi-
tates at Heliopolis now.

The form of government, the predominant religion
of the country, and to some extent, the habits and pre-
judices of the people, are all averse to inquiry and
mental improvement. Their government, which is of
the nature of an absolute monarchy, may be charac-
terized as the tyranny of the body. Their religion,
which proscribes religious inquiry, and all change of
religious opinion, may be described, with hardly less
truth, as the tyranny of the mind. Science demands
liberty, and liberty demands Christianity. And it
seems to me, that in the present enlightened period,
they demand, not the Christianity which, starting
with good intentions, has become incarcerated and
fixed in the formalities of ages ; but rather the free,
simple, believing, and loving Christianity of the pure
and primitive days of its history.

In leaving these scenes, therefore, where there has
been so much to interest and please, I am obliged to
say that there is much of a different character, — much
to discourage the patriot, — much to try the faith of
the Christian. But the light of truth comes through
the instrumentality of prayer ; — and error, which stands
in the way of all true progress, can be corrected only
by light and love. The Christian should never forget
that God reigns ; and it is the privilege of the eye of
faith to behold the triumphs of the future, while the
natural eye, incapable of seeing things invisible, closes
itself in despair.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 331

(XXXVII.)

Departure from Cairo for the desert— Village of Bedouin Arabs— De-
sert of Suez — Its solitude and silence — Night scene — El Mugda-
la or Migdol of the Scriptures — The camel — Suez — An English
steamer — Cross the Red Sea — The sirocco — Arrival at the wells
of Moses.

WELLS OF MOSES, EASTERN SHORE OF THE RED SEA,

APRIL 1, 1853.

We left Cairo on the twenty-eighth day of March ;
— our destination Mount Sinai and Palestine. The
din of the crowded streets of the city soon died upon
our ears. The direction which we took led us in the
neighborhood of the lofty tombs of the Mameluke
kings, often denominated the tombs of the Caliphs.
We had already visited them ; and we only gave them
our parting look. They are situated beyond the nu-
merous tombs of the people which crowd the space
around the city gate ; — standing with dome and point-
ed minaret under the silent heights of Mokattam.
Their architecture is Saracenic ; and though they are
lofty and elaborated structures, they give but slight
indications of the vast resources and genius, which
characterize the Egypt of the days of Joseph and
Moses. All monuments, however, have a degree of
value, and these contain the dust of kings and con-
quering warriors, whose individual history has an in-
terest ; but they are still more interesting, as the me-
morials of the changes of dynasties and of the vicissi-
tudes of nations.

To the left of the tombs, and not far distant, is one
of the numerous palaces of the Pasha of Egypt. This

332 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

too, we had already seen. Viewed at a distance,
it makes a fine appearance ; — bearing the marks of
modern European art. At a little distance further on,
and on the very edge of the desert, is a small village
of Bedouin Arabs. Their huts, similar in structure
to those of the Arabs of the Nile, are built around a
circular area. I gazed a moment upon this novel
scene. Wonderful are the sympathies which bind man
to man. I had seldom heard this people mentioned,
except in terms of distrust and condemnation. But I
found my heart strengthening and widening within
me, as if to understand and embrace to its centre,
notwithstanding these unfavorable intimations, this
new feature of a common humanity. An old man
with gray hairs addressed me. The women, occupied
in their humble employments, were seated at the doors
of the huts. The children were noisy and playful in
the open space. A camel, reposing its wearied form
on the sand, occupied its centre.

I passed on, casting a parting look at the long line
of verdure which marked in the distance the track of
the Nile. The vision, filled with new and strange
views of life and manners, had closed. In a few hours
we left all behind.

We form a caravan of more than twenty camels.
We carry our food and water with us. A vast expanse
of uncultivated wilderness is before us. Gardens and
trees, and fountains and flowers, and singing birds are
gone. Day after day passes on ; — monotonous, but
still not without interest. He, who has not been in
the desert, has not known all that the heart can feel.
It is the great prerogative of our nature to unfold it-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL.

333

self anew in every novelty of circumstance and situa-
tion. The desert speaks. It has a voice for the heart ;
and the heart answers.

The desert from Cairo to Suez is not in all respects
so destitute and lonely as the vast desert on the eas-
tern side of the Red Sea. There is something left.
Absolute death cannot be predicated of anything
except annihilation. From time to time are seen
shrubs and tufts of coarse grass ; but they furnish but
a slight relief to the general character of the scene.
I was surprised and pleased to find in some places a
green plant, which bore pods of an inch in length,
and which on pressing and breaking them were found
to be full of water. At the distance of forty miles
from Cairo, we sat down under a large acacia tree ; — ■
the first tree which we had noticed for that distance.
It is difficult to understand the secret of its growth
in such a place. Such exceptions cannot make these
vast solitudes otherwise than a desert.

Animal life dies as well as vegetable. It is true that
it is possible in the course of some days to get sight
of a snail, which is found in some localities and which
has discovered the secret of attaching itself to the
few shrubs of the region and extracting their mois-
ture ; — or to cross the path of a beetle groping its way
in the heated sand ; — or to startle the solitude of a
lizard, which has contrived to live among the rocks.
But in general the desolation is perfect. Locality
exists. Life is in exile.

Marching over wide and arid plains, and with hills
and mountains of rock and sand in sight, we go on
from day to day. The eye rests upon forms, not upon

334 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

life ; but forms are the background of beauty ; and
imagination sometimes fills up the picture. Succes-
sive hours tell our progress. The march becomes
wearisome ; but the setting sun brings rest. Turning
from the narrow beaten paths which constitute the
roads of the desert, and seeking a retired and shel-
tered place, we pitch our tents for the night. This
also is a new scene ; but it has the associations of
antiquity and religion. The Patriarchs dwelt in tents.
Paul was a tent-maker. As we hear the sound of the
hammer, we know what it is, when it is required of
Zion, " to lengthen her cords and strengthen her
stakes." The Arabs shelter themselves under the piles
of luggage. And if the evening is cool, they build a
fire. They form themselves in little assemblies ; and
if they travel in comparative silence by day, they are
noisy as laugh and song can make them, in their so-
cial groups in the early part of night. The camels,
weary with the heat and toils of the day, lie down at
their side and are fed. They then prepare their own
humble meal.

It was thus day after day and night after night. At
a certain time, being little inclined to sleep in the
novelty of such a situation, I walked out at midnight.
The moon was in all its brightness. The sky, with-
out a cloud to suggest the idea of form or limitation,
seemed vast as eternity ; and being studded all over
with stars, it was bright with the brightness of God.
The camels, stretched out at length upon the ground,
were large dark shadows in the moonlight. The men
slept at their side. There was no sound. But the
soul heard the silence. I have stood at the foot of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 335

Niagara ; — I have listened to the deep moaning sound
of the vast forests of my native land ; I have been on
the ocean when each wave had its voice and that voice
was thunder ; but these great voices entered less deeply
into the ear of the spirit than the mighty silence of
the desert at midnight. At such a time the soul opens
its capacities. It magnifies and expands itself in the
greatness of its dilated conceptions ; and takes hold
of eternity ; and in the voice which is then sent forth
— a voice uttered in brightness without a shadow, in
vastness without limit, in harmony without variation,
it hears the proclamation, so dear to every holy soul,
of the unutterable tranquillity of God.

At the distance of sixty-four miles from Cairo, we
passed the place called El Mugdala, supposed by
many to be the Migdol of the Scriptures, which is
mentioned in connection with the departure of the Is-
raelites from Egypt. History always adds interest to
a place. I stopped a moment to look at Migdol, if
such it was ; but it was only a repetition of desola-
tion. I noticed no buildings at the place — nothing
but two barren hills of considerable size. We passed
on. The Red Sea is not far distant. Our course
from Cairo to Mugdala had been nearly east ; but the
road after leaving these hills runs in a southerly direc-
tion towards the sea till it reaches Suez.

The line of our route was marked from time to
time with the bones of camels. This too brought with
it its train of thoughts. God, who made the desert,
fitted the camel to it. I will not assert that the camel
is beautiful ; though on the principles of Hogarth,
who justly ascribes so much attraction to a curving

336 LETTERS iESTHETIC,

outline, he ought not to be wanting in beauty. His
large spongy hoof is suited to the sand and gravel.
He eats but little, and carries his own supply of water.
He bears immense burdens over the burning sands,
and is generally tractable in his disposition. When
his master loads him, he utters an amicable growl in
protestation against any oppressive adjustments ; but
with a fair load and kind treatment he rises manfully
to his task and patiently bears the heat and burden of
the day.

The Bedouin loves his camel. When we started
from Cairo, a large number of camels were brought
out, which we were to try by riding ; and were to
make a selection from them for ourselves. I told our
Shekh that I should leave the selection of mine to
him. With the true spirit of an Arab, who never fails
to return all the confidence which is given him, he as-
signed me one of the best among his own. Repeat-
edly I saw him in the course of our journey turn his
own wearied feet aside, and gather the coarse grass
of the desert, and then come and feed his camel from
his hand, and utter words of recognition and kindness
which were well understood between them. I could
easily understand, that there was a relationship of
hearts, as well as of interests.

The camel, like everything else, has his history ; —
his place, his habits, his labors, his sorrows, his youth,
his age. He labors faithfully. In his old age he lays
down his burden, and turns aside to die. He says to
his master with all the power of utterance which a
camel possesses ; — " My hour is come. I shall no
longer bear my master's burden, nor sleep beside his

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 337

tknt. Dying, I remember the hand that fed me. Let
me go to my last rest." His master's heart under-
stands this sad language ; and he takes the cord from
his faithful servant's neck. Wearied and staggering,
he gets away to a retired place under the mountains ;
eats something which he finds, or if he does not find
it, he patiently does without it ; and in a few days or
even hours he dies. When I saw his bones, scattered
on the sands and beneath the mountains, I felt that I
knew something of his history. His master goes home
to his hut ; he tells the old camel's fate to his children ;
they have seen him for the last time. He has died,
but he is not forgotten.

A little beyond Migdol the Red Sea came in sight.
Narrow, and lined with sands often of a reddish color,
it runs back into the desert on the easterly side of Suez
some eight or ten miles. Between this portion of the
Red Sea, and the lofty barren mountains, which turn
down from the pass of Migdol on its western side, is
a large level plain, not less than twelve miles in cir-
cuit. In the opinion of some learned men, it was on
this plain that the Israelites were hemmed in between
the mountains on one side and the sea and the vast
burning deserts on the other, with the king of Egypt
and his furious chariots in the rear. If so, the Lord
opened the sea, for the passage of the Israelites and
for the destruction of their pursuers not far from Suez.
It is the opinion of other biblical archaeologists, that
this great occurrence took place some ten or twelve
miles lower down, opposite the wells of Moses, where
the sea is wider and deeper. At one of these places
it is generally conceded, that the miracle took place.
29

338 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

His people cried unto the Lord ; and the Lord heard
them. In the language of Scripture the Lord tri-
umphed gloriously. The horse and his rider were
thrown into the sea.

We found Suez a place of some business. Much of
the travel between the East Indies and England pas-
ses through it. There were many vessels here of small
size. An English steamer, which had arrived two days
before, floated proudly a few miles below. We passed
the sea at Suez in a boat. Soon after landing, and
when we were hardly seated upon our camels, the
wind began to rise, the wind of the desert, the much
dreaded Sirocco. In the course of half an hour, it
increased to a whirlwind. The agitated sea was hid-
den from our sight. The barren mountains on the left
were no longer seen. The violence of the wind lifted
the vast masses of sand, and they rolled by in torrents.
The faithful camels, true to their duty and their des-
tination, struggled on. The cry of the Arabs encour-
aged them ; till blinded with dust, and overcome in
this unequal effort, we were glad to find a stopping-
place and a place of refuge at the wells of Moses.

We left Cairo on Monday, the twenty-eighth of
March, and reached the wells of Moses on the after-
noon of Friday, the first day of April.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 339

(XXXVIII.)

Arrival at the wells of Moses — Gardens and fountains — Next day's
encampment — Sabbath in the wilderness — Religious emotions —
The bitter fountain of Marah — Valley of Elim — Wadee Ghurun-
del — Meeting with an old Bedouin — Ascent of Sarabiet-El-Ivha-
dem — Egyptian temple — Mount Sinai — Reflections.

DESERT OF THE RED SEA, PLAIN OF EL-KHADEM,

APRIL 6, 1853.

I wrote in my last letter, that we had reached the
Wells of Moses. This is the name given to what has
the appearance of a little village ; — consisting of a
number of gardens and small houses, fenced with an
enclosure made partly of stones and in part of stalks
and reeds. They occupy a rising piece of ground,
nearly a mile in length by less than a quarter of a mile
in width. The gardens are watered from the remark-
able fountains which are found there. The fountains,
as we were informed, are seventeen in number ; and
probably the number might be increased by additional
excavations. The water is brackish, but is used by
the people of the place. In the gardens are cultiva-
ted the vegetables which are common in Egypt. A
few flowers were in bloom. The trees are acacias and
pomegranates with a few palms. Some of the palms
are outside of the enclosure. The white sand of the
desert had drifted around them. They do not rise
high, and throw out their lofty and waving tufts, like
the palms of the Nile. It was pleasant, however, to
see a tree or flower, even with diminished beauty.
As I walked in the gardens, I heard once more the

340 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

singing of birds. It reminded me of the gardens of
Cairo.

In this interesting spot, associated with the name
of the great leader of the Israelites in their memora-
ble march over these very places, we were glad to find
a refuge from the storm of scorching wind and sand
which I mentioned in my last letter. The place is in
sight of the Red Sea, — situated on its eastern shore,
and twelve miles from Suez. On the opposite side
of the sea, and in full sight of the place, where we
lodged, are lofty mountains with a pass between them,
through which the sea can be approached. It was
Friday when we reached there. The next day we
marched twenty miles further, and pitched our tents
in a little valley ; the Red Sea a mile and a half dis-
tant on our right. It was a solitary place ; — no vege-
tation, no dwellings, no man or woman out of our
little circle, no beast or bird, no flowers, no trees.
The Arabs drove their camels to another place, where
they expected to find something for them to eat.

We spent the Sabbath here. It was a good Sab-
bath to me. Is it wrong for me to speak sometimes
of my religious emotions ; — and to say in connection
with them that God dwells in the desert ; — and to
rejoice that my soul, cut off from some of its dearest
earthly sympathies, had sweet communion with him ;
— the nothings if I may so express it, with the All and
the Universal, the finite with the Infinite ? How could
it be otherwise? God, who is a present and living
spirit, always speaks ; and if there is not communion
with Him, it is because the heart is too dull to hear.
It is true, He speaks in the " still, small voice," and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 341

i

very often the noises of the world, the contentions
within and without, prevent his being heard. But
what noise is here ? Even the sound of the cricket's
note is banished. The desert is the empire of silence.
The heart, keeping pace with the eye, widens with the
immensity around it. The mind is open to the slight-
est influences. The smallest whispers of the Almighty
come distinct to the soul. And I should do injustice
to the instincts of remembrance and gratitude, if I
did not say, that I found them the whispers and the
divine accents of love.

The cold by night, the heat by day,

The feverish pulse, the aching head,

Let these or other ills array,

As thus I trace the desert's way,

Their thorns around the path I tread.

But never, never may I know

That grief of deepest agony,
Which carries with it more than woe,
The spirit's hopeless overthrow,

The grief of being left of Thee.

We were now on the track of the Israelites, as they
Went from Egypt to the promised land. The next
day about noon we came to Marah, and drank of its
bitter fountain. It is known to the people of the de-
sert by the Arabic name Ain Howarah. This is the
place spoken of in the book of Exodus. "And when
they came to Marah, they could not drink of the wa-
ters of Marah, for they were bitter. Therefore the
name of it was called Marah." The fountain of Ma-
rah is in a rock on a small hill, with other large scat-
tered rocks near. It is a picturesque place. There are
a few trees and shrubs around. The camels browsed
29*

342 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

among them. The trees are small in size ; — chiefly
acacias, and of that hardy and durable species, called
the sont acacia. We all drank of the water. It is
brackish, like the water of the Wells of Moses ; but
it has also a bitter taste. This is one of the places
where the people murmured against God. How hard
it is, even amid the most wonderful manifestations of
the power and goodness of God, to learn the lesson
of simple and unwavering trust !

Next day at a little less than twenty miles distance
we came to Elim. This also is one of the places
mentioned in the Scriptures, in the account of the
departure of the Israelites. It is a long and pleasant
valley, with numerous palm-trees, generally small in
size, and with fountains of water ; — but only a few
of the fountains are open and accessible. The water
is good — unlike that of Marah and the Wells of Mo-
ses. The statement in Exodus is this, "And they
came to Elim, where were twelve wells of water, and
threescore and ten palmtrees ; and they encamped
there by the waters." There is said to be another
place, not far distant and still more pleasant, which
has its claims to be regarded as the Elim of the Scrip-
tures.

The next day we came into a rocky and mountain-
ous region, destitute of trees and with but little water ;
— a sort of entrance porch to the wild mountainous
region of Sinai. In all these regions there are wide
mountain passes, running in different directions, the
origin of which may perhaps be satisfactorily. account-
ed for on geological principles, but which, viewed in
another and not less interesting aspect, may be regar-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 343

ded as left open by the foresight of Providence for
the convenience of man. Without them the region
would be impassable. In a region so difficult or so
desolate that a bird is scarcely seen to fly there, man
has great need of such natural openings. Sometimes
they are steep and narrow. More frequently they are
wide and level, easy to the foot of the camel, and
presenting, in the rocky and richly diversified ridges
that border them on both sides, a ceaseless source of
pleasure to the traveller. The direction which we
took led us through one of these wide mountain roads,
called the Wadee Ghurundel.

We had learned, that in one of the mountains situa-
ted in the vicinity of the pass of Ghurundel, were
still to be seen the remains of an ancient Egyptian
temple. Meeting an Arab who was coming through
the pass, we learned from him, that he was acquaint-
ed with the locality of these ruins. This man lived
among the rocks. He looked as wild and desolate as
the places where he lived. His feet were bare. The
sun had burnt blackness into his countenance. He
had a gun in his hand ; and part of his dress was a
sheep-skin. Under the leadership of this wild-looking
but faithful old Bedouin, I went with Mr. Thompson
in search of this old Egyptian temple. Our friends,
Mr. and Mrs. Walcott, proceeded on to the place of
our encampment.

We first ascended the side of a mountain for a con-
siderable distance ; — and then, passing the head of a
deep gorge, reached the side of another mountain.
Here we ascended still higher, but with great difficul-
ty ; — sometimes obliged to creep along on our hands

344 LETTERS J2STHET1C,

and feet on projecting points of rock, not more than
two or three feet in width, over precipices hundreds
of feet in depth. Repeatedly we passed from moun-
tain to mountain at the head of deep gorges, which
rose successively one above another. As near as we
could judge, we proceeded in this circuitous and peril-
ous way a distance of two miles. The scene was as
terrific as deep caverns, and rocks piled one above
another, and blackness and desolation and the inten-
sity of silence, could make it. Through excessive
fatigue we were inclined at times to abandon our en-
terprise and go back again ; but our old Bedouin,
feeling that an Arab's honor was at stake, encouraged
us to proceed. At last we reached the summit of the
mountain. And we felt at once, that we were repaid
for our trouble.

Such a place, with such monuments and associa-
tions attached to it, could not be without a name.
We learned that it is called by the Arabs, the moun-
tain of Sarabiet-El-Khadem ; but without ascertain-
ing that the name throws any light on its history.
A pile of rocks in the sky, overlooking the surround-
ing heights, it presented, as we looked with wonder on
every side, a prospect of great sublimity. It was here,
on the long level space on its top, remote from human
footsteps and which the eagle's wing did not fan,
that we found the remains of the Egyptian temple,
which had been the object of our search. It was a
temple erected to the Egyptian god Athor, whose "gra-
ven image" we had so often seen in the sculptures on
the temples of the Nile. In long ages past the ham-
mer of the workman had been here. Excavated in

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 345

part from the solid rock, it was originally an edifice
of very considerable extent ; and it still exhibits in its
finely sculptured walls and its remaining columns the
art, and the untiring industry, of which we had seen
such striking evidences in other places.

It was to me an affecting thought, that the blind-
ness of superstition, groping after the truth but una-
ble to find it, had thus climbed these almost inacces-
sible heights.

In connection with this temple we noticed what we
had not observed elsewhere. Erected at short distan-
ces from each other, were numerous tablets of stone,
from four to five feet high, straight at the sides and
oval at the top, and covered with hieroglyphics. This
remarkable place has been visited by travellers, learn-
ed in Egyptian antiquities, though but very seldom.
Judging from the inscriptions which have been found
upon its walls and upon the tablets connected with it,
among which are discovered the names of Ositarsen
and Thothmes, they appear to have come to the con-
clusion that this temple existed as far back as the
time of Moses, and probably at an earlier period.

But this was not the only object, which arrested
our attention and which gave a character to our
thoughts here. Far beyond the intervening moun-
tains, the lofty peaks of Sinai rose sublimely in the
distance. God has never deserted the world, and
never ceased to be merciful. In all ages of the world
he has spoken to men, in order that they may have
wisdom. It was on the sacred heights of Sinai now
seen by us for the first time, and in view of the tem-
ple and the worship where we stood, that Jehovah,

346 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

speaking in flame and thunder as well as by the voice
of the Hebrew shepherd, condemned, not Egyptian
art but Egyptian idolatry, not Egyptian genius but
Egypt's debased and cruel superstition, and all idola-
try and all " graven images," and all gods that are
not the " true God," in all countries and in all ages.
The place, the recollections, the vast antiquity sculp-
tured and living in the rocks, man's mingled greatness
and weakness, the light and skill of science and art
overshadowed and dishonored by the groping dark-
ness of the religious affections when God does not
guide them, heathenism in its best estate and heath-
enism judged and condemned, the past uniting itself
with the present and reaching forth to the future, time
with its changes and eternity with its immutable rela-
tions ; — such various objects and reflections, crowding
upon the mind at once, could not fail to excite within
me conflicting and strong emotions.

It was near the close of the day when we began
to come down. We descended in part by a nearer
route, and over still more precipitous places. The
sun, hidden by the lofty cliffs, shed his parting rays.
Long lines of shadow stretched darkly from the rocks.
Our camels awaited us at the foot of the mountain.
It was now dark. Our Arab, who was familiar with
these places, knew the way we were to take. Thought
took the place of conversation. We followed in the
silent starlight the track of our friends who had gone
before us. It was pleasant to see once more the light
of our encampment.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 347

(XXXIX.)

Arrival at the Shekh's village — The Shekh's son — Shepherd girls —
Character of the Arabs — Pass of Niekeb Hawy — Plain of El
Kahah — Peak of Sussafeh — Arrival at the Greek Convent at the
base of Mount Sinai.

GREEK CONVENT, BASE OF MOUNT SINAI, APRIL 9, 1853.

In my last letter I gave a concise sketch of our
journey from the wells of Moses to the plain of El
Khadem. A little before we left our little caravan for
the purpose of ascending the mountain of El Khadem,
it turned off in another direction towards a large plain
not far distant. Our Shekh, whose name is Seely-
man, resides on the edge of this plain. He is the
Shekh or hereditary chief of a tribe of the Tor Arabs,
who hold all the country in the vicinity of Mount
Sinai ; — in subordination, however, to the Pasha of
Egypt. It is in the little valley on the borders of the
plain that the Arabs of Seelyman have their princi-
pal village ; where they find water and a little her-
bage for their sheep and goats.

The communication had gone in advance of us, that
our company was approaching. The Shekh, who is
a man of moderate size, but like every other Bedouin,
walks erectly and with a firm step, felt the dignity of
the occasion, as well as its domestic interest. At the
head of the expedition entrusted to his care, which
magnified itself in the eyes of these poor Arabs, he
put on the long red robe which he had bought at
Cairo, as he came near to the tents of his people and
the home of his wife and children. With his girdle

348 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

around him, his short sword at his side, and his
white turban, and turning neither to the right hand
nor the left, Shekh Seelyman passed in front of his
people's humble dwellings to the place which his fore-
sight and a regard for our convenience had selected
for our encampment. The women stood at the door
of the tents, and were glad to look upon the faces of
their husbands and brothers. They too had hearts.
To them, who had never left the shade of the neigh-
boring hills, Cairo was a distant place ; and the ab-
sence of their friends had been long. The children
too shared in the joy of this beneficent and unusual
advent. The little boy of the Shekh, about ten years
of age, with a mild but beautiful countenance, and
dressed especially for the occasion, was placed upon
the back of a camel, and carried in triumph to the
encampment.

As I mentioned in my last letter, those of our party
who had ascended Sarabiet-El-Khadem, arrived at the
encampment after dark. I was not present, therefore,
when the Shekh reached the village of his tribe; but
learned what I have now said from our associates
who had gone before us. The Shekh, however, called
upon us in a few moments after our arrival in the
evening. His little son, whom I have already men-
tioned, was with him. The just pride of a father
glistened in the eye of Seelyman, as he brought his
boy to our tent. We had the pleasure of being in-
troduced to him ; and looked with no small interest
on this young eagle of the desert, as he stood mod-
estly but firmly before us. What thoughts, what feel-
ings, what destinies, if I may so speak, were hidden

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 349

in the mind of this small boy ! In these still soli-
tudes, unknown to generous culture, he will grow up,
without books, without a knowledge of the name of
Jesus Christ, under influences the power of which it
is difficult to estimate ; — the subject of hopes and
joys, of sorrows and passions both good and evil,
which constitute him a world in himself; — a world
which not only has its beginning, but its progress and
its immortality. As I beheld his intelligent counte-
nance, and as my imagination unrolled the uncertain-
ties of the future, it was natural that I should feel a
sympathy in his situation and a sincere desire for his
welfare.

Two young girls, who had been absent during the
day on the side of the mountain, were returning home
with their flock of sheep and goats when our tents
were pitched. One of them was a relative of Seely-
man. They turned aside to participate for a short
time in this new and exciting scene, influenced per-
haps by the novelty of the occasion, as well as by af-
fection to their friends. They had ornaments on their
arms and heads ; and as they looked once more upon
those whom they loved, they seemed to be conscious,
that beauty has power even among the sands and rocks
of El Khadem. That night the fires shone brightly
and beautifully in all the tents of the tribe. The stars
above them were not brighter. There was joy in the
hearts of the people of Seelyman.

I have repeatedly had occasion to speak in favora-
ble terms of the Arabs, into whose company we fell ;
— both those of the Nile and those of the desert. In-
tellectually, it is true, that the Arab race may properly
30

350 - LETTERS ESTHETIC,

be regarded as inferior to the other races, which are
found in these regions. Their countenances are less
intelligent than those of the Copt, the Turk, and the
Armenian; and their national history, though not
without its distinguished names in science and litera-
ture, is characterized more by the achievements of
war, than by the trophies of art and knowledge. It
is not easy to look upon the remains of Arabian or
Saracenic architecture, (terms which in the history of
the nation are often used as convertible,)without feel-
ing that they are works, as compared with the re-
mains of Greek and Roman and also of Assyrian and
Egyptian art, which indicate less greatness of con-
ception, and less simplicity and purity of taste. But
the Arab, if inferior in quickness and breadth of per-
ception so that he has found it difficult in the most
favored periods of his national history to reach the
highest achievements of science and art, possesses,
nevertheless, a generous sociality of nature. His do-
mestic affections are strong. He loves his own family;
and he does not appear to be wanting more than oth-
ers in the love of his neighbor. Everywhere and in
all places, if you penetrate the depths of his nature
so as to find the secret sentiments which are lurking
there, you will discover also a strong sense and spirit
of independence. His very being opposes itself to
that form of authority, which circumscribes and tram-
mels liberty. Undoubtedly the Bedouin Arabs, who
inhabit the deserts and live a wandering life, give suf-
ficient evidence of wild and untractable dispositions ;
— and I am obliged to admit, that it would not be
easy to measure them by the common standards of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 351

civil and political legality. The Bedouin, perhaps
more than almost any other race of men, has the eye
and the step of a freeman. And I must confess there
is something which pleases me much in this indomi-
table spirit, which prefers the rock and the cavern
with liberty, to the cultivated field and the palace
without it. But neither the Arab of the city nor of
the desert, so far as I can perceive, can be rightly
charged with the injustice, cruelty and faithlessness,
which have been so freely alleged against him ; and
certainly not to the extent, in which the charge has
been made.

It is not always safe to judge of men from the
representations of others. In order to judge them
accurately, we must know them. But knowledge is
the result of intercourse and confidence. In order to
know them, therefore, we must love them. Let the
Arab be judged by these tests, — fierce and jealous as
his comparative ignorance and poverty have contribu-
ted to make him, — and it will be seen, that he has
his good as well as his unfavorable traits ; and that
hearts can be found beneath the dark tents of the
Bedouins, which can be trained to virtue, and be en-
nobled by affection.

I hope you will excuse this irregular and incidental
method of writing. We spent the night on the plain.
Early the next morning we started for Sinai, whose
lofty peak we had seen from the top of Sarabiet-El-
Khadem. Our Shekh had directions to take the
short route, which would enable us to approach Sinai
through the plain of El Rah ah. Leaving, therefore,
the course, which would have brought us to Sinai

352 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

through the comparatively pleasant route of Wady
Feiran and Wady Esch Shekh, we followed the rug-
ged and difficult mountain pass of Niekeb Hawy ;
which means, 1 believe, the Pass of the Winds. We
had reasons which justified us in taking this route ;—
and if it is attended with much fatigue and some
danger, I think it can be justly added, that it amply
repays all by its wild and stupendous scenery. The
first day we passed over a portion of the desert, marked
by its usual characteristics of heated sand and gravel,
without water, and without tree or flower. On the
second day after a few miles travel, we entered the
mountain pass which I have mentioned ; and were
shut in for some eight or ten miles by vast rocks on
each side piled one above another, immense, rugged,
and rising so high that they shut out the light of the
sun. For a long time the winding path which we took,
kept continually ascending ; but while we went up,
the mountains around us did not seem to diminish
their elevation ; but kept pace, if I may so express it,
with each step of our own ascent, and rose higher
and higher ; while deep caverns began to open at our
side, and below us. The foot of the camel trembled
on the edge of precipices ; and the admiration which
we could not help experiencing was sometimes min-
gled with the sense of danger. At last the door of
this great mountain cavity opened before us, and with
slow and cautious steps we descended from its lofty
and rugged bosom into the memorable plain of El
Kalian.

The plain of El Rah ah, which has become an ob-
ject of much interest to travellers in consequence of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 353

its connection with biblical history, is two miles and
a half in length by an average of three fourths of a
mile in breadth ; uneven in some places, but generally
level; having a little herbage and some shrubs upon
which camels and goats can feed ; and suitable by
means of its hard surface of clean gravel for the en-
campment of a people dwelling in tents. It is bound-
ed at its south-eastern extremity by Mount Sinai,
where it is approached and entered by the wide and
level Wady, which bears the name of Esch Shekh.
The Israelites, in their memorable march through the
wilderness, having met and defeated on their way the
warlike Amalekites, appear to have entered the plain
of El Rahah through this Wady ; — filling not only
the whole plain but some of the neighboring valleys,
in front of that dark and lofty mountain, which was
soon to be robed with the lightnings and to be shaken
with the voice of God.

It was into this plain that we had now descended
from the rocky bosom of Niekeb Hawy. Mt. Sinai
was before us. With such remembrances, and in the
sight of such localities, the mind would not be true
to itself, if it did not turn from the outward to the
inward. On the side of the plain a flock of goats
was feeding. Here and there a camel plucked the
thistle that grew in the crevices of the cliffs. But the
eye and the heart seemed to be closed to outward
nature. Silent we rode over the plain, and in sight
of this sacred mountain ; — listening to the secret as-
pirations of our immortal natures ; thoughtful as if
its fires were yet burning and its mighty voices were
even now sounding in our ears, Such a moment,
30*

354 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

striking deep by its suggestions and sympathies
into man's moral and immortal nature, is an era in •
his life. If he is a Christian, he knows that the an-
nouncements made from that mountain and in pre-
sence of the vast multitude assembled upon the plain
which he is traversing, have connections with his own
destiny, which his own limited mind cannot penetrate,
and which are deep as the bosom of the Infinite.

It was at the close of the day when our camels came
under that portion of Sinai, which bounds the south-
eastern extremity of the plain. This part of Sinai,
lifting itself perpendicularly above the plain, consti-
tutes a distinct and lofty elevation. The Arabs, in
allusion to a few willow trees which grow near it,
have given it the name of the peak of Sussafeh. The
last rays of the sun glittered on its rocky summit.
Advancing a little farther, we descried at a small dis-
tance an opening in the mountains, which gave signs
of the residence of men. That night, for the first
time since we left Suez, we did not sleep in tents.
The piety of primitive ages, holding in veneration
the locality which God had honored, had erected a
habitation. Entering the narrow valley between the
eastern base of Sinai and the mountain E-Dayr,
which bears the name of the valley of Shu-Eib, we
made our way to the ancient convent of St. Cathe-
rine. Its solid walls reminded us of distant ages,
when man had less confidence in his fellow-man.
The monks opened its doors; — and wearied by toils
of the body, and hardly less by memories and emo-
tions of the mind, we found a place of rest.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 355

(XL.)

Greek Convent — Situation and extent — St. Catherine — Of the use of
the terms Horeb and Sinai — Visit to the valley of El-Leja— Sinai-
tic inscriptions — Rock of Moses — Ascent of Mount Sinai — Grotto
of Moses — Chapel of Elijah — Remarks on traditions — View from
the summit of Sinai — Descent from Jebel Musa or peak of Moses
to the peak of Sussafeh — The giving of the Law — Return to the
Convent. *

GREEK CONVENT, MOUNT SINAI, SECOND LETTER.

In my last I mentioned, that we had reached the
Greek Convent at the foot of Mount Sinai. Its loca-
tion is in the narrow and comparatively fertile valley
of Shu-Eib ; — the place, which an old tradition desig-
nates as the residence, or rather one of the residences
of Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses. The convent
is situated, therefore, on the eastern side of Sinai,
and between Sinai on one side and the high rocky
mountain E-Dayr on the other. It is surrounded by
a high and thick wall, with towers ; and it seemed to
me, with the great strength of its enclosure and with
here and there a projecting cannon frowning darkly
upon those without, to be as well adapted and per-
haps more so, to military than to religious and eco-
nomical purposes.

"Within the limits of the convent, which is quad-
rangular though somewhat irregular in form, and
about two hundred feet in extent on each side, are a
number of small open areas or courts, in some of which
vegetables and flowers are cultivated and a few trees
are growing. Around it on the inside, and in differ-
ent parts of the building, are the small cells, which
are occupied by the monks. Contracted in size, and

356 LETTERS JSSTHETIC,

almost entirely destitute of furniture, they are un-
doubtedly suited to the limited wants and the unam-
bitious life of their occupants ; but they can be con-
sidered comfortable only by those, who accept of in-
conveniences as a means of the fulfilment of a sup-
posed duty. In the upper story of the building are
rooms on a larger scale for travellers, fitted up with
low divans running round three sides, and with a
pleasant piazza in front of them. Attached to the
convent on the north side, and entered by a low pas-
sage which leads under the northern wall, is a well
cultivated garden, running a little distance down the
valley of Shu-Eib. This garden, with its almond and
apricot trees, its mulberries and its tall dark cypresses,
is an attractive object as it is first seen by the traveller,
when he comes in from the desolate country around.
The monks, who are few in number at the present
time, received us kindly, and assigned us such rooms
as are usually appropriated to visitants. They showed
us their church, — an ancient building rich in archi-
tectural ornaments ; and whatever objects they con-
sidered of special interest connected with it : — such
as the tomb of St. Catherine and the reputed place of
the burning bush mentioned in Exodus. The convent,
venerable by its antiquity and its historical reminis-
cences, bears the name of St. Catherine. This is the
name of a rich and noble lady of the city of Alexan-
dria, renowned for her learning as well as her devoted
piety. She was one of the early worthies of the Greek
and Roman churches, who suffered martyrdom for her
religion; and her memory is cherished with distin-
guished honor. The origin of the convent which bears

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 357

her name, is involved in some obscurity ; but it is
generally understood to have been founded by the
emperor Justinian. Its location, its structure, its as-
sociations, all render it an object of interest. The
monks, who are under the direction of a Superior re-
siding here, probably do not differ much from the
same class of persons found in other situations. They
have the appearance of being assiduous and sincere
in the performance of the religious duties prescribed
by the Greek faith ; but without giving evidence of
much intellectual culture. But this is probably the
fault of their situation, as much as of their disposi-
tions. One of them complained to me that they had
but very few books of value, though I noticed in one
of their cells a few volumes of the Greek Fathers.

It may be proper here, in order to avoid confusion
hereafter, to make a single remark in relation to some
of the geographical terms, which I may have occasion
to employ. I refer particularly to the terms Horeb
and Sinai. I think there is ground, without stopping
at this time to give reasons for it, for regarding Horeb
as a general term, somewhat indefinite in its use, but
still particularly applicable to the group of mountain
heights in the immediate vicinity of El-Rahah, and of
course including Mount Sinai. The name Sinai, as
it seems to me, should be employed in a more definite
and limited manner ; and as applicable, not to a series
or group of heights occupying a considerable extent
of country, but to the one immense mountain which
has so long borne that name, and to the subordinate
but lofty peaks, which shoot up like towers and bat-
tlements from its base and sides. According to this

358 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

view Sinai, properly so called, is the lofty and irregu-
lar mountain pile, which occupies the space between
the valley of Shu-Eib on the east and the valley of
El-Leja on the west; terminating at its highest point
in Jebel Musa or the peak of Moses.

In consequence of the ill health of Mr. Thompson,
on whom the interest and success of our visits and
inquiries very much depended, we delayed the ascent
of Mount Sinai for a short time. Meanwhile I em-
ployed myself, as far as my strength, and our limited
time would allow, in examining the noble plain of El
Rahah, and the deep gorge or valley of Horeb between
Sinai and St. Catherine, called the valley of El-Leja.
The excursion to El-Leja will well repay the traveller
for his trouble, especially if he keeps in mind that it
has some historical as well as natural interest attached
to it. I was accompanied in this excursion by Mr.
Walcott. We left the convent of St. Catherine, situa-
ted, as I have mentioned, in the valley of Shu-Eib at
the base of Sinai ; and proceeding a little more than
a mile, turned to the left and passed for some dis-
tance under the sharp lofty peaks which overlook the
plain of El- Rahah. We left the wady of Esch-Shekh
on the right. The projecting and comparatively ele-
vated point of land between the valleys or wadys
Esch-Shekh and Shu-Eib, is the traditional place oc-
cupied by Aaron, while the people at a little distance
on the plain of El-Rahah were dancing in honor of
the golden calf he had made. And it was here, in
accordance with the same traditions, that Moses, on
coming down from the mountain on that occasion, en-
countered Aaron, and gave utterance to his dissatis-
faction and rebukes.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 359

Proceeding a mile and a half, we entered the valley
of El-Leja. In the excursion up this wild and rocky
valley, and soon after entering it from the large plain,
we were gratified at the sight of gardens with fruit
trees and other trees growing in them. These gar-
dens are said to have been the sites of the ancient
convents of St. Peter and St. Mary, which have now
passed away. It was obvious to me, that the valley
of El-Leja, impressive and even sublime by the lofty
walls of rocks on both sides of it, was susceptible at
the same time, in many of its small nooks and reces-
ses, of profitable cultivation. It was perhaps owing
to this combination of qualities and attractions, — soli-
tude, silence, sublimity, and the means of a limited
but not self-indulgent support, and all beneath the
mountain rendered sacred by hallowed memories and
by clouds and fire, — that it became a favorite resort,
in the early centuries of the Christian era, of those
Christians, who adopted, as the anticipated means of
their greater progress, the silence, the privations, and
hopes of a solitary life. In the upper part of the val-
ley the convent of the Forty Martyrs still stands. —
The cave of Onuphrius, who had previously dwelt
near Thebes, is found here. It was in this valley
that the justly celebrated John Climachus spent a
considerable portion of his life ; — but whether he dwelt
in a convent or in some solitary cavern, is unknown
at the present time.

In this valley are said to be found, although I no-
ticed none in that part of it which I visited, some of
those celebrated Sinaitic inscriptions, — the written
characters of a language now unknown, — which have

360 LETTERS — ESTHETIC,

excited so much interest and inquiry among antiqua-
rians. They are found, however, in greater numbers
in other places in these regions. A few have been
discovered in the rough mountain pass, called Niekeb
Hawy. And they are very frequent in the vicinity of
Mount Serbal, and also on its sides and near its sum-
mit,— a celebrated mountain, some thirty or thirty-five
miles distant in a northwest direction from Sinai. It
is not unreasonable to suppose, that these inscriptions,
in the new developments which time is constantly
making, may yet throw some light upon the events
which have occurred here.

In the central part of this valley, and not far from
the base of Mount St. Catherine, is the rock, accord-
ing to the traditions repeated and preserved here, that
was smitten by Moses ; and from which he miracu-
lously brought the water, which supplied the thirsty
Israelites. So much has been said of this rock, that
I looked upon it with much interest. It stands on
the Sinai side of the valley with a water-course be-
fore it, through which at certain seasons of the year
the descending water flows from the mountains around
towards the plain of El Rahah. It 4s separate from
the other rocks around ; a hard, reddish piece of gran-
ite, about ten feet in height and twelve or fourteen in
length, and slightly curved at the top. It is certainly
an object worthy of the traveller's notice, although it
might not be safe to assert its identity with the Mo-
saic rock. On the side facing from Sinai towards the
water-course of the valley, it presents a flat surface ;
and on this surface, rising one above another, are long
indentations, which suggest the idea of having been

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 361

left there by a succession of blows powerfully im-
pressed upon it. There is also an opening in the rock,
which easily reminds one of the sculptured openings
or mouths, through which the water is sometimes seen
to gush out in large artificial fountains. The rock
also has a discolored appearance in some places, —
such as one naturally supposes might have been oc-
casioned by the flowing of water.

The position of the rock in relation to the plain
where the Israelites were assembled at the giving of
the Law, is not at variance with its traditional reputa-
tion. It is true they were not encamped, at the time
of its being smitten, on the plain ; but at Rephidim,
which biblical geographers locate in the valley of
Esch Shekh. But it is worthy of notice, that the
valleys of Esch Shekh and El-Leja are closely con-
nected ; so much so that the waters of El-Leja, which
collect there at certain seasons of the year, find their
outlet through Esch Shekh. And Rephidim also,
though located in the wady or valley of Esch Shekh,
is understood to have been at no great distance from
the Horeb mountains, to which Moses was expressly
sent forward on this occasion. And soon afterwards
the whole people moved onward to the plain of El-
Rahah, and took a position at the foot of Sinai ; —
which I understand to be one of the group of moun-
tains to which the more general name of Horeb is
applied.

After the favorable results of a day or two's rest,
the whole of our party were in a situation to attempt
. the ascent of Mount Sinai. The mountain is an im-
mense pile of broken granite ; rising steeply and rug-
31

362 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

gedly to the southwest of the convent. Without the
assistance of the Arabs, who were employed for that
purpose, it would have been difficult for me to have
reached its summit. The mountain corresponds to
the associations which are connected with it ; — vast,
lofty, unchangeable ; suggestive of the greatness and
immutability of God. It has long seemed to me to
be difficult for a man to live among lofty mountains,
and be an infidel. I say this in view of the im-
pressions which they have oftentimes made upon my
own mind. Suggestive by their vastness of the ideas
of causation and power, they can hardly fail to
nourish religious thought and sentiment. If all
things which exist, are God's, there seems to be
reason for saying, that the mountains are peculiarly
His. They are His, not only by creation, but by the
impressive attributes which pertain to them, — by
their vastness and fixedness, by the permanency
which they give to the rock-ribbed earth, and by
the changeless sublimity of their solitude and silence.
But more than this can be said of Sinai, which
is His, not only by its rocky base and its tower-
ing summit, which exceed human power and are al-
most beyond human conception ; but is His also, by
special manifestations and by holy history.

We stopped and rested a short time, after having
ascended no small distance, at the grotto and foun-
tain, which is called the grotto of Moses. This is the
name which was given to the place by those who at-
tended us up the mountain. It is a small, circular
chamber, opened and rounded in the rocks, ; — beauti-
ful in its form, a protection from the heat, refreshed

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 363

by living waters, and undisturbed by the noise of men.
It is evidently no work of human art ; but fashioned
by the hand which made the mountain itself. I was
taken by surprise in finding so delightful a place ; —
suited as it seemed to be, not only for quiet and repose,
but for religious contemplation and for the nourish-
ment of high and holy purposes. Ik seemed to me
altogether probable, that, in this very place, the in-
spiration of the Almighty, which could not be absent
from a heart devoted and consecrated like his, had
given rise to many of the thoughts and purposes,
which have stamped an immortality on the writings
and the history of the great Israeli tish leader.

Other names besides that of Moses have been as-
sociated with these memorable places. It is related
in the book of Kings, that the prophet Elijah, after the
destruction of the prophets of Baal, fled into these
regions. As we advanced farther up, perhaps thir-
teen or fourteen hundred feet above the valley of the
convent, we came to a small plain or basin, in the
elevated bosom of the mountain, near which we were
shown a large cavern bearing this prophet's name.
A small chapel, called the chapel of Elijah, is built
over this cave. Ascending hundreds of feet higher,
and very near the summit of the mountain, our atten-
tion was directed to the cleft in the rocks, in which
Moses is said to have hid himself when the glory of
the Lord passed by.

It will be understood of course, that many of these
things depend upon tradition ; but tradition, without
always being accepted as the truth, may still have a
degree of truth for its foundation; and may some-

364

LETTERS AESTHETIC,

times be an innocent and even a profitable helper of
the imagination. Tradition often localizes and clothes
with particular incidents a general and indefinite tran-
saction. We do not necessarily accept of the tradi-
tional part as a truth or fact ; but if it be not contra-
dicted from other sources of evidence, we admit it as
announcing what is possible and in some cases proba-
ble. The imagination seizes upon this probability or
even possibility. And the result is, that the fact, which
we never doubted in its general aspect, becomes more
of a practical reality, binds itself more closely to the
soul, when, without ascribing any undue weight to
traditions, we are able by their aid, to assign to it the
length, and breadth and height, of a probable, or even
a possible particularity. But I ought to add, that the
imagination hardly needed this aid here. That Mo-
ses trod these rocks, and that God walked with him
and talked with him on these wild and solitary heights,
I could no more doubt, than I could doubt the exis-
tence of the rocks themselves. It is true the footsteps
of the prophet could no longer be seen ; but it was
enough for all the purposes of thought and of the
heart, to know that those footsteps had once been
here. This strong conviction, sustained by the pre-
sent reality of the things around me, annihilated ages.
The proximity of space destroyed, if I may so express
it, the separations and distances of time ; and Moses,
who had become comparatively dim in the distance
of ages, seemed to be seated on the rocks or walking
by my side, as I was climbing over the heights of his
own rugged and solitary mountain.

We at last reached the highest part of the moun-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 365

tain ; and looked abroad from its elevated summit
under the light of a clear, blue sky. The extreme
summit, more than six thousand feet above the
level of the sea, is an immense rock ; — or more ac-
curately a number of large rocks slightly sepa-
rated from each other; furnishing an irregular area of
some eighty or an hundred feet square. The rock is
a gray granite. On the eastern portion of it is a small
building of great antiquity; which was once used as
a chapel. With some assistance from the Bedouins
who attended me, I was enabled to ascend upon its
top. Remaining for some time on this dizzy height
alone, I contemplated in silence the magnificence of
the scene around me.

There has been no accurate survey of this region,
and a glance even from this towering eminence could
give but an imperfect idea of the relative position of
surrounding objects. But still, although Mount Sinai
is shut in with other mountains, it seemed to me
pretty well denned. I looked to the south-west , and
below me was the deep, narrow valley of El-Leja,
which I have already described as holding in its bosom
the smitten rock of Moses, and as being in ancient
times the residence of many religious anchorites and
the location of a number of ruined convents. Beyond
the valley in the same direction, is the lofty and mag-
nificent peak of St. Catherine. I looked down the
immense perpendicular wall on the southern side into
the valley of Sebahyeh. There is a small opening
there at the foot of the mountain, which seemed to
me worthy of special examination. Perhaps it will
at some time give a new phase to the history of this
31*

366 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

wonderful mountain. I was desirous to know more
about it. But the head grew dizzy in the attempt
to ascertain even in the most general manner, its fea-
tures and extent. In the north-east direction the rocky
heights of E-Dayr expanded their broad and level
summit beyond the valley and gardens of Shu-Eib,
from which we had ascended. In another direction
was the peak of Sussafeh, and other lofty peaks over-
hanging the great plain.

Even natural greatness has power ; but it was not
the mere physical expansion and wildness of the scene,
which left its deep impression on the mind. That
principle of association, which attaches deeds to pla-
ces, and magnifies the one by the magnitude of the
other, added the greatness of character and events to
the greatness and sublimity of physical nature.

The principal summit of Sinai, called by the Arabs
Jebel Musa or the peak of Moses, rises solitary and
apart. It was this peak which we had now ascended ;
but it is worthy of notice, that, about midway or per-
haps two thirds of the way from the valley of Shu-Eib
towards the mountain's top, the Jebel Musa subtends
a large and irregular base towards the west. I did
not notice this so much in ascending the mountain,
as in coming down. We descended the narrow and
precipitous path perhaps a thousand feet ; although I
ought to repeat here what I have intimated in another
place, that I do not profess to have the means of en-
tire accuracy in distances. The mountain at this dis-
tance from the top, as if seeking to lay down a part
of its mighty bulk on the neighboring plain, widens
its vast granite base in the direction of El Rahah ;—

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 367

throwing itself into many varieties of form and aspect ;
— sometimes rising in sharp pointed cliffs, and some-
times sinking in ravines and small valleys.

At this place Mr. Thompson and myself separated
from the rest of our party, and came down to El Ra-
hah and the Greek Convent by the way of the peak
of Sussafeh. The way was wildly romantic ; and in
general rocky and barren. From time to time, how-
ever, we passed over small level patches of ground,
bearing a species of coarse grass and a few trees.
Repeatedly a cold clear fountain sparkled from the
foot of a rock. We passed over this part of the moun-
tain for more than a mile. This struck me as being
a remarkable place, — the chosen residence of solitude
and silence ; — and yet a degree of beauty, shining in
the ripples of a fountain or in a tree or tranquil flow -
er, diversified and softened its solitary and silent gran-
deur. There are many caverns here. The fragmentary
remains of some rude stone edifices are also to be
found.

There was something in this singular place, so
unique, so shut out from the world, so fitted to soli-
tary contemplation, that it not only seized hold of the
imagination ; but had its marked attraction for cer-
tain tendencies and moods of the heart. It was once
the residence undoubtedly of that class of men, com-
memorated in history and poetry, whose life of lone-
ly prayer possesses, in these speculative and practical
days, the aspect almost of religious romance.

" Far in a wild, unknown to public view,
From youth to age a reverend hermit grew ;
The moss his bed, the cave his humble cell,
His food the fruits, his drink the chrystal well."

368 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

It was in such a region as this, a region which finds
in its want of fertility and its difficulty of approach,
a security against the influx and presence of mere
men of the world, that this class of persons dwelt ;
and in few places did they reside in greater numbers
than in the valleys and wild mountain recesses of Sinai.
Soon the mountain begins to rise again ; lifting itself
up gradually and slowly in its massive majesty; and
terminating at a point where it looks directly down,
at the height apparently of some twelve or thirteen
hundred feet, upon the large and tranquil plain of El
Rahah. This is that peak of Sussafeh, the peak of
the willow which I mentioned in my last letter as
having particularly attracted our attention, when we
came down into the plain of El Rahah out of the
dark and lofty bosom of Niekeb Hawy.

I think that that this peak may be called with
scarcely an impropriety of speech, the tribune or pul-
pit of Sinai. Its position, its solitary grandeur, its
historical associations, seem to me to entitle it to that
appellation. I have seen the rock in which it termi-
nates ; and therefore speak with the greater con-
fidence. I have stood upon it ; and shall ever remem-
ber it well. And if the impression, which can hardly
fail to be left upon those who visit the spot, be a just
one, — then what scenes, unequalled in the history of
man, have been enacted at this place. It was there,
that the visible and the invisible, that earth and
heaven may be said to have met together. It was
there that the Almighty came down, and planted His
foot. His form of Infinitude embodied, if I may so
express it, rested upon the peak of Jebel-Musa, which

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 369

rose behind him. His arm extended itself over the
plain that lay beneath him ; and over the countless
multitude who filled it. A thick cloud was around
him ; and flaming fire was at his feet. The trumpet
sounded. The mountain trembled. It was at that
hour of mingled grandeur and goodness that the word
was spoken, which unveiled the foundations of error.
And truth, which had been obscured and distorted or
had been wholly driven away from the habitations of
men, was led back again by the hand of the Infinite,
and restored to its primitive position and power.

I shall look for a description of the scene and asso-
ciations of this remarkable place from the learned
and eloquent pen of my companion. I listened to the
reading of the law from his lips on this portion of
Sinai. The words of those great instructions were
heard again upon the rocks. It is hardly necessary
to say, that it was a deeply interesting and impressive
moment.

There are two great publications of truth, for which
I find no parallels in human history, and which will
never cease to stand pre-eminent both by their nature
and by the circumstances under which they were
made ; — the law of Sinai and the Sermon on the
Mount. The law of Sinai is essentially a republica-
tion of those great principles of natural religion which
are engraven on the human heart, but which sin had
obscured and almost obliterated. It places in an ob-
jective or outward position that which had been writ-
ten within; and re-writes in letters of fire, and on
mountain-tops, and in sight of the whole world that
which had grown dim and illegible in the subjective

370 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

chambers of man's erring and fallen spirit. It is one
of the fatal attributes of sin, that it makes men blind
and puts them to sleep ; — so that they do wrong al-
most without knowing that it is wrong. But the law
of Sinai is a trumpet voice, waxing louder and louder,
which rends the rocks and wakes the dead ; but utter-
ing its declarations in the form of prohibitions rather
than of precepts, it only wakes them to a sense of
their deadness, without giving them the living princi-
ple of a renovated life. So that in giving moral light
and in verifying to men's stupid consciousness the
facts of their multiplied transgression, it may be said
to slay, rather than to make alive. But still, con-
sidering the condition of the human race at the time
it was given, the moral ignorance, the idolatries, and
the crimes which every where prevailed, — it was a
declaration which was essential and indispensable in
the progress of man's restoration.

As my footsteps trod upon the peaks of Sinai, I
looked, therefore, upon the scenes around me with the
deepest interest and the sincerest gratitude, because I
felt that they were theatres of necessary transition
points in that great history of Redemption, which,
beginning with the promise that the " seed of the
woman should bruise the serpent's head," terminated
in the crucifixion of the Virgin's Son. Law, how-
ever, is not life. The true progress of man's restora-
tion is from the outward to the inward, from the law
which restricts action to the principle of holy love
which inspires it. It is through the crucifixion of
Christ and his resurrection from the dead, and in con-
formity with the Sermon on the Mount, that the true

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 371

life comes ; that life of faith and holy affection, which
makes man like his heavenly Father. This is the
little leaven, spoken of in the Scriptures, which leavens
the whole lump ; — which, gradual, but sure in its pro-
gress, restores the individual and reforms and im-
proves society; — which breaks down and equalizes
the enormous distinctions resulting from selfishness ;
— consolidates brotherhood, humanizes and elevates
humanity, and makes God all in all.

In coming down from the peak of Sussafeh into
the plain of El Rahah, I was greatly exhausted, after
having travelled all day in feeble health. The descent
is exceedingly steep; requiring strength as well as
great care in those who come down. Indeed it would
have been hardly possible for me to have made the
descent and to have returned to the convent that day
without the personal and persevering assistance of
two Bedouin Arabs, to whose kindness I have already
had occasion to refer. Night was rapidly approach-
ing, and in more than one instance they took me in
their arms and carried me. They supported me down
precipices where a false step would have dashed me
to pieces. In the rude and solitary tents of El Kha-
dem and El-Leja, they may cease to think of me ; be-
cause they might have found nothing worth remem-
bering except my infirmities ; but I should think un-
worthily of myself, if I ceased to retain a recollection
of the kindness of these untutored but warm-hearted
men.

They came with me slowly along the foot of the
mountain ; and we turned again into the valley of
Shu-Eib. We passed very near an Egyptian encamp-

372 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

ment. I heard the sound of fife and drum. The
sound seemed strange and mysterious here. The
mists and shadows were gathering upon the valley.
The drum rolled again, and its sound was echoed
from the rocks. It was natural that I should say to
myself, in the words of Joshua to Moses, uttered not
far from this very place, "There is a noise of war in
the camp." The signs and voices of human strife
have reached even these solitary places. That tide of
desolation which has overwhelmed Europe and which
at different periods has rolled along the banks of the
Nile, has driven its fiery wave across the sajids of the
desert also, and has dashed itself against the foot of
Sinai. Depravity hardens itself in defiance of the
Law. Will it not yield to the self-sacrificing spirit of
the Gospel?

There is something within me, which bids me go
hence. It is not safe for weak and erring humanity
to stop at Sinai. I will endeavor to find a teacher
and a guide greater than Moses. Following his foot-
steps on the banks of the Jordan and on the shore
of Tiberias, in the garden of Gethsemane and on
the hill of the Crucifixion, I will hope in the great-
ness of my own weakness and wants, to catch some-
thing of his benevolent spirit. I will listen to that
voice of angels, which still echoes over the plain of
Bethlehem ; " Peace on earth ; good will to men."

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 373

(XLI.)

Departure from Sinai — Last view of the great plain — Group of Arab
women and children — Wady Esch-Shekh — Route from Esch-Shekh
to the Elanitic gulf — Mountain scenery — Wady Hudhera — Elani-
tic Red Sea — Idnmea and Mount Hor — Eziongeber — Arrival at
Accaba — Shekh Hassan — Leave for Niekel and Gaza — Fortress of
Niekel— Amelekite territory — Beersheba — Reach Gaza — Historical
references.

GAZA, PASHALIC OF SYRIA, MAY 7, 1853.

We left Sinai on the 13th of April on our way to
Palestine. When parties set out upon the long jour-
neys of these deserts, it requires some time to adjust
the baggage to the camels, and in general not less to
settle the rivalries and jealousies among their owners.
During the time when things were thus in a process
of preparation for our departure, I occupied myself
in going a little distance up the steep granite side of
Mount E-Dayr, and took a last view of the walls and
gardens of the ancient convent, of the rugged and
towering heights of Sinai, and of the great historical
plain below me ; and felt once more that I stood in
the midst of scenes, which had witnessed events and
were associated with names as memorable as any in
history.

As I stood thus, I noticed at a little distance, hud-
dled together in the sunless clefts of the rocks, a num-
ber of Arab women with their little children around
them. They were the wives and children, I supposed,
of the Arabs who had gone up with us in our ascent
of Mount Sinai, or of those who were preparing to
conduct us on our journey. Knowing that I had
come from a distant land, — a land less poor and deso-
32

374 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

late and suffering than their own, — they extended
their hands and uttered in their own language their
petition for some small present. This was not unex-
pected to me, because it is the custom among them ;
— a custom which is, in some degree, justified by
their necessities. I saw them seated among rocks
which the ploughshare does not enter, and where
wheat does not grow. I saw that they were raggedy
and I could hardly doubt that they were hungry.
The women in their poverty and ignorance, and differ-
ing also in race and in religion, were nevertheless my
sisters. Christianity required me thus to regard them.
The children were everybody's children who has a
heart to love them, and I could not believe, although
I might differ in this from the opinion of other travel-
lers, that it would hurt either my pocket or my heart
to give them the small sum which they asked.

When the camels were ready, we mounted and set
out. The course which we took led us through a
portion of the beautiful wady Esch Shekh, which I
have already had occasion to mention. I speak of the
wady or valley which bears this name as beautiful,
because, contrary to the anticipations which one is
apt to form, there is sometimes surpassing beauty in
the physical aspects even of these desolate regions.
The succession of lofty cliffs, through which Esch
Shekh passes, forms, in this direction, a sort of out-
works and entrance gateway, if I may so express it, to
the secluded and mysterious region of Horeb, of which
Sinai is the centre. After leaving this wady at the
end of a few hours' march, and altering our course
with a view to reach the Elanitic gulf, we passed

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 375

through other wadys and mountain gorges, which
continued to gratify in a high degree that sentiment
of the beautiful and sublime which is natural to man,
and which, in its wonderful power to mark and to re-
flect the numerous and minute aspects of surrounding
objects, may be said to exist like a living mirror at
the bottom of the human heart.

Our route, after leaving Esch Shekh, led us through
Orfan, Murrah, and Hudhera. In many places in
these wadys, which form portions of the more com-
mon route from Sinai to Accaba, the mountains rise
abruptly on both sides, leaving a narrow path between
them, and with such distinctly marked relations on
the corresponding sides, that they have the appearance
of being worn down or cut in two in the centre. Lay-
ers of rock of every variety of kind and color, granite,
sandstone, limestone, green-stone, intermixed with
slate and veins of porphyry, attracted a degree
of notice, which in other countries would have been
given to the beautiful varieties of trees and flowers.
No earth covers them. Washed occasionally by the
fains, and polished, if I may so express it, by the blaz-
ing contact of sunbeams, they sometimes shine like
gems. In some instances the forms were as remarka-
ble as the colors ; and the rocks were worn by the ac-
tion of the elements into variegated shapes of beauty,
which reminded us of the columns, statues, and tem-
ples of human art. It was often a magic scene, a
wilderness of enchantments, probably unseen any-
where else; — which recalled, while it may be sup-
posed to give an explanation in part, of the gorgeous
fictions of the Arabian tales.

376

LETTERS ESTHETIC,

It may be proper to say here, that the wady Hud-
hera, or rather the fountain of Hudhera in its vicinity,
is supposed by biblical geographers, and for reasons
which have much weight, to be the Hazeroth of the
Scriptures, If this view should generally be adopted
as the correct one, it will be found important as indi-
cating with great exactness the first portion of the
route of the Israelites from Sinai towards Palestine.

Reaching after a number of days the Elanitic branch
of the Red Sea, we encamped at night on its shores,
and were refreshed by its welcome breezes. The
transition to this novel scene was pleasant, although
the desolation on both sides of the gulf was not less
marked and complete than that of the regions behind
us. But there was this difference. There had been
unbroken silence before. Day had succeeded to day,
without a sound to break their stillness, — but now
the voice of the waves, as they dashed gently on the
shore, was like sweet sounds of music. This gentle
and refreshing voice from the ocean seemed to have
a power over the heart unknown before. But this
was not all. In the barren region from which we
had just emerged there were neither trees nor flowers
to attract the eye with their verdure and variegated
beauty; but scattered along the shore of the sea
there were numberless sea-shells of exquisite tints
and of every variety of form. Often we stopped to
gather them; and we found a new species of com-
panionship iu the suggestive power of their beauty.

Continuing along the western side of the sea, we
now proceeded, by an easier march of a number of
days, some iifty or sixty miles to Accaba. In only

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 377

one instance, when a mountainous rock came jutting
down upon the water, were we obliged to leave the
level shore, and take a more difficult route. The sea,
or gulf as it may be as properly called, varies in its
upper portion from five to twelve miles in width.
Such, at least, is the opinion, which one would be
likely to form, in estimating it by the eye alone. On
the side opposite to us, lofty and barren heights
touched in some places upon the water ; and suspen-
ded their huge cliffs over it. This rocky and moun-
tainous region extending along the eastern shore —
a region which includes Mount Hor within its limits,
— is the ancient land of Idumea, — the residence of
the descendants of Esau, and the burial place of
Aaron.

At the head of this branch of the Red Sea were
once towns of importance, which have now passed
away; — particularly Eloth mentioned in the Scrip-
tures, which is the same, I suppose, as the Aila or
Aela of the Romans, and Eziongeber, the port of
Solomon. David, the father of Solomon, had con-
quered the Idumeans ; and the possession of this port
which was the channel of Arabian and Indian com-
merce, was a principal source of Solomon's wealth.
It is stated of this king, that he "made a navy of ship3
at Eziongeber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of
the Red Sea, in the land of Edom." The site of Eloth
was two miles south of Accaba. The latter is a mod-
ern Turkish town of small size, with fortifications of
considerable strength ; and is the residence of a gov-
ernor. Reaching it in safety, but not without con-
siderable fatigue, we pitched our tents on the plain of
32*

378 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

Accaba and near its walls, with the Red Sea in front
and the mountains of Edom behind us.

The arrangement, which we had made with our
Arabs for our conveyance, terminated at Accaba. We
could not advance further without the assistance and
aid of Shekh Hassan, the chief of the Alloween Arabs.
We waited for him some time. He was absent in
the Idumean mountains which are inhabited by his
people ; and did not come to us till after the lapse of
seven days. He gave explanations of his detention,
which seemed due to the patience with which we had
waited for him so long on the burning sands. We
were glad to see the old chief, though he brought us
unfavorable news. Shekh Hassan has often been
mentioned by travellers. We were seated beneath
some palm-trees which overshadowed our tents, when
he made his appearance. He is an old man, seventy
years of age ; but with no want of elasticity in his
step, and with no dimness in his keen, piercing eye.
Dressed richly in the oriental manner, and seated erect
on a fine horse, which bore him majestically from the
mountains behind us, he wheeled slowly and proudly
into our presence. As he rode he bore a beautiful
spear in his right hand ; — some twelve feet in length.
He held it gracefully and proudly, as if conscious of
elevating upon its sharp and glittering point both the
emblem and security of his barbarian bower. He was
accompanied by his brother and son. He heard our
story, and promptly returned his answer.

He informed us, that in consequence of some very
recent difficulties, which had sprung up among the
Arab tribes, it would be impossible, in accordance

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 379

with our original intention, to reach Palestine by the
way of Hebron ; and would b>e very difficult to ad-
vance even as far as Petra, the ancient capital of Idu-
mea. We knew something of the power of this Edom-
ite Chief, and that we could not go without his assis-
tance. And although we offered him inducements
and made various propositions, he still insisted, that
the attempt to reach Hebron, in particular, would be
at the risk of property and lives; — and with an hon-
orable frankness, he declined entirely the responsibility
of conducting us.

Under these circumstances we were obliged to give
up some of the objects we had in view; especially our
visit to Petra which was but a few days distance from
us ; and whose remains of dwellings, tombs and tem-
ples, excavated with taste and skill in the lofty rocks
which overhang its narrow valley, have been the ad-
miration of travellers. Altering the plan of our route
with the view to reach the shore of the Mediterranean,
and in the expectation of entering Palestine by the
way of the old Philistine town of Gaza, we at once
made preparations for our departure. The old Al-
loween chief, who showed in his intercourse with us
that he was neither wanting in kind feelings nor in a
good share of practical shrewdness, readily furnished
the requisite camels and men. The Bedouin Arabs,
under whose guidance we were now placed, have the
reputation of being among the rudest and wildest of
this peculiar and remarkable race of people. Their
appearance, as they came around us and took posses-
sion of our tents and baggage, was not at variance
with their reputation. The chief Hassan, thinking it
unnecessary to attend us in person, or perhaps called

380 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

to more urgent duties somewhere else, committed our
escort to the charge of his brother.

A few moments before we started, I was interested
to see this old man, the head of a fierce and powerful
tribe, call around him those of his people who were
to attend us. Their rude and coarse garments showed
their poverty ; but each one, I believe, or with scarce-
ly an exception, had a gun in his hand. At the voice
of their leader their discordant clamors were hushed.
The aged chief took an elevated position on a rock ;
and the men seated themselves in a circle in front of
him on the rocks and sand. Standing but a few feet
back of the enclosure formed by the Bedouins, I was
able to hear what was said without understanding its
import. I learned, however, from our interpreter, that
he gave them advice as to their conduct ; and cer-
tainly the propriety and earnestness of his gestures,
and the falling tear that shone in his eye, and the visi-
ble effect upon the men, showed that even the fierce
chief of a rude Arab tribe feels something of the obli-
gation to be the father, as well as the leader and
governor of his people.

We left Accaba on Monday the 25th of April ; re-
tracing for a short time our steps around the head of
this branch of the Red Sea, till we reached, in the
mountains on its western side, the great pass, which
is annually trodden by the caravans between Egypt
and Mecca. Turning into this pass, in which there
are obvious traces of an old Roman road, we ascend-
ed for a long distance with mountain heights on each
hand ; and amid that peculiar mountain scenery which
I have already mentioned. Arrived at the summit of
this long and difficult ascent, we once more cast a

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 381

look upon the waters, which once floated with the na-
vies and riches of Solomon, and upon the lofty moun-
tains of Edom on the other side of them. We then,
without descending into valleys again as we naturally
anticipated, passed over elevated plains of vast extent ;
of a hard and pebbly surface, and blackened by the
sun ; and I think we found no part of these great de-
serts more destitute of vegetation and of every form
of life than this. In four days' travel from Accaba,
and at the distance of about ninety miles, we reached
the village and fortress of Niekel.

The country around the fortress of Niekel, unable
to supply with provisions even the little community
here, is a wide sandy desolation ; not less barren than
the country we had passed over. So that both the
fortress and the little village connected with it, draw
their supplies from distant places ; and chiefly from
Suez and Cairo. A few artificial wells and fountains,
however, are found here ; which is a great convenience
to the travellers and pilgrims that pass this way.
The fortress of Niekel is not far from the borders of
the Pashalic of Egypt in the direction of Syria ; and
seems to have been established with the combined
object of keeping the neighboring Arabs in awe, of
protecting and aiding the caravans between Egypt
and Mecca, and of indicating the fact of Egyptian
authority, exercised in full power at no great distance
from the lines of a distinct and rival dominion.

There were sounds of music in the village and for-
tress on the night of our arrival there. It was an
hour of feasting, and of that rude joy, which in these
regions accompanies the ceremonies of marriage. I

382 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

sat in my tent and heard it, at a little distance ; and
was not sorry to know, that human sympathies may
exist amid the desolations of nature ; and that love
has a place even in the sands of the desert.

We spent the Sabbath here, and on the next morn-
ing, the second of May, renewed our march towards
the shore of the Mediterranean. At this place we
ceased to be conveyed by the camels and Bedouins
of Shekh Hassan ; and came under the protection
and were conveyed by the men of another tribe. This
change in the men who conducted us, had been the
cause of some delay.

As we advanced from Niekel towards Gaza, we
passed through a portion of the territory once occu-
pied by the Amalekites ; — an ancient and warlike peo-
ple, whose power seems to have extended from the
plains and valleys of Philistia to the mountains of
Sinai. Their fierce wars with the Israelites are known
to the readers of the Bible. Our course led us a little
to the south of the ancient Beersheba, and at no
great distance from it. Beersheba, which still retains
its ancient name and whose wells and scattered ruins
indicate its position, is situated upon the southern
border of Palestine. It was at one time the residence
of Abraham and Isaac. Passing onward in a south-
west direction, and going through what we supposed
might be that portion of the Philistine territory which
bears in the Scriptures the name of Gerar, we reached
in five days' travel from Niekel the shores of the
Mediterranean ; and were lodged in the quarters of
the quarantine of Gaza.

In our approach to this city, and at the distance of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 383

about twenty miles, we began to pass from the un-
broken sterility of the desert to lands susceptible of
cultivation. The heart harmonizes with nature ; and
is gay or sad in correspondence with the joy or sad-
ness of that which is without. I cannot forget the
delight I felt when we came to a small brook. Grass
and reeds grew upon its banks ; and as it played with
its pebbly channel, its prattling music seemed to have
a voice of social welcome in its sound. We saw once
more flocks of sheep and goats, and the playing child-
ren who watched them ; and droves of camels going
to the watering places ; and husbandmen gathering
in the barley from the fields. Life, that had been bu-
ried in the sands, was again struggling upward into
form and beauty. Flowers, unknown in colder cli-
mates, sprung up by the wayside ; and as I gazed
upon them with continual delight, it seemed as if I
had known nothing of their radiance before. They
seemed to my pleased imagination, to vindicate to
themselves the principle of life ; and to arise from
the earth like conscious and social beings, desirous of
expressing their joy. They revealed, in their pure
and bright expression, a religious import. Is it not
true, that the glory of God is written on the leaf of
the flower. Or is it the state of the mind, writing
the inward beauty on the outward object, which
makes it shine so brightly ?

"We are now in Gaza in quarantine. And it is here,
that I am writing, or rather finishing this letter, which
I had begun during our seven days' stay at Accaba.
The detention here I suppose is necessary ; or at least
is deemed to be so. I have no fault to find with our

384 LETTERS — ESTHETIC,

accommodations. And the harmony of our little com-
pany, strengthened by piety, and cheered in Syria as
on the Nile and in the Desert by woman's presence,
has made every situation pleasant. I can see from
the windows of the rooms which we occupy the site
of the old city of Gaza. The ancient city, situated
at the distance of a mile and a half or two miles from
the modern Gaza, was a place of no small note, as
far back as the time of Joshua and the Israelitish
Judges. Its position in the vicinity of the Mediterra-
nean was favorable to it ; and commerce enriched it
and gave it strength. Its site is now covered by an
immense pile of sand ; so wide and so deep that the
traveller who seeks for some memorial of its former
greatness, can scarcely find the fragment of a broken
column.

That lofty pile, which the winds and waves of ages
have drifted together, and beneath which the city and
its gates and temples are buried, is a sort of monu-
mental pillar, of that which is passed away and gone.
The pride of the Philistine states, the city of Gaza at
successive periods was the place of commerce, arts,
battles, sieges. It withstood for a long time the fierce
attacks of Alexander the Great, who found it stand-
ing in his way in his triumphant march from Egypt
to Phenicia. And at an earlier period it had a con-
nection, in various ways, with Scripture history. It
was the gates of Gaza, which Sampson in his con-
tests with this people, took away at night, and set
upon a distant hill before Hebron. It was here that
he was destroyed. And this is the scene, therefore,
of one of the magnificent poems of Milton.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 385

It is thus, wherever our journey leads us, that past
deeds and generations spring up at our feet. As I am
seated at my window and let my eye roam over these
scenes — that eye which becomes also a window to
my heart and lets in the floodlights of memory, — I
call to mind the names of the men of distant ages ; —
of the son of Manoah, the Hercules of the wild and
heroic age of the Scriptures, who fought with Dagon
and subdued him ; — of the Macedonian conqueror,
the mighty but wayward child of a mysterious provi-
dence, who was led onward to the destruction of cities
in fulfilment of the denunciations of the Hebrew pro-
phets;— and of the wonderful bard of the Isle of the
Ocean, who was illuminated with a brighter light
when he became blind, and who, in his Sampson
Agonistes, has poured forth a song of sorrow and of
triumph, which matches the noblest melodies of Greek
and Roman fame.

The story of Sampson is one of the touching and
instructive passages of biblical history; varied and
wonderful in its conflicting aspects ; and not unworthy
of the sympathetic remembrances and the sublime
song of the great English poet. Strong in his earthly
passions, strong in his love of God, but vacillating
from heaven to earth and from earth to he'aven, he
was an object, which angels might look upon with
pity; — sad and terrible in his inward conflicts. When
he looked upon Delilah, he fell prostrate to the earth.
When he remembered the prayers and faith of his
father and mother, and of the ancient and great men
of his people, his soul gained strength, and soared up-
ward to celestial regions. And it was thus, not firmly
33

386 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

fixed to the Central Life, and rent asunder by at-
tractions from different sources, he passed and repassed
from heights to depths, from good to evil. But God,
who loved him, closed his earthly sight ; in order that
the eye, which was closed and dark to earth, might
be open and illuminated from heaven. With light
came strength; and the influx of strength into his
soul gave strength to his physical nature. His hour
was come. He was ready to die, because death, which
is only a method of transition, is the gateway of the
resurrection. But in that final conflict between the
true and the false, between the perishable and the
eternal, his arm grew mighty in God ; — he shook the
strong foundations and pillars of falsehood; and the
idol and the temple " crumbled into dust."

(XLII.)

Quarantine — Its occupants — Thoughts on experiences in the wilder-
ness— Poetry — On President Edwards' system of pure or univer-
sal love — The slain lamb — Achmed the Syrian — The bird of Ac-
caba— The tame fishes of Hingham— The little girl— Poetry.

PASHALIC OF SYRIA, QUARANTINE OF GAZA,

SECOND LETTER.

My last letter found me in Gaza. I date the pres-
ent letter from the same place in quarantine. The
prevalence of pestilential diseases in the countries of
the East, renders establishments of this kind necessary.
The quarantine buildings are erected around a square
open court. One side of this open area is adorned
with shrubbery and flowers. They are watered from
a large well which stands in the centre of the court ; —

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 387

and around which persons are constantly gathered.
People from different countries, detained for the rea-
sons which detain us, are assembled within these
walls ; — travellers to Jerusalem, traders from Cairo,
Arabs from the desert, — and all differing from each
other, almost as much in their situations in life, as in
their habits, dress, nationalities and language.

At a little distance from the room which we occupy
there is a company of slaves. They were brought
down the Nile from Nubia, sold to a slave purchaser
in Cairo, and are on their sad and desolate way to the
interior of Syria. In another part of the building, as
if in contrast with this scene of degradation and suf-
fering, is a party of young Englishmen, full of activity,
joy and hope ; among whom are students from the
University of Oxford. Beyond the walls, but in sight
of our room, which is the higher story of the quaran-
tine building, a large company of Bedouins have just
come upon the wide and beautiful plain, which ex-
tends to the south and west of the city. They have
pitched their dark tents. Their children are at play.
The camels, relieved from their burdens, are strolling
around. The smoke of their fires is ascending.

But I will let these things pass now ; and permit my
thoughts to take another direction. I will go back
again for a short time to the wilderness ; and the rea-
son is, that the detention of a number of days at Gaza,
under the restrictions and confinement of a quaran-
tine, has afforded an opportunity, not only to give an
outline of our journey to this place, but to record
some of the thoughts and feelings to which it has
given rise.

388 LETTERS JESTHETIC,

I have left the remarkable scenes of the desert ; and
in all probability have left them forever. But I hope
it will not savor of affectation when I say, that my
intercourse with this extraordinary and memorable
locality has been an intercourse of the affections, as
well as of the senses. Such certainly has been the
case. Leaving, therefore, its geography and geology
to other and more appropriate hands, at least in their
more specific and particular aspects, it will be enough
for me, in the circumstances of physical weakness in
which I have come here, merely to give an account
of the general appearances of the country and some
little record of my feelings. So that my descriptions,
such as they are, may be expected to take their charac-
ter in some degree from the heart, as well as the sight.

A man never knows the length and depth of his
own nature, who lives in one place and deals with
one class of men alone ; but must expand and explore
himself — must both enlarge his capacity and must
understand his capacity — by exploring and exhaust-
ing many varieties of situation. And when he is
wandering in places desolate and without an inhabi-
tant, it will not be surprising, if, in the yearning of his
heart to find some object that can meet its wants, he
should learn to love the fountains and even the rocks.
A tree or a flower, so frequent in his own distant land
as to diminish in some degree the sense of their value,
will wake up an enthusiasm of thought and feeling,
which he had hardly known before. Flowers have no
tongues and therefore have no outward speech ; but I
think they may be said to speak with the heart; and
sometimes they utter or suggest thoughts and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 389

enter into little affectionate conversations, which are
quite interesting. Some of the weary hours, which
were occupied in traversing the peninsula of Sinai,
were relieved by these little soliloquies. Allow me to
give you an instance ; which, for the sake of your
younger and less critical readers, I will put into verse.

One day in the desert

With pleasure I spied
A flower in its beauty

Looking up at my side.
And I said, Oh sweet flow'ret,

That bloomest alone,
What 's the worth of thy beauty,

Thus shining unknown ?

But the flower gave me answer,

With a smile quite divine ;
'Tis the nature, oh, stranger,

Of beauty to shine.
Take all I can give thee,

And when thou art gone,
The light that is in me,

Will keep shining on.

And, oh gentle stranger,

Permit me to say,
To keep up thy spirits

Along this lone way,
While tby heart shall flow outward

To gladden and bless,
The fount at its centre

Will never grow less.

I was struck with its answer,

And left it to glow
To the clear sky above it,

And the pale sands below ;
Above and around it

Its light to impart,
But never exhausting

The fount at its heart,
33*

390 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

There is a system of philosophy supported by a
great and memorable name — and none the less me-
morable because he who bore it pursued his sublime
and difficult studies in the woods of America ; which
maintains that "virtue consists in the love of being
in general." That, I believe, is the form of expres-
sion— or very nearly the form of expression — in which
its leading doctrine is conveyed. It condemns isola-
tion. It frowns upon selfishness. Like the Sermon
on the Mount, which indeed may be supposed to have
suggested its leading principles, it looks favorably
and earnestly in the direction of wide and universal
attachments — not excluding even our enemies. It is
a sublime doctrine, and indicates the thoughts and
experiences of a far-reaching mind. Supported by its
precepts, which anticipate and require the restoration
of universal harmony, I am unwilling to set narrow
limits to my sympathies. And certainly, if I thus felt
sympathy with inanimate nature, the alliance of pri-
mitive harmony, if I may so express it, with the rock,
the fountain and the flower, I could not feel less with
anything and everything which has life in it. And
when at intervals I saw a bird flying in the air, or even
a lizard basking upon the heated, noonday sand, or a
mole excavating its dim mansion under the starlight,
I recognized that great and sacred tie, too long sun-
dered, but still reclaim able, which binds together all
existences. I will give one or two incidents in illus-
tration of my feelings.

When we entered upon the elevated plain extend-
ing to the southwest of the Elanitic Red Sea, I
noticed a little lamb following our caravan ; at first

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 391

led by some Arabs, and then left by them to fol-
low at his own will. I loved it as soon as I saw
it. It will be remembered that we were in the desert.
And there is only one solitude which the soul cannot
bear — that which is destitute of any object of affec-
tion. For some time this little lamb, which had thus
suddenly established a place in my affections, gave
me some trouble, because I was afraid it would stray
away and be lost. And I sometimes allowed my
companions to advance, while I lingered behind and
watched its motions. But my anxiety was perhaps
unnecessary. It would stop, and go aside from the
path among the rocks, and try to find something which
it could eat; and then looking up, and seeing the
company at a distance, it hastened with all the speed
of its little feet to rejoin it. I thought of the time
when God brought the creatures he had made to
Adam ; and he " gave their names to the beasts of the
fields and the birds of the air." A long way in the
wilderness did the lamb travel in this manner. At
night it slept like a little child, by the side of our
tents. There was something plaintive in its bleat as
it ran along through the day by the side of our camels,
as if some feeling or presentiment of sorrow mingled
with its affection. When we arrived at Niekel, which
I have mentioned in a former letter as one of the
frontier towns of Egypt, the lamb was killed. It had
followed us a long way over the desert. It came sadly
but confidingly to the place of its destruction. It
loved the hand that slew it. And I felt that a tie of
the heart was sundered, when I saw its blood in the
sand.

392 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

In referring to these feelings, which I might not
have noticed so much at another time, they do not
seem to me to be at variance either with philosophy
or religion. The love of our Maker is one of the first
principles of practical religion. But is it possible for
man to love God as he ought to love him, without at
the same time loving, in an appropriate manner, all
the creatures he has made ? Perhaps it may be as-
cribed to emotional weakness ; but still it is difficult
for me to conceive of a man as bearing fully the di-
vine image, who has so little sensibility that he mars
the face of nature, by needlessly crushing a flower ;
and still more difficult, if he dishonors and offends
God by causelessly diminishing the happiness of any
sentient being, however insignificant it may be, which
is capable of happiness.

Now that I have availed myself of the broad title
which I have given to these letters, and have ventured
incidentally upon this subject, I will venture to give
one or two more illustrations. We have in our com-
pany a Syrian, whose name is Achmed. His home
is in Beiroot ; but he has come with us from Cairo.
He has with him a two-barrelled gun, which he uses
with skill. And while we were in the deserts, if a
bird or any living thing appeared, he endeavored to
shoot it. I strove to make him understand my feel-
ings ; but it was to little purpose. All I could do,
when I saw him aiming his gun, was to give a signal
by voice or action to the devoted bird ; or whatever
animal it was ; and this I did not fail to do, although
at the expense of incurring his displeasure. We were
very good friends, however, except in this matter ; in
which we found it impossible to agree.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 393

At Accaba our tent was pitched near the Red Sea;
and daily two large, beautiful birds sailed in the air
above us. I was delighted with them. One day the
report of a gun was heard. One of the birds fell up-
on the shore dead ; and Achmed brought his trophy
to our tent. I was offended. I knew that not a sparrow
falls to the ground without God's notice. I stood
silent. I could not praise his marksmanship. He soon
took the bird and carried it away, not very well satis-
fied at his reception, and threw it down under the
walls of Accaba.

I can hardly explain upon what motive or principle
I acted ; but I soon went away to the place, and sat
down upon the sand amid a ragged group of Arab
and Turkish children. They were not strong enough
to use guns, and were not old enough to lose their
natural sympathies. We sat there for a little time,
admiring the yellow beak of the bird, its fading eye,
and its long white wings ; and not without a feeling
of common sorrow. And I must confess that my
feelings of regret and grief were not diminished, when
I looked up, and saw its mate soaring above us with
uneasy wings. I suspected the object of his visit. —
His eye caught a sight of his dead companion. He
stooped his flight ; and passing directly above us, ut-
tered a low, moaning sound, which was full of sad-
ness ; as if he had said, — Farewell, companion of the
rocks and waves! Farewell, the light and joy of my
heart ! Our nest is desolate ; and the life of the living
is more sad than the death of the fallen : —

I see thy heaving heart with throbs dilate ;
I mark the shadows of thy closing eye j
Yes, thou art fallen lew, but shalt not die
Without a friend to mourn thy cruel fate.

394 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

When there is so little life in the desert, either of
man or animals, why should man hesitate and be un-
willing to let it live ? I hope I shall give no offence
in saying, that both my instincts and my convictions
attach a sacredness both to life and to all the inno-
cent and right enjoyments of which it is susceptible.
Man, and the beasts of the field and the birds of the
air, once constituted but one family. And man can
not be restored to a millennial state without the res-
toration of the family in all its parts. The bird shall
sing to cheer him ; the beast shall feed from his hand ;
" the lion and the lamb shall lie down together ;" and
even the fishes of the river and sea shall again hear
man's voice in their deep habitations, and shall enter
once more into the circle of human sympathies. Al-
low me here to forget that I am on the borders of the
Mediterranean, and to return in memory for a few
moments to America.

A few years ago I read in a newspaper in America,
that the fishes in a certain pond had been tamed, and
brought back again, at least in some degree, into the
original association with humanity. Being at leisure
at a certain time, and having some curiosity to ascer-
tain the truth of this statement, I embarked in a boat
in Boston harbor, and in the boat I went down to
Hingham. It was near night. Next morning, and
quite early in the morning, I went towards the pond,
which was said to be the theatre of this interesting
and unprecedented state of things. I recollect that I
went through a long piece of woods, which was with-
out habitations, and which, in its tranquillity and
beauty was favorable to benevolent dispositions and
thoughts. The early sunbeams were playing with

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 395

the dew-drops ; and the birds were singing in the
branches. After passing through the woods and com-
ing in sight of the pond of water, I went to a farmer's
house not far from it. I knocked, and a good-looking
woman, with that intelligent and benevolent aspect
which marks the women of America, came to the
door. Making such apology as I was able for a visit
so early, I remarked that I had come for the pur-
pose of seeing the fishes in the neighboring pond,
which were said to be tamed. Readily accepting my
explanations, she pointed to a place on the brink of
the water, and said that one of her children would
soon come down there.

I had not stood there long before a little girl, appa-
rently anxious not to detain me, came running down.
She seated herself on a rock on the shore and looked
into the mirror of the morning waters, which reflected
back the delightful image of her innocent beauty.
She called to the fishes ; calling them sometimes by
the names of their tribes and sometimes by particular
names which she had given them. There was one, a
large one, which she called Cato. But Cato was in'
no hurry to come. She said it was rather early for
them. They had not yet left their places of slumber.
But repeating still more loudly the invitation of her
sweet voice, they began to make their appearance.
The smaller ones came first, and then the larger ones
of many varieties ; and at last Cato, who was a sort
of king and counsellor in this finny congregation,
came among them. Delighted with this renewed visit
of their virgin queen, although they seemed to be
conscious it was rather early in the morning, they

396 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

thrust their heads above the water ; and she fed them
from her hand. And I fed them also.

Observing something peculiar at a liitle distance in
the water, I was surprised to see two turtles making
their way towards her. Her voice of affection had
penetrated beneath their dark, hard shells. And I no-
ticed that they came with great effort and zeal; as if
afraid of being too late at this festival of love. One
of them, as soon as they reached the shore, scrambled
out of the water, and climbed upon the little rock
beside her. And she fed them both. I shall not ea-
sily forget this interesting scene ; — this little episode
of millenial humanity.

It will not be considered surprising, I hope, that I
entered into conversation with this affectionate and
charming child. In the course of our conversation,
she told me she once had a brother, a little older than
herself, who had aided her in taming the fishes. But
he was now dead. This too touched my feelings.
How sad it was, thought I to myself, for such a sister
to part with such a brother. But she spoke of her
brother in such a way, that his benevolent spirit seem-
ed to be not far distant ; but to fill the air and to be
with us and around us where we stood. The expres-
sion she employed was, that her brother was dead.
And that is the way in which we are accustomed to
speak of those who are taken away from us. But I
always have a feeling that it can be said with much
propriety, that there is no death, and no possibility of
death to those who love. But it must be acknowled-
ged that this depends in part upon what we under-
stand love to be. Practically it seems to me to be a

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 397

heart, or rather a tendency of the heart, in harmony
with the happiness of all existences ; — a benevolence
which does not save one and smite another, but ac-
cepts and saves everything which does not reject and
spurn its offers of affection. This is the doctrine, I
suppose, of the distinguished American philosopher
to whom I have already referred. Such a principle,
having for its basis a correspondent faith, a principle
which can call down the birds of the mountain, and
tame the fishes of the lakes and sea, and when clothed
in song can make the very trees dance around it ac-
cording to the old Orphic melodies, — and what is
more, can make the lofty mountains move from their
places, according to the doctrine of Jesus Christ, —
such a principle, in passing upward through succes-
sive heights of glory, can change its form, but can
never lose its immortality.

Selfishness may perish. Indeed, it is dead already.
But love can never die. Poets say so. Prophets,
who are poets gifted with religious insight, say so.
Humanity, which in its better moments embellishes
poetry with the inspirations of prophesy, says so.
Love not only recognizes life, but is life. He who
does not know how to love, does not know how to
live. His life is the negation of living. The true
life is not in him.

But this is a digression. My apology is that I am
in a prison, which is called by a free license of speech,
a quarantine. The sight has its limitations ; but
thought, which employs itself with that which is be-
yond the reach of the senses, is not bound. And
this reminds me of a stanza of one of the touching
34

398 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

poems of Madame Guyon, written when she was in
the prison of Vincennes : —

" My cage confines me Tound j

Abroad I cannot fly ;
But though my wing is closely bound.

My heart 's at liberty.
My prison walls cannot control
The flight, the freedom of the soul."

America is a great way from the wilderness of Sinai
and from the sandy ruins of Gaza. The memory of
the beautiful apparition, the loving and lovely daugh-
ter of the American woods, who stood upon the wa-
ter's brink and charmed its pleased and obedient in-
habitants, does not restore the slain lamb of Niekel
or the wounded and dying bird of Accaba. But in
the great law of progress mercy is preceded by suffer-
ing; and truth is established on the falsehood which
it destroys. Perhaps some flower of the desert will
spring up from their blood.

LINES WRITTEN ON THE MAIDEN FISH-TAMER.

Oh maiden of the woods and wave,

With footsteps in the morning dew !

From oozy bed and watery cave,

The tenants of the lake who drew.

Thy voice of love the mystery knew,

Which makes old bards and prophets true.

They tell us of that better day,

When love shall rule the world again ;

When crime and fraud shall pass away,

And beast and bird shall dwell with men ;

When seas shall marry with the land,

And fishes kiss a maiden's hand.

The iron age has done its best

With trump and sword and warriors slain ;

But could not tame the eagle's nest
Nor lead the lion by the mane ;

With all its strength and all its woe,

There was an art it did not know.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 399

>Twas fitting that a maid like thee,

In childhood's bright and happy hour,

Should teach the world the mystery
That innocence alone has power j

That love the victory can gain,

Which is not won by millions slain.

Oh man, if thou wouldst know the art

The shatter'd world to reinstate,
Like her put on a toying heart,

And throw away thy guile and hate.
A maid shall tell thee how 'tis done,
A child shall show the victory won.

(XLIII.)

Reference to Egypt — Topics omitted — Wilderness of Sinai — The his-
torical and literary interest which attaches to it — Early history of
Moses — Scholars of the desert — John Climachus — Analysis of the
influence and love of solitude — Personal recollections — Poetry.

QUARANTINE OF GAZA, PASHALIC OF SYRIA,

THIRD LETTER.

You will not expect me, while shut up in these
narrow walls to give very extensive details of what I
am seeing ; but rather, if I write anything, of what I
am thinking. It does not follow, because the sight is
restricted that the principle of thought is restricted
and bound in an equal degree. And I find that
this season of detention, in refusing to gratify the
outward curiosity, is, on the whole, favorable to in-
ward reflection.

In justice to myself, and still more in justice to
the memorable scenes through which we have so far
passed, I ought to say something in the way of apolo-
gy. In passing through Egypt, I wrote a number of
letters from Thebes and other places, in which I gave
a brief account of some of the numerous objects which

400 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

came under notice, and of the impressions which
they left upon the mind. But for reasons which it is
unnecessary to detail, I was obliged to leave many
things unsaid, — to some of which I will take this op-
portunity briefly to refer ; — not with a view, however,
to fill up the deficiency at the present time.

And one of the subjects thus passed over is the
primitive religion, or rather the system of religious
opinions, which prevailed in ancient Egypt. This
subject, it is true, is briefly mentioned in the histories
of ancient philosophical opinions ; but it seemed to
me that it ought to be more fully meditated and stu-
died. And this more complete examination of it can
be made to the fullest advantage only in one place,
namely, in its own appropriate locality, among the
mountains and tombs of Egypt and in the presence of
the hieroglyphics and symbols, which show the hope-
less but great. struggles of that remarkable people to
ascertain those moral and religious ideas, which throw
light upon man's position and destiny. Another topic,
which I was compelled to pass by without remark,
but which can hardly fail to force itself upon the at-
tention of every traveller who is capable of serious
reflection, is the perplexed and obscure question of
the origin and history of Egyptian culture. From
what lands did this people come ? What earlier civili-
zation was the parent of their own ? Did it find its
way along the course of the Nile from those distant
Ethiopians, who are celebrated for their noble quali-
ties by Homer ? Or did it come more directly
from some Oriental source? There is also another
subject, on which I have omitted hitherto to remark ;

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 401

I mean the peculiarities of Egyptian art, and espe-
cially, as compared with Grecian, Roman, and mod-
ern art. Any view of Egypt, which is unattended
with some suggestions and explanations on these sub-
jects, must fail of giving full satisfaction. But one,
who knows the difficulty of such subjects, even with
the aid of leisure and books, will hardly expect me
to make the attempt under the existing unfavorable
circumstances. And perhaps it may be thought with
reason by some, that such discussions, involving as
they do mental problems as well as material and his-
torical facts, are more suited to philosophical treatises
than to the slight memoranda of journalizing and
letter-writing.

In my last letter I substituted for my usual narra-
tive of our progress from place to place some little
memoranda of my personal feelings. In this letter
also, I do not propose to continue the narrative of
our journey ; but shall occupy it with a few things
which I might forget or omit to say at another time.
In my last letter I said I had left the desert; but it
was in person and not in memory. I had something
to say of the desert then ; and I have something fur-
ther to say now. The word desert is a very general
term, including more than one locality, which is char-
acterized by barrenness. The country from Cairo to
Suez is a desert ; but it differs much in its character-
istics from the desert of the peninsula of Sinai, and
has less interest for travellers. The peninsula of Sinai,
which, in reaching this place, we have crossed in two
directions, is formed by the two arms of the Red Sea,
— -the gulf of Suez extending north, and the gulf of
34*

402 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

Elan extending east. Remarkable in its natural fea-
tures, the wilderness of the peninsula of Sinai is re-
markable, as it seems to me, for other reasons. I can
not deny that the desolate regions, over which we
have so far passed, have to me something of the claims
and the aspect of " classic ground" They are the lo-
cality of Moses ; — and associated as they are with his
achievements and purposes, they are hallowed by the
memory of great deeds and of a great name. Pos-
sessed of a mind above the ordinary degree of human
intelligence, the Hebrew legislator and moralist wTas
instructed in the best institutions of Egypt. It is not
beyond the bounds of reason and of probability, that
he studied in the schools of Heliopolis;— unless there
were others at that time, which boasted a higher learn-
ing and were more adapted to the children of the
families of kings. The book of nature also, laid open
in its fairest characters on the beautiful banks of the
Nile, was exposed to the meditations of his thoughtful
mind; — a book full of positive and suggestive revela-
tions. And here also, on the banks of the same won-
derful river, were the treasures of art; — the concep-
tions of great minds, shaped into stone and marble in
the hope of giving perpetuity to thought and affection.
On the lofty columns and walls, which existed even
in that primitive period, he read the records of early
history; — and the lessons also of domestic affection
and of moral truth ; — mingled and deformed, undoubt-
edly, with the imperfect ideas and the struggling but
disappointed hopes of a debased idolatry. " Learned
in all the wisdom of the Egyptians," he had read the
hieroglyphics before they were read by Champollion.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 403

And it may be added that his Egyptian training,
whatever it was, did not prevent his acceptance and
mastery of that other and higher culture, characterized
by its Aramean origin, which had quietly established
and perfected itself among his own people. There
was learning in the land of Goshen ; and Moses was
not ignorant of it. The Hebrew culture was religious,
and aided by the inward presence and teachings of
the God of his fathers, it placed him upon that higher
and better position, which enabled him to understand
and appreciate the truths and errors of other cultures.
Placed in the most favorable position, and prompted
by the highest inward inspirations, he beheld all, knew
all, appreciated all.

An Egyptian by adoption, but a Hebrew by birth
and by nature, it was natural that his heart should be
kindled with generous and zealous sentiments in favor
of his own people. Baffled in his early efforts to in-
struct and deliver them, because perhaps his wisdom
and charity were not yet developed in proportion to
his zeal, — God saw fit, so to order his providences as
to drive him away into this very wilderness.

One day as I was travelling in the wilderness, I saw
a small Bedouin village in the midst of high hills,
skirting and overhanging the level plain over which
we were passing. It is but reasonable to suppose,
that this little community, like all others, had its ruler,
a man unknown to the world, but still the father and
chieftain of his small but solitary people, — the Jethro
of the desert. At a little distance was a watering
place ; — flocks and groups of camels were standing
near ; and the maidens of the village drew water

404 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

\

and they drank. It was to such a place that Moses
fled, — exchanging the fertile valley for the arid plain,
the rich Nile for places without rivers, the recorded
instructions of towering monuments for the sugges-
tive eloquence of lonely mountains; and the teachings
of priests and the wise men of Egypt for the conversa-
tions of a shepherd and a patriarch in the wilderness,
and for woman's love. Jethro had daughters. The
Hebrew exile saw, loved and married. He, who with
man's energy and unchastened passion, had slain an
Egyptian in Egypt, became a little child in Midian.
He, who had trod the pavements of palaces and had
been in some sense the heir of kingdoms, was willing
to dwell in tents, to carry the crook of a shepherd, and
to follow after the flock. It is in such transitions from
glory to obscurity and silence, from riches to desola-
tion, from the city to the desert, that men learn the
great lesson of the relation of human actions to God's
oversight ; and that there is a power above us which
shapes our existence and is the master of our destiny.
Napoleon was a wiser man on the rock of St. Helena,
than he had been in the palace of the Tuilleries. And
Moses, who had slain an Egyptian and hid him in the
sand, experienced the inspiration of higher and better
thoughts when he watered his flocks and camels in
the wilderness, or was seated on its solitary rocks by
the side of those whom he loved.

To what precise part of the peninsula of Sinai Mo-
ses went, is uncertain. The country of Midian, which
is mentioned in connection with his place of exile,
seems to have extended west of the Elanitic Gulf as
far as the region of Horeb. If this view is correct, it

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 405

would harmonize with one of the traditions still re-
peated at Sinai, that Jethro, his father-in-law, resided
in the narrow valley of Shu-Eib, which runs between
Sinai and the heights of E-Dayr.

Many years he dwelt in these wonderful solitudes ;
— recalling the memory of his ancestors, reducing to
form in the beautiful language of his own people their
unexampled traditions, — pondering the problems of
Providence, — studying minutely the geography of that
wide wilderness which he foresaw was to be the thea-
tre of great achievements, and awaiting that mys-
terious hour, when God speaks and man is silent.
God spake to him in the burning bush. The Greek
monks who still linger in these regions, pointed out
to us the traditionary place. It is within the limits
of the convent of St. Catherine. It is not especially
important, whether we suppose that the burning bush
was here or in some other valley or plain in the vicini-
ty of the great mountain. Its blaze must have ascend-
ed somewhere in this region ; and though it has gone
out in the wilderness, and darkness has gathered upon
its place, it may be said to exist and to burn forever
in the locality of memory , — and the great words,
which were uttered in its fires, are still sounding in
all lands. It was no false god of Egypt or Syria, no
Osiris or Thammuz, but the God without form, the
I am, who spake.

In the fulfilment of the great mission, which the
God of his fathers had assigned him, he set out for
Egypt. He had fled into exile alone ; and he returned
alone. He had learned in the wilderness, that affec-
tion can grow up among the sands and rocks. He

406 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

left behind him his aged father-in-law, and his wife
and children, who fed his flocks, and kept the fires of
his tent burning; till he, who went forth as a father,
should return a father, a law-giver, and a prophet.
He planted his foot on the banks of the Nile. He
came back to the palaces of Memphis. He said what
God gave him to say. He, who speaks for God, has
no other than God's message. Kings trembled. The
nation mourned. The Nile ran blood. The chain of
the people of his fathers was broken.

I think, therefore, there is no impropriety in speak-
ing of the peninsula of Sinai, though a land without
rivers or verdure, as classic land. In these solitudes
was written a code of laws, differing from any other,
but still remarkably adapted to the times and the peo-
ple, which places their author in the records of civil
and political history by the side of Solon and Lycur-
gus. The learned commentaries of Michaelis will
justify a remark, which might otherwise seem an ex-
aggeration. In these regions, stretching from the Nile
to the Jordan, were written those remarkable annals
of the beginnings of the human race, which are the
starting-points and the foundations of human his-
tory. As a moralist, he spake as no one had spoken
before him ; and as a poet, touching the varied strings
of human passion, he has passages, which remind one
sometimes of the tenderness of Virgil, and sometimes
of the sublimity of Pindar.

In these regions, thousands of years later, but still
in a venerable antiquity as compared with the present
time, have resided no small number of Christians ; —
some of whom fled from persecutions in Egypt and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 407

other lands ; and others sought these remote solitudes
with a view to greater retirement from the world and
more intimate communion with God. Strange as it
may seem, it is undoubtedly true that men of distin-
guished talent and learning have formerly dwelt in
these places. Sometimes they resided in convents,
the ruins of which are still found in the gorges of
these mountains ; — and not unfrequently they took up
their solitary abode in lonely caverns, excavated by
nature or by the hand of art. Among the residents
who once gave a celebrity to places which are now
scarcely trodden by human footsteps, some of whom
were named in a former letter, mention is made by
ecclesiastical historians of Sylvanus and Nilus ; —
names worthy of remembrance, but better known to
Catholics than Protestants. Either in a cell in the
rocks of El-Leja or in a small convent of that valley,
a few miles distant from the convent of St. Catherine,
the celebrated John Climachus spent many years of
his life. It is difficult to conceive how he could have
developed the powers of his mind under such circum-
stances; but he was favorably known as a scholar and
a writer. His " Ladder of Christian Perfection," ori-
ginally written ill Greek, has been translated into
other languages ; — a work which discovers great in-
sight into the human heart; and which, in some of
its passages, will compare favorably with the celebra-
ted " Imitation of Christ."

An interesting literary and ecclesiastical history
might be written of the men who resided during the
first centuries of the Christian era in the mountains
and rocky gorges of the Thebaid and of the peninsula

408 LETTERS— ESTHETIC,

of Sinai. And it is in the history of these men and
of others similarly situated, that we find one of those
problems of human nature, which suggest inquiries
and furnish food for reflection.

On what principle is it, that men in all ages of the
world, men of great capacities and the finest sensi-
bilities, have valued much the places and hours of
retirement, and have loved to be alone ? In some
cases such persons have chosen solitude as a necessary
condition of an ascetic life : — with them solitude is a
means to an end. They have first chosen suffering,
and then have chosen solitude as an auxiliary of suf-
fering, and both as an expiation for their personal
sins, and as a means of propitiating the Divine favor.
The sincerity of these persons, though it may lay a
claim upon our charity, furnishes no reason for an ac-
ceptance or mitigation of their error. It is not wis-
dom on the part of man to undertake that, which is
appropriate to a Divine nature. The Lamb of God,
" slain from the foundation of the world," is slain for
ever. The expiation is made ; the door of entrance
is opened ; God wants and asks no other atonement.

Others, again, without any idea of meriting heaven
by ascetism or by any form of human suffering, have
fled into the wilderness, to avoid the temptations of
great cities and of too much intercourse with the
world. In the desert they supposed, that riches could
not tempt, that honor could not allure, that beauty
could not entice them. The desire of finding a place,
in which he should be exempt from temptation, seems
to have been the principal motive, which influenced
St. Jerome, when he left Italy and the palaces of the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 409

imperial city, for a residence in the Syrian desert.
And this is a motive certainly, which is worthy of
respect, though not without its dangers and its disap-
pointments.

And there is something further. To thoughtful and
expansive minds, whatever may be the peculiar inci-
dents of their situation, solitude is to some extent a
necessity. Oftentimes, in the case of such men, the
harmonious development of their own thoughts and
feelings is perplexed by the discordant alliances and
claims of society ; and they seek retirement as a neces-
sary means to the proper adjustment and perfection of
their inward nature. In solitude they escape the
storms around them ; and outward harmony is the
precursor of inward peace. The history of the dis-
tinguished men of all ages will illustrate and confirm
these remarks. It is in the reflections which are en-
gendered in solitude that the soul, turning in upon it-
self discovers the endless filaments of its mysterious
destiny, and unites itself with God in uniting itself
to everything to which God is related. It goes down
into the depths and it finds him there ; — it ascends
into the heights and it finds him there ; — it turns in
upon its own centre, and in the spirit of penitence
and of faith it finds him there also.

And on this subject I may perhaps claim the liberty
of saying something from experience. It is still true,
as it was in the times of the ancient prophets, that
there is a voice in the wilderness. It is still possible
for the soul, in some of its aspects, to be nurtured in
solitude and among the rocks. The mighty desola-
tions, through which we have passed, operating upon
35

410 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

the heart as well as upon the intellect, have some-
times called out spiritual tones and harmonies from
the soul's depths, and have filled the whole mind with
various and high emotion. The desert, which may
be regarded as the imperfect hieroglyphic of the great
thought which made it, presents, in its first impres-
sion, the idea of vastness in chaos. And when we
were working our way through sands without verdure,
and among immense rocks piled together in mys-
terious confusion, it sometimes seemed to me, as if
we were carried back, by a transposition of places and
ages, into the primitive workshop of experimental
creation. The hand of the Almighty, as mountains
from summit to base were opened before us, appeared
to be laying the foundations of some mighty habita-
tion. And then again, seeing in other places the ad-
justment of rock to rock, and of the successive strata
and layers in which the earth's materials arrange
themselves, I discovered the beginnings of order grow-
ing out of confusion ; and had new conceptions, both
of the world's strength, and of the strength and wis-
dom of its great architect. And if the mountains and
the rocks gave the idea of power in action, the vast,
arid plains, wide as a bright and motionless ocean,
gave the additional conception of power and majesty
in repose; — the one being the image of God in agen-
cy and the other of God in rest.

I am obliged to say, therefore, that a journey through
the wilderness of Sinai, which brings with it so many
great thoughts as the product of its chaotic vastness,
not only furnishes no apology for irreligion, no apolo-
gy for atheistic unbelief ; but on the contrary, pro-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 411

claims hostility against a light and irreverent spirit.
God is there. His footprints are in the sand. His
voice is heard in the winds. His name is written with
sunbeams on the rocks. The very silence utters him.
I wanted repose ; and I found it in the desert. I
wanted communion with God ; and I found it there.
I found it in the day, in the vastness of its objects
and its silence. I found it still more in the night,
when magnitude enlarges itself, and silence becomes
more silent. I found it in the earth beneath ; and in
the heavens above. Often I watched the stars. Beau-
tiful as the heavenly mansions, they looked out from
their blue abodes, — clear and lovely — as if they were
the eyes of that great Being who fills their urns with
light. There was one with its large angelic eye that
came with peculiar sweetness. It danced upon the
mountain tops. It had no audible utterance ; but
there was a divine language in its smile, which spoke
of heavenly peace. It was in the desert of Sinai, that
I gave it a place in my memory. It was in the vast
wilderness, which had inspired the prophetic impulses
and the songs of Moses, that I watched the mild
splendor of its beams, and endeavored to record the
emotions excited by its mysterious but lovely presence.

LINES WRITTEN IN THE WILDERNESS OF SINAI.

I marked the bright, the silver star,

That nightly deek'd our desert way,
As shining from its depths afar,

Its heavenly radiance seem'd to say ;
Oh look ! From mists and shadows clear,
My cheering light is always here.

I saw thee. And at once I knew,
Star of the desert, in my heart ;— .

412 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

That thou didst shine, the embiem true

Of that bright star, whose beams impart,
From night to night, from day to day,
The solace of their inward ray.

There is a beam to light the mind ;

There is a star the soul to cheer ;
And they, that heavenly light who find,

Shall always see it burning clear ;
The same its bright, celestial face,
In every change of time and place.

Star of my heart, that long hast shone,
To cheer the inward spirit's sky !

Illumin'd from the heavenly throne,
Thou hast a ray that cannot die.

'Tis Gad that lights thee. And with Him

No sky is dark ; no star is dim.

(XLIV.)

.Arrival at Askelon — City of Azotus, the ancient Ashdod — Territory of
the ancient Philistines — Jaffa, the ancient Joppa — Biblical refer-
ences— Town of Lydda — Town of Ramleh — View from the Tow-
er of Ramleh — Valley of Ajalon — Kirjath Jearim — Arrival at Je-
rusalem— Poetry.

PALESTINE, CITY OF JERUSALEM, MAY 16, 1853.

We left Gaza on Tuesday, the tenth of May, and
arrived at the city of Jerusalem on the thirteenth.
After leaving the place of quarantine, where we had
been kept four days, we went into the modern city of
Gaza, which is a mile and a half distant from the site
of the ancient Gaza, and spent a short time in its ba-
zaars and streets. We could only look and pass on.
But judging thus, it had the appearance of being a
place of considerable enterprise and business ; though
like the cities of the east generally, it is but the shadow
of the greatness of the ancient city. In leaving the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 413

city we passed numerous gardens in a high state of
cultivation. These gardens were protected for the
most part by the high natural fence, formed by the
intertwining branches and the large leaves of the prick-
ly pear. The gardens were succeeded at a little dis-
tance from the city by a forest of olive trees, the most
of them very old, which extend a number of miles.

We reached about the middle of the same day, the
city of Askelon, another of the Philistine cities ; and
spent a short time in wandering among the numerous
scattered columns and "broken walls and arches which
testify strongly to a former period of wealth and pow-
er. Like Gaza it is on the shore of the Mediterra-
nean, and was once a place of commerce. Askelon
is often mentioned in the history of the Crusades.

About sunset of the same day we came to Ashdod.
It was to this place, that the Ark of the Lord, after
the defeat of the Israelites in the time of Samuel was
brought, and was placed in the house of Dagon, the
god of the Philistines. This town, called in the Old
Testament Ashdod, is the Azotus of the New Testa-
ment. And hence it is said of the Apostle Philip after
his separation from the Ethiopian eunuch, that he
was found at Azotus. The country around Ashdod
is not without fertility and appears to be well cultiva-
ted. As we approached it, we passed through large
fields of grain, occupied by busy reapers. In a wide
open space near the entrance of the city were numer-
ous piles of wheat and barley ; and oxen, generally
four abreast, were treading out the grain after the
oriental manner. In a grove outside of the city we
pitched our tents and encamped for the night,
35*

414 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

It seemed obvious to me, that the territory of the
ancient Philistines, though of very limited extent, was
originally of great fertility, and capable of sustaining
large numbers of people. Some of the passages of
the Old Testament which refer to them, imply that
they had a knowledge of the mechanic arts. They
were certainly a powerful people at an early period ;
and their wars with the Israelites, in which, in the
confidence of their strength, they defied the armies of
the living God, are familiar to the readers of the Bi"
ble. The character and location of the country, con-
sidered in relation to the territories of the Israelites,
and the location of the principal cities so often men-
tioned in the Bible, are such as to strengthen one's
confidence in the exactness of the Scriptural narra-
tives.

From Ashdod, which we passed through without
stopping, but which had the appearance of being a
populous and comparatively nourishing town, we pro-
ceeded early the next morning on our way to Jaffa,
the ancient Joppa. — Deviating from the direct route
to Jerusalem, we reached this city the same day.— •
Jaffa is situated on a rocky eminence overlooking
the Mediterranean ; and seen at a distance, had an
aspect beautiful and imposing ; but which failed, how-
ever, to be realized, when we had entered its narrow
streets. It is a walled town with fortifications. It once
had a good but small harbor, formed and protected by
the natural sea-wall of a continuous line of circuitous
rocks ; but the depth of water is so diminished by ac-
cumulations of sand and other things, that large vessels
anchor beyond the rocks in the open ocean. The stea-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 415

mers from Beirout to Alexandria and Marseilles touch
at this place. A small portion of the inhabitants of
this city profess the Christian faith. The American
Consul at Jaffa is a native of the country, and in his
religion an Armenian ; but of that class of Armenians
now known as Bible or -reformed Armenians. He is
a man of intelligence and wealth ; and insisted on
lodging us at one of his own beautiful residences a
little out of the city. He seemed to understand and
appreciate the rising wealth and power of the Ameri-
can States ; and spoke in high terms of the character
and influence of the American missionaries in Syria,
with whose labors he appeared to be well acquainted.

This city, which holds a conspicuous place in po-
litical and military history, has also its biblical and
religious associations. Only about forty miles distant
from Jerusalem, it has always been regarded as the
sea-port of that city. The wood of Lebanon, used in
the great edifices built in the time of Solomon, was
brought in " floats by sea to Joppa," and transported
from Joppa to Jerusalem by land. It was to this
place that Jonah came, and from which he set sail
for Tarshish, in disobedience to the command, which
required him to go and preach against Nineveh. It
was here that Dorcas resided — celebrated for her good
works ; and who was restored to life by the apostle
Peter. Here was the residence of Simon the tanner
whose " house was by the sea-side," and with whom
Peter " abode many days."

We reached Joppa, — if I may be allowed to use the
ancient and historical name, — on the eleventh ; and
proceeded the next day to the pleasant and flourish-

416 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

ing town of Ramleh ; — visiting on our way the village
of Lyd the ancient Lydda, mentioned particularly in
the Acts of the Apostles. It is said of the Apostle
Peter, that " he came down also to the saints which
dwelt at LyddaP It was here that he miraculously
healed iEneas, a man who had been eight years sick
with the palsy. And it is added by the historian, in
speaking of iEneas, that " all that dwelt at Lydda
and Saron saw him and turned to the Lord." Lydda
is spoken of as being " nigh to Joppa ;" and Peter
was here preaching the Gospel to the people when
the people of Joppa sent for him on the occasion of
the sickness and death of Dorcas. Christianity was
early established in this retired place ; and the proba-
bility is, that it was sustained, and that it flourished
here for some time. There are still to be seen the
beautiful remains of an early Christian church.

Accepting and valuing the Bible as revealing the
foundations of Christian hope, I cannot express the
satisfaction I feel, in finding everywhere the confirma-
tions of its truth. I found these confirmations at
Rome, at Naples, at Malta. And on the Nile which
washes the land of Goshen and at the Red Sea which
was divided by the rod of Moses, and in the deserts
of Sinai, and among the mountains of Idumea, these
confirmations have been repeated. They are written
as a part of a nation's history on the walls of Thebes.
They are inscribed, in fulfilment of prophecy, on the
fallen columns of Askelon. I find them here.

Proceeding from this early scene of the Apostle
Peter's preaching and miraculous labors, we reached
the town of Ramleh on the afternoon of the same

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 417

day ; — which indeed, is but a short distance, some
three or four miles from Lydda. It is a walled town
of considerable size. It was near sunset when we
arrived. At the distance of half a mile from its walls
there stands a lofty and lonely tower ; a memorial of
past ages but with a history unknown. It is an hun-
dred and thirty feet in height; and is erected of hewn
stone in successive stories, which dimmish in size as
they approach the top. Around it at no great distance
are vaulted sub-structures, which will probably be
found to have a connection with its history, when
that history shall be ascertained. It already threw its
long evening shadow ; but we had time to ascend it ;
and in the last rays of the setting sun to witness the
wide and varied prospect from its summit. It was a
scene of surpassing beauty ; — the land of fields and
gardens, of the fig-tree and pomegranate, the " olive
and the vine." The shepherd was returning with his
flocks from the fields. The fertile territories of an-
cient Philistia were beneath us. The eye rested upon
the vales of Sharon, whose bloom has not yet withered.
The rocky heights of the "hill country of Judea,"
were in sight.

On the morning of the next day, and only at a few
miles distance from Ramleh, we passed in sight of the
valley of Ajalon ; — the scene of the hard-fought bat-
tles and the stupendous miracle of Joshua. "And he
said, in the sight of Israel, sun, stand thou still upon
Gibeon ; and thou, moon, in the valley of Ajalon"
And it was thus, from this time onward, that almost
every mountain and valley had its Scriptural associa-
tions and interest. After a few hours travel further,

418 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

we stopped again for some time at the ancient town
of Kirjath Jearim. Here also, as well as at Ramlah
and Lydda, were what we supposed to be the remains
of a place of early Christian worship. Situated on
the side of a hill, this town is strong and imposing in
its position ; and has a picturesque appearance. The
valleys below and the heights around are covered with
groves of olives. The circumstance, that for twenty
years the Ark of the Lord rested at Kirjath Jearim,
gave it a peculiar interest.

We now rapidly approached the termination of our
journey ; or perhaps I should rather say, approached
the principal object we had in view in journeying ;—
the city, which embodies, to the Christian at least,
more interesting associations than any other in the
world. The city of Jerusalem is built upon a hill, or
rather a connected range of hills ;— the hill of Zion,
the hill of Moriah, the hill of Acra. But considered
in reference to the lofty eminences around it, it seems
to be almost in a valley. So that in looking upon it,
we readily felt the propriety of the expression of the
Scriptures, — " the mountains are round about Jerusa-
lem." We approached it over one of these surround-
ing heights, which is almost without trees and with-
out verdure. It is thickly covered with rocks. And
the narrow way which winds over it, is exceedingly
rough and difficult ; — so much so as to perplex even
the careful tread of the camel and the experienced
foot of Syrian horses. As we passed the summit of
this difficult height, which we were a long time in
reaching, we came in view of the long irregular line
of the city walls. We met many poor people, for the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 419

most part women, returning to their homes in the
neighboring villages. They had a cheerful aspect. It
was near night. The shadows were settling in the
valley of Jehoshaphat. We entered the city on the
western side, over the hill of Zion and through the
Bethlehem gate. This gate opens nearly under the
massive tower of David. As I passed beneath its
heavy arch I felt that the desire of a life was accom-
plished. What a scene! What associations! Other
lands have their history, their character, their associa-
tions, their greatness. But Palestine, as compared
with all others, is emphatically the sacred land; —
the dwelling-place of patriarchs, prophets, apostles; —
the scene of visits and holy communications between
heaven and earth. Every valley is a tomb ; — every
mountain a monument. Wherever I turn my eyes,
the dimness of distant history becomes actual vision.
I look from my window, and my eye rests upon the
hill of Moriah, upon the site of the Temple of Solo-
mon, upon the Mount of Olives and upon the sup-
posed place of the Crucifixion.

Oh land of men of other days !

Where bards and ancient prophets trod.
The land of rapt Isaiah's lays,
The land of David's psalms of praise,

Land of the men of God.

And if 'tis not enough of fame,

To be the home of prophets, — then,
From all thy hills and rocks proclaim
The higher and more glorious name

Of Him who died for men.

In vain, like birds on ocean's foam

When tossed amid a troubled sea,
In vain the sad in spirit roam,
In search of resting place or home,

Who turn away from thee.

420 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

By thee the seal of doubt is broken,

Which long to human hearts had pressed ;
By thee alone the words are spoken,
Which "peace on earth" and love betoken,
And give the weary rest.

The clouds of Sinai's mount proclaim

The law that wakes the spirit's fears ;
From Calvary's height the message came,
The law of love for that of flame,
Love for the coming years.

Land of the soul ! forever dear ;

Wide o'er the world the words impart,
Which turn to hope despairing fear ;
Which dry the penitential tear,

And heal the bleeding heart.

(XLV.)

Excursion from Jerusalem — Village of Bethany — Tomb of Lazarus —
Road to Jericho — Fountain of the Apostles — Bedouins — Mountain
of Quarantana — Fount of Elisha — Brook Cherith — Modern Jeri-
cho— The river. Jordan — The Dead Sea.

PALESTINE, CITY OF JERUSALEM, SECOND LETTER.

On Tuesday of this week, the seventeenth, we left
Jerusalem on an excursion for a few days to Jericho,
the Jordan, and other places of interest, from which
we have just returned. I propose to give a little ac-
count of this excursion.

We left the city by St. Stephen's Gate, which is on
the eastern side of the city, and is said to be the same
with the " Sheep Gate" of the Scriptures. Descend-
ing the steep side of Mount Moriah into the valley of
Jehoshaphat, and crossing the brook Kedron, which
flows through this valley, we went a short distance
along the base of the Mount of Olives ; and then turn-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 421

ing and passing its southern extremity, we came to
the village of Bethany. This village is two miles dis-
tant from the city of Jerusalem by the route which
we now took, although a little less, I suppose, by the
more direct path over the summit of the Mount of
Olives. The road which we took, is the great road
from Jerusalem to Jericho ; the same which was trav-
elled in the time of Christ, and which had been trav-
elled hundreds and perhaps thousands of years before.
At the distance of about a mile and a half from Jeru-
salem, on a point of land projecting into a deep val-
ley, and on the right of the road, we noticed the re-
mains of an ancient village, which is supposed by
some to have been the village of Bethphage. This
village is mentioned in the New Testament in con-
nection with Bethany, as being " at the Mount of
Olives."

The village of Bethany was the favored place, to
which our Saviour frequently resorted. Situated in a
retired spot near the base of the Mount of Olives on
its south-eastern side, with a little valley below and
the mountain rising gently behind it, and surrounded
with groves of fig-trees, olives, and oaks, it had espe-
cial attractions, both in its natural aspects and in the
peace and silence of its seclusion, for a serious and
contemplative mind. Here dwelt the family of Laza-
rus and his sisters, whom " Jesus loved," and in whose
company he found a confidence and sympathy suited
to his social nature. What the precise appearance of
Bethany was in the time of the Saviour it may be diffi-
cult to say. It is now a small village called by the
inhabitants Lazarieh} or the place of Lazarus, con-
36

422 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

taining about forty houses, inhabited chiefly by Arabs,
who support themselves by cultivating small olive
gardens, or by feeding their flocks on the neighboring
hills. In this village was performed one of the Saviour's
great miracles, — the raising of Lazarus from the dead,
— the last miracle, I believe, that is recorded as being
performed by him. The tomb of Lazarus, in which
he was placed after his death and from which he was
called by the Saviour's voice, is still shown to the trav-
eller. We descended into this tomb over a flight of
steep and narrow steps which terminate at the depth
of eighteen or twenty feet in a dark sepulchral cham-
ber excavated in a rock. Early tradition, older than
the time of Eusebius, assigns this as the tomb in which
Lazarus was buried and from which he was raised ;
and the incidents of the place seem to favor the tradi-
tional opinion.

As I stood near the tomb of Lazarus, and as I went
in silence through this small but memorable place, I
felt but little disposition, — as indeed I had but little
strength for any such thing — for geographical and
other inquiries ; but my soul was full, and my affec-
tions meditated. The heart fed on the food of mem-
ory. It was here, I said, that the Saviour often came.
I looked behind me and upward, and saw the nearer
and more solitary path by which he was accustomed
to cross the summit of Olivet. It was here that he
composed and rested his weary spirit in the bosom of
a beloved family. It was here that Martha " received
him into her house," and Mary, her sister, " sat at his
feet," and listened to his teachings, and chose that
good part which could not be taken away. The walls

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 423

of their humble mansion had crumbled ; but the ground
stood, and memory clung to the soil. The earth upon
which I looked had been trodden by Him, to whom
divine grace and the experience of God's goodness
and truth had taught me to give my own affections.
And now a new link of union seemed to be estab-
lished between those affections and their great and di-
vine object ; and He seemed nearer than ever. It was
a scene and an hour never to be forgotten.

We had started early in the morning ; and this visit
to Bethany was in the early part of the day. We pro-
ceeded towards Jericho by the old Jericho road which
I have already mentioned ; — rocky and often precipi-
tous, winding for a few miles among heights on both
sides, on which camels and goats were feeding, and
then descending into a plain. Near the head of this
narrow plain, or more properly speaking, valley — for
it was shut in by hills on each side — we passed, on
the right of the road, a large fountain. A drove of
camels had come down from the hills and were stand-
ing near. A few women from the neighborhood were
seated around it ; and some were carrying away its
waters in large jars on their heads. The place is at-
tractive in its situation ; the waters flowed fresh and
full ; and the tradition of the country is, that it was
visited not unfrequently by the Saviour and his disci-
ples ; and this is a tradition which would harmonize
well with the Scriptures. It is called the " fountain
of the Apostles."

As we proceeded towards Jericho we met with no
incidents particularly worthy of being mentioned. —
Prospered by a kind Providence, which had followed

424 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

us at every step, we did not " fall among thieves."
From time to time we saw in the openings of the hills,
the dark open awning, which generally forms the tent
of the Bedouins. Their sheep and goats feed upon
the coarse grass of the rocks. They offered us no
molestation, but seemed to be pleased that we had
come among them ; for we were under an escort of
their own people, who were faithful to us here as they
had been in other places. The Arabs who attended
us took a natural pleasure in occasionally displaying
their skilful horsemanship before us ; and were ex-
ceedingly happy when we were disposed to enter into
conversation, and to form something like an intimacy
of acquaintance.

In the afternoon of this day, when we had entered
the edge of the plain of the Jordan, we passed the
lofty and barren mountain of Quarantana, or mount
of forty days. It is perforated in many places with
natural and artificial caverns, which in former times
were the abodes of hermits, who in this desolate soli-
tude spent their days in fasting, and vigils. It is to this
mountain, — undoubtedly wild and desolate enough to
have been the theatre of that remarkable portion of
his history and not unsuited by its position, — that tra-
dition assigns the locality of the Saviour's forty day's
fast, and of his temptation by the devil. A large ex-
tent of country in the vicinity of this mountain is bar-
ren and mountainous ; scarcely exhibiting anywhere
the least signs of vegetation, and is called in the Gos-
pel " the wilderness of Judea."

It was in sight of this mountain and not far from
its base, that, on entering the plain of the Jordan, we

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 425

turned aside from the direct path to the modern Jeri-
cho, for the purpose of visiting the bright and beauti-
ful fountain, which was miraculously healed by the
prophet Elisha. The prophet was tarrying at Jericho
at that time. On hearing the complaint of the peo-
ple of the city, who represented the water as not good,
he asked for a cruise with salt in it. " And he went
forth unto the spring of the waters and cast the salt
in there, and said : Thus saith the Lord, I have healed
these waters." It is now called the fountain of Elisha.
We went to its spring or source. Flowing suddenly
up from the recesses of a large hollow rock on the
side and near the base of a hill, it gushes onward in
a clear swift current over a hard bed covered with
stones and overhung with small trees and with shrubs
in flower. The scene recalled the history of the pro-
phet ; and I recollected with gratitude the goodness
of God in raising up from time to time teachers and
benefactors who administered to the necessities of the
people, at the same time that they gave them moral
and religious instructions.

* It was only an hour or two before, that we passed
the brook Cherith, which flows through a part of the
plain of Jordan and empties into the Dead Sea. It
was near this brook that the prophet Elijah, the pre-
decessor and spiritual guide and teacher of Elisha,
was commanded to hide himself; and it was here
that he was miraculously fed by ravens. The chan-
nel where we crossed it, was deep and of considerable
width ; but there is but little water in it at this sea-
son of the year, as it is fed from the rains, and by the
springs from the mountains, which are now dried up.
36*

426 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

The fouutain of Elisha, on the contrary, gushing from
the unknown riches of a rock, seems to flow with a
source and a current always full.

From this remarkable fountain we proceeded over
a plain, which was once exceedingly fertile and is still
profitably cultivated in some places, to the modern
Jericho. The precise site of the ancient Jericho is un-
known ; but the mounds of earth in the neighborhood
of Elisha's fountain exhibit appearances which fur-
nish ground for conjecture that it may have been there.
The modern Jericho is a large Arab village, full of
people, with a small fortification near it which was
occupied by a Turkish guard. It was dark when we
reached it. We were much fatigued with the day's
journey, although the place is but little more than
thirty miles from Jerusalem. The next morning very
early, and while the stars still lingered in the sky, we
completed our journey to the Jordan. We saw the
rising sunlight shine upon its banks. It is very deep
and apparently a little more than an hundred feet in
width, as it flows now within its lower channel. Ris-
ing in Mount Hermon and running from North to
South, it passes through the lakes Merom and Galilee,
and empties into the Dead Sea a few miles south of
the place where we reached it. It rushes on with a
swift, impetuous current, carrying onward at all times
a large volume of water. Trees and shrubs grow
thickly upon its steep sides ; so that it is difficult in
many places to reach the brink of its channel. We
approached it where there is a bend in the river, and
where the trees had been cleared away. But, at a
little distance both above and below us, the waters

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 427

were shaded by the thick foliage around it; — the
oleander dipped its flower in its wave, and countless
birds, unseen and unheard in the desert, were singing
in the overhanging branches and leaves. When the
waters are high, and when it overflows its upper banks,
it must have the appearance of a large majestic stream.

As far back as the time of Abraham and down to
the destruction of Jerusalem, the Jordan is closely
connected with many of the interesting incidents of
biblical history. It is associated with the histories of
Joshua, Elijah and John the Baptist. And in the
psalms and the prophetical writings, like Hermon, and
Carmel and Sharon, it is one of those poetical ele-
ments which furnish food to the imagination and give
harmony and beauty to truth.

To me the most affecting recollection connected with
it was the fact that the Saviour was baptized in its
waters. It was here that the " heavens were opened"
and the mystic Dove descended; and here was uttered
the voice from Heaven, saying, " This is my beloved
Son, in whom I am well pleased." It was immediately
after the baptism of the Saviour in the Jordan, and
the utterance of this heavenly declaration in confir-
mation and testimony of his character, that he was
" led by the Spirit into the wilderness." As the rug-
ged and barren "wilderness of Judea," including the
desolate mountain of Quarantana, is in this vicinity
and indeed in full sight of the Jordan, we find some-
thing in this circumstance in support of the tradition-
ary opinion that this region, remarkably fitted by its
wild and majestic desolation for such an experience,
was the scene of the Savour's seclusion., fasting and

428 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

temptation. The precise place of the Saviour's bap-
tism is unknown.

After spending the early part of the day in the neigh-
borhood of this river, to which so many and interest-
ing allusions are made in all parts of the Scriptures,
we went southward a few miles to the head of the
Dead Sea ; an expanse of dark gloomy water, from
seven to ten miles in width, and forty in length, thrown
into shadow by the mountains of Judea on one side,
and the mountains of Nebo and Moab on the other,
with no tree on its banks, no bird in its air, and no
fish in its waters ; but sad, silent and motionless as
the guilty cities which lay buried in its bosom. The
water is salt and very unpleasant to the taste. A bi-
tuminous substance is found on its surface, and is
sometimes deposited in small pieces on its shores.
This dark sea, with its rim of barren rock or of burn-
ing sand, occupies the place of the lower portion of
the beautiful valley of the Jordan. It is called by the
Arabs of this region Bahr Lut, or sea of Lot ; and
is the site of the ancient cities of Sodom and Gomor-
rah, of Admah and Zeboim. The subjects of the Di-
vine displeasure, and smitten and sunk from the sight
of men, they are wrapped in its sulphurous and heavy
winding sheet ; — and everything around, without life
and without a smile, has that sinister and gloomy as-
pect which is significant of a locality where curse and
ruin have followed upon crime.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 429

(XLV, Continued.)

Leave the Dead Sea for the city of Hebron — The Gazelle — Convent of
Mar Sabas — Valley of the Ivedron — Reach the city of Hebron —
Burial-place of Othniel — The king's pool — Cave of Machpelah —
Burial-place of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob — Plain of Mamre —
Character of Abraham — Ain Simim — Pools of Solomon — Tomb
of Rachel.

Leaving the borders of the Dead Sea, we now di-
rected our way towards the city of Hebron. As we
entered again into the mountainous region, a wild ga-
zelle started up on the side of a sloping hill, in the
neighborhood of the brook Cherith. At the hotel, at
which our party stopped in Jerusalem, I noticed one
of these beautiful animals. He wandered at will over
the house ; and I became well acquainted with him.
But this was the first time that I had seen the gazelle
in what may be called his native home. The sight
was the more beautiful, because it was life, beauty?
and motion starting up suddenly in the rudeness and
barrenness of the desert. The gazelle is timid, but
he curves his neck with pride ; and nothing can ex-
ceed the brilliancy of his large dark eye. Swifter
than the foot of the huntsman who pursued him, he
bounded from rock to rock, as if his little feet had
wings.

We stopped on the night of the second day of this
excursion, at the Greek convent of Mar Sabas or St.
Sabas, — one of the memorable and justly cherished
names in early religious history. This massive and
well-built convent, founded in the sixth century, is
situated on the side of the brook Kedron, which, at

430 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

certain seasons of the year is sometimes enlarged by
heavy rains to an impetuous river, and finds its way
from its source in the neighborhood of Jerusalem,
through rocky and mountainous denies to the Dead
Sea. At this place it has worn a passage by its im-
petuous and long continued action through a rocky
hill of great height, cutting it down perpendicularly
from summit to base, and forming for itself a deep
unchangeable bed with walls on each side, hundreds
of feet in height. The convent is situated on the south
eastern side, about half way down. In company with
my travelling associates, descending through passages
cut in the rocks and in part by means of a wooden
ladder, I went down into the deep bed below, which
was dry at this time ; and walking for some distance,
it was with no small surprise, that we saw, high in
the wall of limestone which enclosed it, a multitude
of excavations. Many of them were obviously artifi-
cial ; and were opened in the rocks with great labor.
Such was their number, and such the labor which had
been evidently bestowed upon them, that they re-
minded us of what travellers have said of the rocky
excavations of the city of Petra. It was remarked
to us, but on how good authority the assertion was
made I am unable to state, that in the early perse-
cutions to which Christianity was subjected, many
Christians fled to this deep and secluded valley of the
Kedron, and concealed themselves in its rocky reces-
ses and caverns. It is well known, that John of Da-
mascus, a monk of the eighth century, celebrated for
the great powers of his mind and for his various learn-
ing, resided here. The Greek monks, who occupy

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 431

the monastery at the present time, were attentive and
kind to us ; — showing us their church with its solid
architecture and its rude fresco paintings, the tomb of
Mar Sabas, and whatever else there was of interest.

On the third day, going nearly in a western direc-
tion, and leaving Jerusalem on the north, we reached
Hebron. This city was originally a city of the Ca-
naanites, and was called Kirjath Arba, in honor of
Arba the father of Anak ; — and it is said in the book
of Numbers to have been built seven years before Zoan
in Egypt. Among the old cities of Palestine He-
bron, in the historical interest which attaches to it,
stands second only to Jerusalem. For many miles,
in our journey towards the city of Hebron, our road
had led through a region very uneven and hilly ; and
for the most part unfruitful. But in coming near to
the city the aspect of the country round it changed
very much. After the cultivation and the exhaustion
of thousands of years, it is still exceedingly fertile. —
In coming up by the route which leads from the Dead
Sea, and which connects with the road from Bethle-
hem, we entered the city from the north; passing
through the long narrow valley of Eshkol, which now,
as it was in the days of Moses and Joshua, is cover-
ed with vines, whose thick and heavy clusters attract
the notice of the traveller. The modern city is built
for the most part on the sides of two hills, which are
separated from each other by the^small valley between
them. It is said to contain eight thousand inhabi-
tants, the greater number of whom are Jews. Near
the little grove outside of the city where we pitched
our tents, is the large excavation which has the repu-

432 LETTERS— AESTHETIC,

tation of being the burial-place of Othniel, who was
in the army of Judah, when that tribe first conquered
Hebron, and was afterwards one of the judges of
Israel. On entering this tomb, which was capacious
enough to hold many people, we found it filled with
Jews, who were occupied in reading the Scriptures
and going through their forms of worship. In that
sad blindness, to which a retributive, but just Provi-
dence has left them, they still cling in sorrow and
hope to their native land. It was at Hebron that David
was anointed king over Judah ; and it is stated that
he reigned there " seven years and six months." In
going through the eastern or Mohammedan part of
this ancient place, — the part of it which was the site
of the city as it existed in the time of David,— our
attention was directed to a large artificial pool of
great antiquity, formed of hewn stone, and coated
with cement. It is more than a hundred feet square,
and at least twenty feet in depth ; and is called to
this day " the king's pool," in allusion probably to
David. There can be but little doubt, that it is the
same pool which is mentioned in the second book of
Samuel, where it is said of the murderers of the son
of Saul, that " David commanded his young men, and
they slew them ; and hanged them up over the pool in
Hebron."

At a little distance, perhaps the third of a mile, from
the king's pool, and on the side of one of the hills oc-
cupied by the city, is the " cave of the field of Mach-
pelah," which was bought by Abraham of Ephron the
son of Zohar. The field, of the purchase of which we
have a particular account in the book of Genesis, was

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 433

bought by Abraham at the time of the death of Sarah,
who died in Hebron. Abraham, who seems to have
left Mamre after the destruction of the cities of the
plain and to have been dwelling at this time in Beer-
sheba in the land of Gerar, came to Hebron to " mourn
and to weep" for Sarah. His conference with the sons
of Heth and with Ephron in relation to a burying-
place for her, may be regarded, I think, as one of the
most graphic and touching passages of the Old Tes-
tament. This cave, in which nearly four thousand
years ago Sarah was buried, and in which Abraham
and Isaac and Rebecca and Leah were afterwards
buried, is now covered by a Turkish mosque, into
which Christians are not permitted to enter. So that
we could only go to the place, which contained the
hallowed dust of these early followers and friends of
God, and walk around it without going into it. No
sculptured tombs of Beni Hassan or Thebes had for
me the attraction of this ancient burying-place of the
patriarchs. Among the sacred remembrances which it
suggested, I could not forget that it was the dying re-
quest of the patriarch Jacob, when he breathed his last
far away in the unbelieving land of Egypt, that he
might be buried "in the cave in the field of Machpelah,"
which he describes as the burying-place bought by
Abraham of Ephron the Hittite. "There," he adds,
"they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife ; there they
buried Isaac and Rebecca his wife ; and there I buried
Leah:1

In returning from Hebron we left, for a-short time,
the main road leading to Jerusalem with a view to
reach by a nearer path the plain of Mamre, which for
37

434 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

a long time was the residence of Abraham. In speak-
ing of distances I remark again that I do not profess
to be very accurate, because I merely give them in
many cases as they seemed to me, — judging from our
usual rate of travel and the time occupied. But judg-
ing in this way the plain of Mamre at its northwestern
extremity is, by the nearest path, two miles and a half
or three miles from Hebron. In reaching it we pass-
ed over a portion of the vine-bearing valley of Esh-
kol ; and then going up a gradually ascending height
of land which was partitioned into small fields by ter-
races and walls of stone and everywhere carefully cul-
tivated, we came as we passed its summit, into the
elevated and beautiful plain where Abraham is said to
have dwelt. It appeared to be a plain on a moun-
tain ; — a beautiful place on earth and yet expanding
itself on such an elevated position that it seemed very
near to heaven. The plain, sinking in its centre into
a narrow valley where the waters collect in the rainy
season, runs in an easterly direction ; and then turn-
ing southwardly, appeared to me gradually to descend
and terminate in a level open space, which we had
previously noticed to the south of and in sight of
Hebron.

The tradition in relation to this plain is, that Abra-
ham dwelt in the highest part of it ; and we were con-
ducted into a large square building, supposed to be
of great antiquity, made of hewn stones of great size,
which is shown as indicating the precise spot of his
dwelling-place. But however this may have been,
we could not doubt that we were in the region where
he spent no small portion of his life. His hand had

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 435

cultivated this soil ; he had been seated beneath these
oaks ; he looked upon these heavens filled at night
with the stars which he could not number, — the bright
emblems of his spiritual children in all ages and climes.
It was here that he held that memorable conversation
with God, when he plead so earnestly and eloquently
for the wicked cities of the plain. Ten righteous men
would have saved them, because Abraham, the friend
of God, had asked it, but the ten were not there. The
place of the " cities of the plain," is in full sight of
the elevated plain of Mamre. In a direct line it is
probably not more than twenty miles distant. With
a mind filled with these great memories, I looked in
that direction. My eye reached over the rocky hills
of Judea, and over the dark sunken abyss which
bounds them, and rested upon the mountains of Moab
beyond. It was from the low level plain, overlooked
by these hills and mountains, that the smoke ascended.
It was in the sunlight of the morning when we stood
on this memorable place ; — and it was in the morning,
— " early in the morning," — that Abraham arose, and
" looked towards Sodom and Gomorrah and towards
all the land of the plain, and beheld, and lo, the smoke
of the country went up as the smoke of a furnace."

And here I feel inclined to delay a moment, in a
remark or two upon the great patriarch. There are
some men, whose thoughts and achievements, aided
sometimes by the peculiarities of their position, have
been such, that they may be said to fill the eye of na-
tions ; — and not more when they are living, than when
they are dead. They re-appear and exist without cessa-
tion in the world's thought, which becomes so vivid

436 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

and clear in its apprehension of them, that it illumi-
nates the ancient night of ages, and restores the dead
to life. And it makes but little difference, whether
they are men of great ideas or men of great actions ;
though the life which they thus live in the locality, if
I may so express it, of the human mind, is more dis-
tinct and impressive, if their ideas have found an ex-
pression and a confirmation in their own personal his-
tory. The Patriarch Abraham was such a man ; — a
man who knew the truth, — a man who illustrated the
truth by his deeds.

We find him in early life on the plains of Chaldea.
It was there that he first tended his flocks. Whether
it was by means of religious traditions communicated
through his father Terah, or that God himself by a
direct inspiration was the source of his great wisdom,
it was at this early period that he became acquainted
with some of those great religious truths, (such as the
unity of God and the relations of faith and love
which ought to exist between God and man,) which
have always perplexed the best and most persevering
efforts of mere human philosophy. In his journeyings
from place to place, and from nation to nation, he
went from Chaldea to Palestine, and from Palestine
to Egypt, — but always in accordance with the open-
ings of Providence, and always guided and sustained
by the great religious truth, that God exists, and that
he is the friend and rewarder of all those who are
willing to believe on him. He was emphatically the
man of faith. It was faith, which gave strength to
his purpose ; which imparted purity to his inward na-
ture. His great mind saw intuitively, that the very

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 437

idea of God imposes the obligation to believe. He
had stood beneath the Chaldean stars ; he had looked
upon the broad Euphrates and the mighty Nile ; he
had crossed vast deserts and wildernesses ; he had
trod the majestic mountains of Palestine ; and as he
cast his illuminated eye around and above him and
perceived things in their greatness and in their rela-
tions, he felt deeply in his soul, that there is no mid'
die ground between the true and the false ; that the
negation of God is the affirmation of chance ; and
that the affirmation of chance is the inauguration of
moral and intellectual weakness and wrong.

To accept God was a necessity. In accepting him,
he accepted the faith which honors him. And on
Mount Moriah, when called upon as a test of his faith
to offer up his beloved son in sacrifice, he showed
not only the truth of his own soul, but the truth and
mighty power of a principle, which elevates and saves
humanity, by bringing God and man into harmony.
History is right, therefore, and honors the God who is
the living and controlling power in the series of its
own varied events, in taking such a man out of the
common ranks of men, and in establishing him among
the guides and teachers of the human race.

Leaving the plain of Mamre, — a place so closely
associated with this great and remarkable man, — we
regained in a short time the main road to Bethlehem
and Jerusalem; — passing at the distance of a mile
and a half, the place called " Ain Simim," or the
fountain of Simeon.

There is a large stone building here, erected appa-
rently for military purposes ; and in its neighborhood
37*

438 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

are said to be some very ancient tombs excavated in
the rocks ; but we had not time to stop and examine
them. The fountain gushes out from the side of a
small hill on the right of the road ; and directly op-
posite is the plain, rendered memorable by a battle
fought in 1192 between Richard of England and Sul-
tan Saladin, in which Richard was defeated and driv-
en back to Askelon. Going on about two miles fur-
ther, over rugged and rocky hills or along the edge of
cultivated valleys, we came to the stupendous water-
reservoirs, called the pools of Solomon. We had
passed them in our journey to Hebron ; but stopped
to examine them more particularly on our return.
There are other great " pools " or water-reservoirs in
other places, the erection of which is ascribed to Solo-
mon. There are three in this place, rising one above
another on the side of a hill, and supplied by water
from heights still more elevated ; the largest of which
is nearly six hundred feet in length, by an average
breadth of more than a hundred and fifty feet, and is
fifty feet in depth. All of them are of solid masonry,
and are coated with cement. They are entered by
steps cut in the sides. The water, collected in the
highest from the rocky eminences around, gushes from
one to the other ; and is then conducted by conduits
under ground to the city of Jerusalem. I recollect in
early life to have heard a person, whose faith in the
Scriptures had been shaken, objecting to the state-
ments made in the Bible of the great wealth and
power of Solomon ; but he had not been in Palestine ;
and had not seen the works and the remains of works,
which furnish overwhelming evidence not only of the
riches and power, but of the science of that period.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 439

Going a few miles further, we came to the city
of Bethlehem, the birth-place of the Saviour. " The
Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us." But
I must leave what I have to say of this city and of
the events connected with it, to another letter.

At two miles beyond Bethlehem we came to the
tomb of Rachel, the wife of Jacob, who is said in the
book of Genesis to have been " buried in the way to
Ephrath, which is Bethlehem." A pillar was erected
over her grave by Jacob. He was journeying with
her from Bethel to Bethlehem at the time of her death.
The pillar of Jacob has disappeared. The present
tomb is a Saracenic work ; but there is no difference
of opinion as to the place where she was buried. The
burial-place of Rachel, — where the traveller naturally
stops to indulge in the recollections connected with
her touching story, is on the side and near the sum-
mit of a hill, furnishing a wide and beautiful prospect.
And he naturally thinks of the village, with which her
name is associated, in one of the sad and bloody pas-
sages of history. It is to the northwestward of her
grave, some three or four miles distant, that we find
the village of Rama, to which reference is made in
the second chapter of Matthew ; — " In Rama there
was a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping and
great mourning; — Rachel weeping for her children,
and would not be comforted because they are not."

Half-way between Bethlehem and Jerusalem we
passed on our right the large Greek convent of Elias.
It is on a hill. We did not stop to visit it. At a little
distance from this convent, as we descended the hill
towards Jerusalem, we came in sight of the plain of

440 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Rephaim or plain of the Giants. It was on this beau-
tiful plain, which was waving as we passed it with
fields of wheat, that David fought twice with the
Philistines, who seem to have become alarmed on ac-
count of his increasing power, and who had come up
here to attack him, after he had established himself in
Jerusalem. The same night, crossing the deep rocky
ravine called the valley of Hinnom, and then ascend-
ing the steep sides of the hill of Zion, we reached the
city of Jerusalem after an absence of four days. We
entered it at the tower of David, by the Bethlehem
gate — which is also called the Jaffa gate.

(XLVI.)

Visit to Bethlehem — Appearance of the country round it — The city and
its inhabitants — The convent and church of the Nativity — View
from the top of the convent — St. Jerome — The grotto of the Sa-
viour's birth — Reflections on the Incarnation — Poetry.

CITY OF JERUSALEM, THIRD LETTER.

In my last letter I gave a brief account of an ex-
cursion from Jerusalem to the river Jordan and the
Dead Sea ; — and thence to the ancient city of Hebron.
In the course of this excursion we had the satisfac-
tion of visiting the city of Bethlehem twice. In going
westward from the northern extremity of the Dead
Sea to Hebron, by the way of the convent of St. Sa-
bas, we found that Bethlehem was so nearly on the
best and direct line of our route, that we took the
road leading through it. As I remarked in my last
letter, we spent a night at the convent, which I have
named. Starting early in the morning, and passing

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 441

over a number of lofty and barren hills between St.
Sabas and Bethlehem, we at last ascended from a
picturesque valley ; and having passed through some
comparatively large and well cultivated fields on the
sides and summit of the height, we arrived at the
limits of the celebrated city where the Saviour of the
world was born.

In coming from St. Sabas, we approached Bethle-
hem on the east. This was the first time that I saw
it ; and it seemed to me, as if Jerusalem itself had
not excited a deeper interest and a more profound
emotion. But the view of the city was not very good.
In coming from Hebron on our return to Jerusalem,
we approached it on the western side. At this time
the city was seen very distinctly on its lofty height at
a considerable distance, and made a very impressive
appearance. Our ascent to it in this direction was
more steep and difficult, than in our approach from
the east. And again, on our way from Bethlehem to
Jerusalem, which placed us upon its northern side, we
often turned to look back upon it. There was an at-
traction in the name and in the histories connected
with it, which we were not willing to lose. So that
we had good opportunities, notwithstanding the short
time which was left us, to see and to impress its in-
teresting features upon the memory.

The country around Bethlehem, diversified with
hills and valleys, had to my view a very pleasant as-
pect. I think it may be regarded as fruitful, — even at
the present time. And in former times, before the
earth became exhausted by long and ill-directed cul-
tivation, it probably was a very fertile region. The

442 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

name Bethlehem, which means the house of bread,
and the name Bethlehem Ephratah, which was also
sometimes applied to the city and which means Beth-
lehem the fruitful, seem to indicate that such was the
case. It was once a land of shepherds ; and flocks of
sheep and goats, and droves of camels, are frequently
seen now. From time to time, we saw in all these
regions the dark, open tents of the Bedouins. Their
flocks are always near them. About a mile's distance
from the city in an eastern direction, — in a low green
valley, — is the place, where the shepherds are said to
have been watching their flocks, when the Saviour's
birth was announced to them.

The lofty limestone hill, on which the city itself is
situated, runs from east to west. And on all sides the
approach to it, with the exception of the route from
St. Sabas, is abrupt and steep, — particularly on the
northern and southern sides. These abrupt ascents
are built up in many places with terraces, which are
planted with flourishing fig-trees, vines and olives. I
have already referred to the general aspect of the city.
On approaching it in almost any direction, it has
quite an imposing appearance, though in different de-
grees. On entering it, however, it does not realize the
expectations, which are raised on seeing it at a dis-
tance. There are no evidences of wealth and splen-
dor ; nor on the other hand are there signs of great
poverty. The houses are generally one story in height,
and built of stone ; — many of them with flat roofs ;
but frequently they are surmounted with a dome. As
a general thing they have no windows towards the
streets. Many of them are well-built ; and notwith-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 443

standing the idea of almost entire seclusion which
they are apt to suggest, they have an aspect of neat-
ness and comfort, which is seldom seen in these re-
gions. Bethlehem resembles nearly all oriental cities
in the narrowness and irregularity of its streets. A
few Turks and Arabs make their residence here ; but
the greater part of the people are understood to re-
ceive the Christian religion, — chiefly, though not ex-
clusively, in the forms of the Greek and Catholic
churches. The population is variously estimated from
three to four thousand. We found the principal street
which leads from the open area in front of the church
of the Nativity towards Jerusalem, occupied for some
distance by a large number of persons, who had come
in from the neighboring villages with vegetables, oran-
ges, and other fruits of the country for sale. Nor was
there any want of traffickers in other articles; — par-
ticularly in rosaries and crosses, and representations
of holy persons and places ingeniously carved in olive-
wood and mother-of-pearl. I thought I could dis-
cover, as I walked through the streets and mingled
with the people for a short time, the marks both of
increased comfort and intelligence, as compared with
what we had noticed in other places.

A portion of the eastern extremity of this rocky
height rises steeply over the large and beautiful plain
and valleys in that direction. A convent is built upon
this part of the height. Its massive walls and battle-
ments, like those of the monastery of St. Sabas, give
it the appearance of a fortress. We entered it through
a small, low opening in the bottom of the western
wall. It does not belong exclusively to one Christian

444 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

sect ; but the different parts of it, including the church,
are divided among Catholics, Greeks and Armenians.
Within the large area which is enclosed by the con-
vent walls, is the church of the Nativity, — built in the
form of a cross. It is said to have been built by the
Empress Helena; — though the origin of the convent
buildings around it is attributed to the pious zeal of
a distinguished Roman lady by the name of Paula,
whose tomb is still shown here. Passing through the
large entrance-porch or vestibule of the church, we
paused a few moments in the lofty nave, which is
adorned with numerous Corinthian columns, and is
architecturally an object of much interest. And from
this place, under the guidance of men of the different
religious sects, who claim and hold possession, we pro-
ceeded to see and examine what is worthy of notice
in this remarkable spot.

Ascending to the top of the convent, we had the
whole city at our feet. We also had a fine view of
the surrounding country ; — particularly of the moun-
tainous region in the direction of the Dead Sea. —
The lofty cone, which has borne for many ages the
name of the Frank mountain, was in sight to the
southeast ; — and apparently not more than four or five
miles distant. This mountain, including a portion of
land at its base, is the supposed site of the ancient
city and castle which was built by Herod, and which
was called Herod ium. The ruins, which are still
found on the mountain and in its vicinity, support
this view.

At a little distance south of the Frank mountain, is
another lofty eminence, which is visible from this

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 445

place. It is the ancient Tekoa, — the birth-place of the
prophet Amos, and the residence of the wise woman,
who was consulted by Joab in the case of Absalom.
In coming from St. Sabas we passed these places on
the left. The ancient Hebrew name of the Frank
mountain was Beth-Haccerim. Such, at least, is the
supposition of some biblical critics. It was upon such
lofty heights that those naming beacon-lights were
kindled, which gave notice to the surrounding country
of approaching dangers. Hence the expressions in
the prophet Jeremiah. " Blow the trumpet in Tekoa,
and set up a sign of fire in Beth-Haccerim."

Going into the lower part of these ancient edifices
— into that portion denominated the Latin Convent
— we visited the place where the justly celebrated Je-
rome spent a considerable portion of his life, and where
his tomb still remains. The tomb of Eusebius, the
ecclesiastical historian, is also here.

A peculiar interest, which the biblical student will
easily understand, attaches to the fact, that St. Je-
rome dwelt so long in this place. And perhaps I
shall be pardoned for recalling a few incidents of his
life at this time. Born in the times of the Roman
empire, and in a small Roman town near the province
of Dalmatia, he was sent to Rome by his father, who
was a man of wealth, in order that he might be early
and thoroughly instructed in the literature, the arts,
and the philosophy of that day. Aided by the best
masters in the city of Rome, among whom was a
learned grammarian by the name of Donatus, who is
still known by his commentaries on Virgil and Te-
rence, he soon became a proficient in Greek and Ro-
38

446 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

man learning. Embracing the study and the profes-
sion of the law as a business for life, his great ability
and high mental culture, gave him reason to hope,
that he would ultimately reach positions of influence
and honor, — such as would fully satisfy a high ambi-
tion. He soon found, however, that the world has its
enchantments, as well as its honors. The fascinating
pleasures of Rome held out their allurements, and he
had begun to feel both their power and their bitter-
ness ; — but the lessons of piety which he had received
in early life, recurred to his mind ; and a divine voice,
perhaps in answer to a father's or mother's prayers,
whispered to him the vanity of human philosophy and
fame, and urged him to seek the knowledge and the
honor which come from Christ. He was then in the
midst of his travels in France and still in the ardent
pursuit of knowledge ; but he had the wisdom to listen
to this higher and better voice ; and accepted the sim-
ple but sublime philosophy of Christ for that of the Gre-
cian and Roman schools. In accordance with the ascetic
principles and practices of his age, he left Rome, which
seemed to him to present too many temptations to a
young Christian, and finding his way after some time
into Syria, he took up his residence in a desert and
solitary place near Chalcis, — though not very far from
the city of Antioch and the banks of the Orontes. In
this Syrian wilderness, which he has rendered celebra-
ted in his eloquent writings, he resided four years. It
was in the year 377 that he first came into Palestine ;
and after the year 386, he made it his permanent resi-
dence. He dwelt at one time on the Mount of Olives ;
— but subsequently took up his abode at Bethlehem ;

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 447

— diligently pursuing his studies, as he had done dur-
ing a large portion of his life, even in the deserts of
Syria ; and investigating with great zeal the various
subjects, which throw light upon the history, the per-
sons and the doctrines of the Bible.

I refer thus particularly to this distinguished man,
so well known to biblical scholars, because undoubt-
edly the locality of many of the sacred places in Pales-
tine, particularly in Bethlehem and its vicinity, is con-
sidered as settled, in concurrence with his opinions
and authority. And when we consider the early pe-
riod in which he lived, his long residence in Palestine,
his great learning, and the deep interest which he
could not fail to take in the subject, I think we may
feel a good degree of confidence, that many of the
most important localities are satisfactorily known.

The reader of the Bible cannot forget, that many
events of interest have occurred in Bethlehem and its
immediate vicinity, besides that great event, which su-
persedes and overshadows all others. This is the
scene of the beautiful story of Ruth and Naomi, — in-
imitable in its simplicity and touching pastoral allu-
sions. Bethlehem is interesting also, as being the
birth-place of king David. He was the keeper of his
father's flocks in the neighborhood of Bethlehem,
which is spoken of as being at that time in the wilder-
ness, when he was called to engage in contest with
Goliah. It is still more interesting, — perhaps we may
say it exceeds all other places in the world in inter-
est,— in being the birth-place of the Saviour. The pro-
phecies of the Old Testament, — full of intimations
and glimpses of the future, — led the Jews to expect

448 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the birth of the Saviour in this place. "But thou,
Bethlehem Ephratah," says the prophet Micah, "though
thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out
of thee shall He come forth unto me, who is to be
Ruler in Israel ; whose goings have been from old,
from everlasting."

The church of the Nativity, which is understood to
enclose the Saviour's birth-place, is built over a large
grotto. Descending the flight of stairs which leads in-
to it, we found it brightly illuminated with rows of
costly lamps, which are kept constantly burning. Art,
coloring, drapery, lend their aid to give beauty and
impressiveness to the place. The figure of a large and
beautiful star, formed of marble and jasper laid in
mosaic, indicates the place where the Saviour was
born. Golden lamps are suspended above this star, and
throw their light down upon it. Around it, in the
Latin language, are the words, Hie de Virgine Ma-
ria Jesus Christus natus est.

I am not ignorant of the doubts and queries which
have been started by the learned. And still the argu-
ment, depending upon facts and circumstances too
numerous to be detailed here, which may be brought
to bear in support of the identity of this part of the
hill of Bethlehem as the birth-place of the Saviour, is
so strong, that my mind found no difficulty in receiv-
ing it. It was here that the prophecies were fulfilled.
It was here that the Saviour was born.

In giving myself up to profound emotion, I could
not forget the accessories of that great event. I saw
the wise men coming from the East, with their offer-
ings of frankincense and gold, I remembered that

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 449

the very heavens were bright with transcendent glory.
I recalled the watching shepherds, and the song of
the angels. But these were only incidents ; and were
important chiefly, by the relations which they sus-
tained. It was the event itself, which absorbed mem-
ory, thought, emotion. I repeated to myself the ex-
pressions, which seemed to me to describe that great
occurrence. I said the Divine Mind became embod-
ied ; — the Infinite reposed in the arms of the finite ; —
God manifested himself in the flesh ; — on the place
where I now stand.

I do not profess to understand precisely the import
of these expressions, which may well be supposed to
suggest thought rather than accurately define it. But
it was through the medium of such emphatic and sug^
gestive forms of speech, which could not fail to have
an important influence upon early thought and belief,
that I had been taught in childhood. It was thus, be-
fore I was capable of thinking for myself, that I had
been instructed in distant America ; — in her primitive
and humble assemblies, and in the books which had
come down from my Puritan ancestors. Undoubtedly
a hereditary belief, though sanctioned by the wisdom
of those who have gone before us, and taught in the
young home which we always love, is a proper sub-
ject of re-examination and further inquiry. Such ill*
quiry I have not been unwilling, — and indeed have
thought it right and proper, — >to give to the wonderful
doctrine of the Incarnation. Considered in its time
and its incidents, in itself and its relations, I have en*
deavored to compare the advent of the Messiah with
other advents and manifestations of supposed power
38*

450 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

and greatness which men in their blindness have ac-
cepted and idolized ; and without professing to be
aware of the full import of my own expressions, I am
still obliged to say, not only because it is authorized
by the Bible, but because all other expressions come
short of the convictions and aspirations which strug-
gled in my own breast, " God was manifest in the
flesh:1

I am aware that human philosophy, reasoning more
from the head than the heart, is likely to be perplexed
on this subject. In its doubts and difficulties, it pro-
pounds the question, whether it is possible for the In-
finite to embody itself in a finite form. I answer, if
God is merely an impersonal infinite presence, — in
other words an infinite power, but not an infinite per-
sonal agent, — then I feel the pressure of this inquiry ;
but I do not feel it, if He is what Christians suppose
Him to be, an infinite personality. In the view of the
matter as it presents itself to my own mind, the inca-
pacity to manifest himself in a form, in connection
with which He should communicate with his crea-
tures, would be an imperfection.

And it is to me an interesting circumstance, that all
nature, — I may perhaps say, — certainly all races of
men,. — demand such a manifestation. It is an in-
stinct of the human mind, — demonstrated, as it seems
to me, by the religious history of our race, — which re-
quires that the Infinite should subject itself at par-
ticular times and in particular forms, to the limita-
tions of the finite, in order to satisfy the finite want
and to perfect the finite communion. To one tribe,
(I speak of those portions of the human race, which

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 451

are not enlightened by the Bible,) God is in the sun ;
— to another He is in the moon and stars ; to anoth-
er He is embodied in the clouds, or floats in the rivers
and the ocean. And others again find Him embodied
and incarnate in some lower animal, which they fall
down and worship.

God has done homage to the great instincts he has
implanted. He knew the wants of men and was ready
to meet them, when man himself, disappointed in all
false manifestations, had sufficiently recognized and
felt those wants. He met them by his presence. But
in coming into the world he gave the preference to
the weak over the mighty. He paid homage to hu-
man wants but not to human pride ; and passing by
Rome and Athens, and whatever other names and
places had dazzled by their greatness and splendor,
He selected the little city of Bethlehem.

Philosophy, or rather imperfect human philosophy,
perplexed in the fact of his coming, is equally per-
plexed in relation to the form of his coming. It thinks
more of greatness than of innocence ; and vainly im-
agines, that a descending God cannot come in less
than a king's chariot, and with the noise of trumpets,
and with royal purple and gold. But such is not the
expectation of that better and divine philosophy, which
attaches the highest value to purity and love. Divine
wisdom, without stopping to inquire at the great
schools of human learning, chooses its own form.
And what form, helpless though it may be, is more
beautiful in itself, or more significant and emblematic
of truth and beauty, than that of an infant ? Or what
place is more fitting and suitable to such an advent
and manifestation, than a mother's arms ?

452 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

And I may say further that I personally sympathize
in those deep instincts of the human heart, to which
I have referred; — I mean those instincts which need
and require the manifestation and presence of a di-
vine nature ; — and that I rejoice also in the manner
in which these yearnings of the heart have been re-
sponded to. To those who are weak in spirit like
myself, the manifestation of Divinity in humanity, so
that in our helplessness we may feel the hand of the
Infinite and be lifted up, is not only a possibility but
a necessity. Believing as I do, that in the name of
Jesus the many evils which exist in the world are to
be subdued, its sorrows ended and its discordancies
harmonized, it is not without emotion that I have
come from a distant land, to the place which the
guiding star has illuminated ; and that I offer here the
" myrrh and frankincense " of a penitent and believ-
ing heart.

The star, which shines over this sacred spot, — em-
blematic of the heavenly radiance, — is to me the source
of light. I endeavored in my early days to study the
philosophies, and to become acquainted with the mas-
ters and teachers of men. I felt that I needed illu-
mination. But standing as I now do on the hill of
Bethlehem, and by the cradle of the manger, I am
not ashamed in these last years of my life ; and after
the labor of many hopeless inquiries, — to say, that I
accept of the coming of this infant Jesus, and that I
am willing to be taught by a child.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 453

LINES WRITTEN ON THE OCCASION OF VISITING THE BIRTH-
PLACE OF THE SAVIOUR IN BETHLEHEM.

Philosophers of other days,

In learned schools, their wisdom taught,

And earned from human tongues the praise
Of guides and lights of human thought ; —

But here, an infant's lips declare

A wisdom which they did not share.

The kings and conquerors of old,
Who marched to power through seas of gore,

Kode in their chariots of gold,
And crown and sceptre proudly bore ; —

But here an infant's sceptre bears

A weight of power, which was not theirs.

The weak are great in outward show,

Magnificent in high pretence ;
But God, descending here below,

Appears in peace and innocence ; —
He seeks no power of arms or arts
But that of conquering human hearts.

Temples, and towers, and thrones may fall,

And learning's institutes go down,
But in the wreck that sweeps o'er all,

Christ shall come up, and wear the crown; —
And from their scattered dust shall spring
The empire of the infant King.

He reigns, — to judge the poor man's cause ;

He reigns, tyrannic sway to bind ;
He reigns, to renovate the laws,

And heal the wanderings of the mind ; —
Restoring, in his mighty plan,
God's empire in the soul of man.

454 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

(XLVII.)

Introductory remarks — Visit to the Mount of Olives — Historical noti-
ces— Mount Zion — Valley of Hinnom — Church of the Holy Sep-
ulchre— Hill of Scopus — Titus — Return from the mountain — Gar-
den of Gethsemane — Poetry.

CITY OF JERUSALEM, FOURTH LETTER.

The objects of interest in Jerusalem and its vicini-
ty are very numerous. I shall not undertake a minute
description, which is better left to those who have
more time ; and who come here with the requisite
qualifications, and under circumstances which are
more favorable to extended and specific inquiries. —
There is much work in Jerusalem and its vicinity for
profound scholars, for painters, poets, historians ; — a
work which, it is very certain, cannot be satisfactorily
performed, especially so far as relates to its contro-
verted antiquities, by transient visitants. There are
men, however, who in due time will be found adequate
to the task. Without mentioning all the names which
I now have in my mind, I will only say here that Dr.
Robinson of our own country has made a good and
very thorough beginning, which entitles him to the
gratitude of the friends of biblical science ; and fu-
ture inquiries, connected with the same ability and
energy, will throw great light upon these interesting
topics. At the same time I think there may possibly
be some value in those more general writings, where
the moral, social and physical are mingled together.—
I shall describe, or rather make the attempt to describe,
only generally and briefly.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 455

I went one day to the top of the Mount of Olives,
in company with my American friends. From this
commanding position, we endeavored to arrange and
fix in our minds the objects around us. With an esti-
mated height of more than two thousand feet above
the Mediterranean, carrying it high above Jerusalem,
this celebrated mountain, which in itself is an object
of great interest, was favorable to our purpose. Stand-
ing on that part of the summit, which is occupied by
the chapel of the Ascension, — so called because it
was supposed by its builders to be erected over the
place where the Saviour ascended, — we gazed with
deep interest upon the various objects which here pre-
sented themselves to view. Looking in one direction,
we had before us Jerusalem, and the deep ravines
which enclose it on the south and east, and the moun-
tains which arise above it on every side. In the other
direction was the rough and elevated region, bounded
by the valley of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, and by
the mountains of Moab beyond.

But this first visit, which enabled me to fix in mind
the outlines of objects, was calculated to satisfy the
head rather than the heart. Perhaps I may more clear-
ly express myself thus. The mind went out to the
objects ; but the influence of the objects had not time
to come back, and to write itself upon the mind. The
Mount of Olives must take its own time, and have its
visitant all to itself, in order to make present and to
convey into the soul all that it is capable of revealing.

This, I suppose, will be easily understood. Places,
as well as persons, have power. Thoughts, whose
seeds are in the soul, are oftentimes the product and

456 LETTERS— AESTHETIC,

the out-growth of situations. The influence, which
such situations or places possess over the human mind,
is very various in its origin ; — sometimes from the
greatness of nature and sometimes from the greatness
of art ; — sometimes from the power which they still
hold, and not unfrequently from the power which they
have lost, — sometimes from sympathy with the living,
and sometimes from the memory of the dead. Many
are the places, which thus speak to the soul, either
with a natural or associated power.

One of the many places which have this power in
a remarkable degree, — perhaps as much so or with
very few exceptions as any in the world, — is the
Mount of Olives. Irregular in its surface, with here
and there a few olives and fig-trees still growing among
its projecting rocks, it adds to the impressions which
naturally attach to its rough and majestic form, the
power which it derives from its history, its associa-
tions, and its position.

I had gone through the streets of Jerusalem ; and
had rapidly examined, both within and without its
walls, the various objects of interest, which the pens
of numerous travellers have sufFciently made known.
But before our little company left the city on our way
to other parts of Palestine, and on the route prelimi-
nary to our return to America, I felt a secret and strong
desire to ascend once more the Mountain where the
Saviour had so often been ; — and aided by its lofty
summit, to look again upon the theatre of the great
scenes and sufferings which the Scriptures record. On
the occasion to which I now refer, which was a day or
two before our departure, it was convenient for me to

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 457

go alone. This solitary visit, like a visit to the tomb
of a departed friend, harmonized with the state of my
feelings; — because my object was, not to converse
with men, but with God, nature, history and eternity.
I easily found a secluded and lofty position suited to
my object ; and as I looked abroad from that memo-
rable height, I felt how one short hour could re-pro-
duce and live over again the growth and the decay,
the agonies and triumphs of ages.

Jerusalem, as it is now, and in its natural features
as it always has been, was all before me ; — a place
more closely associated than any other with the des-
tinies of men, and going back in its history to the
early periods of the human race. Taken by David
from the Jebusites, and in the reigns of David and
Solomon advancing to great wealth and splendor, —
destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, — rebuilt in the times
of Nehemiah, — captured and laid waste by the Ro-
man armies under Pompey the great, — restored and
beautified by Antipater and Herod, — destroyed again
by Titus and in part restored by Adrian, — and at later
periods successively captured and held by the Per-
sians, Arabians, Turks and Crusaders, it still stands,
amid all these changes and revolutions, an object of
deep interest and attraction.

Checking this natural tendency to indulge in his-
torical recollections, that I might the better under-
stand the place which gave rise to them, my eye first
ran along the circuit of its beautiful but irregular
walls ; and then glancing rapidly upon the valley of
the Kedron and over the steep rocky heights beyond
it, rested upon the magnificent mosque of Omar. This
39

458 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

great structure, a sad memorial of the vicissitudes to
which Jerusalem has been subject, is built within the
present walls of the city on the eastern side, and over-
looks the abrupt, rocky valley of Jehoshaphat ; — occu-
pying the top of that Mount Moriah, which is sup-
posed to be the place where Abraham was directed to
offer up Isaac. The place, which is occupied by this
imposing Mohammedan edifice, is the precise spot,
which was occupied in other times, and under other
and different influences, by the great temple of Solo-
mon.

Imagination, which controls time as well as places,
and has the power of changing and remodeling all
things, was not slow in banishing the mosque and in
remodeling and replacing the temple. It was there,
I said to myself, that the wonderful structure stood,
of which I had read so much in my childhood; and
which, described in history and rendered visible in
paintings, had become a part of my thoughts and
dreams ; — on the place which is now before me ; — -the
place, ascertained and identified with the concurrence
of all antiquarians ; and which, as I looked upon it in
its marked and imposing outlines, seemed to *ne to
carry the evidence of its historic claims in itself. It
was there, then, that the great edifice was erected, —
the " Lord's house," shining in cedar and gold, which
required a nation's wealth in building, which held the
ark and tables of the covenant and the cherubims of
glory ; and which, by its history, its position, and its
rites and ceremonies, became the central and con-
trolling element in that system of religion, which was
superseded by the mission and the doctrines of Christ.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 459

The subterranean crypts, arches and gates, and the
immense blocks of granite, constituting together the
vast substructions which still remain, — some above
ground and some below, — but which will be likely to
be better known in the explorations of future times, —
furnish evidence, that what is said in the Bible of the
glory both of the first and second temple, and of the
wealth and skill of the times of Solomon, is no exag-
geration.

As the traveller stands upon the Mount of Olives,
the ancient as well as the modern Jerusalem, at least
in its essential outlines, is restored and made present
to his eye. Following the attractions of sight and
memory, and crossing the deep Tyropceon valley,
which, however, is now nearly filled up and is hardly
perceptible from this elevated position, he next as-
cends the hill of Zion. Here, in the neighborhood of
the Bethlehem gate, is the tower of Hippicus, stand-
ing in grandeur to the present hour, — whose strong
foundations hardly less immovable than the mountain
itself, carry the mind back to distant ages. Some an-
tiquarians assign the laying of these massive founda-
tions to the historic era of king David. Beyond the
wall, and within the court or enclosed area of a Mo-
hammedan Mosque, is David's tomb. " His sepul-
chre," says the Apostle Peter, " is with us unto this
day." Around the tomb are small cultivated fields.
The denunciations of prophesy are fulfilled. The
ploughshare has passed over the summit of Zion.

It was here, in this part of Jerusalem, that the son
of Jesse, the warrior and Psalmist of Israel, had his
residence. This, then, is that hill of Zion, which he

460 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

describes in his own matchless language, as " beauti-
ful for situation, the joy of the whole earth." This
is the place, which for ages held the sword and the
seat of empire. From this mountain rock, which lifts
its southern brow so proudly over the deep valley of
Hinnom, the tide of aggressive war has been scattered
and driven back. Conquering armies, proud to obey
the greatest king of Israel, have stood upon its frown-
ing height.

But with all these lofty recollections, thronging
around this memorable place, I could not suppress tjie
thought, that this was not its chief honor. It is not
the spear but the lyre of David,

" The harp the monarch minstrel swept,"
which survives most deeply and distinctly in the
memory of later generations. The hill of Zion may
perish, but I ^think it may be said of the songs of
Zion — estimated by those who have the true insight
of poetry as well as religious feeling, — that they have
a life which cannot die.

With such impressions, I must confess, that my
eye was not tired in looking upon the spot, which
gave origin to those divine songs and lyric odes which
bear the Psalmist's name ; — poems, which embody
with such mingled simplicity and power the various
forms of natural and religious feeling, of natural and
religious truth, that they descend to the level of the
understanding and heart of a child, while at the same
time, by their great thoughts and sublimity, they fill
and satisfy minds of the greatest breadth and culture.
It was there that he gazed upon those surrounding
heights and mountains, which still look down upon

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 461

his burial place. It was there that he walked forth at
night, and looked again with his poetic eye upon the
deep blue heavens, which he had watched and loved,
when in early life he tended his father's flocks in
Bethlehem. " When I consider thy heavens, the work
of thy fingers ; the moon and the stars which thou
hast ordained ; — What is man that thou art mindful
of him? And the son of man that thou dost visit
him ?"

The hill of Zion is often regarded as the type or
earthly emblem of heaven. And why should it not
be ? It is . a place, which is lofty and imperial ; and
the cavernous depths of Gehenna, hardly less terrible
than when its fire and smoke ascended, are still far
below it. But it is entitled to this distinction and
lifts the mind to a better state of things, not only on
account of its elevation ; but still more because it is
the hill of song. Song is truth, uttered in harmony.
Heaven is what it is, because nothing enters there
which " loveth and maketh ~ a lie," and because the
truth which enters and is embodied within it, in be-
ing always consistent with itself, has no discordant
sounds ; but is always uttering, by the very necessities
of its nature, a voice which is full of melody. Heaven,
therefore, whatever other attributes may attach to it,
is the true locality of whatever is highest and best
in the conception of poetic harmony. And hence it is
natural that the place on earth, which has breathed
forth the sweetest and tenderest melodies, should be
the sign and emblem of the heavenly inheritance.

But what a contrast of associations, as well as of
height and depth, may be seen at no great distance.
39*

462 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

As we approach the edge of the hill of Zion, we look
down almost with dizziness, into the deep valley which
bounds it on the south and south-western side ; — the
valley of Hinnom of the Old Testament ; — the Ge-
henna of the New. In this valley there was once an
idolatrous image of the heathen god Moloch, who ex-
acted from his followers the rites and sacrifices of his
cruel worship. In those sad days it was truly the
place of weeping and wailing. Gloomy and terrible
in itself and terrible in its history and associations, it
was afterwards the place where the useless and decay-
ing impurities of the city, including the dead bodies
of animals and malefactors, were collected together.
And this was done, so frequently, and to such an ex-
tent, that the fires, which were rendered necessary for
the purpose of consuming them, were kept continu-
ally burning. This is no place of song. This is no
emblem of the heavenly world. These masses of cor-
ruption, these ever burning fires, and the columns of
smoke continually ascending, furnish the terrible fig-
ures, which are employed by the writers of the Bible
to indicate the opposite of a state of blessedness, and
to shadow forth the end and destiny of the wicked.

At some distance from Mount Zion, a little outside
of the line of the ancient wall, which antiquarians
profess to be able still to trace, but within the limits
of the modern city, is the rocky height, surmounted
by the church of the Holy Sepulchre, where the Sa-
viour was crucified. This vast church, which in itself
is a history, has been so often described in its length
and breadth, in its towering arches and columns, that
I will say nothing in relation to it so far as its archi-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 463

tecture is concerned. The church is adjusted in its
foundations, to the hill and rock of Calvary. I had
visited it before the time of which I am now speaking.
I had ascended the successive flights of steps, which led
to the elevated platform, covering the portion of the rock
where the cross is said to have been placed, and where
the Saviour was crucified. I had gone down into
another part of the church at a little distance, and
seen the place where he was buried. A small chapel,
not wanting in beauty, is built over it. And many are
the pilgrims, from many and distant lands, that kneel
beneath it.

At such a time and amid such remembrances, I
must confess that I had no disposition to think of
painting or architecture, of Greek or Jew, of Saracen
or Roman, of Helena or Justinian, — not even of pro-
phets and apostles, — but only of that one good and
innocent man — the child of Mary and the incarnate
Son of God — whose blood, shed upon the elevated
rock, may be said to have re-adjusted heaven and
earth, by cementing once more the broken links of
love, life and immortality.

I am aware of the fact, that some biblical antiqua-
rians have doubted, whether the crucifixion took place
on the site of the church of the Holy Sepulchre. I
will not undertake to reconcile and measure the pro-
babilities of a question, which a life's labors would
not be sufficient to exhaust. But seated as I am, on
the summit of the Mount of Olives, with Jerusalem,
and the objects around it for miles in extent fully in
view, I think I can say without impropriety, even if
there is a foundation for the doubt, to wThich I have
referred, that my eyes have rested beyond a question

464 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

upon the place where this great transaction actually
occurred. Whether it was within or without the walls
of the present Jerusalem, it was certainly within the
field of vision, as I look outward and around from
this overshadowing height. Situated as I now am,
and looking upon the general aspect of things without
always being certain of particulars, it is not necessary,
in order to see the Son of God led to execution, to
confine myself to the traditionary limits of the Via
Dolorosa. I can behold the cross erected, whether
it was within or without the measurements of the
church of the Holy Sepulchre. My mind, without
accepting or rejecting the glasses of tradition, avails
itself of the aid which this lofty height affords me, to
see by the light of its own intuitions, and to adjust
its own localities. And seeing with the heart also, as
well as with the outward sight, every thing becomes
a reality. The Divine victim is before me. His gush-
ing blood flows down. His dying voice exclaims, It
is Finished. I hear the rending of the vail of the
temple. I see the quaking and the rending of the
rocks.

The death of Christ was also the death of a great
and venerated system ; — a system which had its sea-
son and its uses, but which always proclaimed itself
to be only the precursor of another state of things, —
less striking in the form but more efficacious in the
spirit, — and which should be better suited to the ad-
vancing intelligence of the human race. And that
sad event, witnessed in the very place which my eyes
now behold, while it swept away the priest, the altar
and the temple, was at the same time the building

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 465

up of the inward temple and the inauguration of the
reign of the Holy Ghost.

In the passing away of the old system, punishment
found the fitting occasion to vindicate its claims and
to adjust itself to crime. And a great nation, which
had shed the blood of the innocent, was smitten by
the hand of retribution ; and the name of its great-
ness and power forever passed away.

I turned my eye away from the church of the Holy
Sepulchre. I looked in a little different direction. I
saw on the north side of the city, a little beyond the
upper valley of the Kedron, and rising above the road
which leads to Shechem and Samaria, a gently ascend-
ing but lofty height of land, which is called the hill
of Scopus. It was on that spot, according to Jose-
phus, that Titus, who had marched into Palestine the
fierce legions which his father Vespasian had left
in Alexandria, cast his proud eye for the first time on
the city of Jerusalem. This was that Titus, under
whose triumphal arch I had stood at Rome, and saw
on its sculptured sides the emblems of his victory.
Seated sternly on his war-horse like the sculptured
Aurelius in the Roman Campodoglio, he is worthy of
our attention — and more than that he at once seizes
and fixes our attention, — because he holds forth in
his lofty front and his uplifted arm the marks of the
man of providential destiny.

It is true that every man is a providence ; that each
one, whether great or small, fills a place which no
other one can ; and holds a link in the great chain of
events which can be uplifted by no other hand. But
it is not true that every man's providential position

466 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

and relations are known ; and not being known, they
are not the subject of specific thought and medita-
tion. It was not so with the son of Vespasian. As
he stands under the combined light of prophesy and
history, he is exhibited to the world's view a provi-
dential instrument, an agent that fulfills purposes not
his own; a man of inevitable destiny. Perhaps he
knew not his own position ; but the " blinded beast,"
says an old writer, " that turns the wheel of the mill,
though it seeth not, neither knows what it does, yet
doeth a great work in grinding the corn." Neither
his knowledge nor his ignorance would have any ef-
fect in altering the plans of infinite wisdom, and in
disturbing the connection of everlasting adjustments.
The man, the hour, and the destiny had met. As he
looked once more upon Jerusalem, and pointed out
to his soldiers the walls and towers of the devoted
city, he bore in that extended arm, feeble in itself but
mighty in its relations, the hidden thunders and light-
nings of God.

Such were some of the objects, which were pre-
sented to my notice. Such were some of the reflec-
tions, which arose in my mind. I had thus stood for
the last time upon the mountain, which looked down
upon a vast panorama, not more of nature than of
great and wonderful events. Resuming my way to-
wards the city, I followed the narrow and winding
path, which has been trodden for ages. In coming
down from the rocky height, I fell in company with a
shepherd, who was driving before him a flock of sheep
and goats. The keeper of sheep trod in the footpath
of kings. It was over these heights that the exiled

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 467

David fled from the triumphant Absalom. In a short
time he drove the sheep into a rude sheepfold made
of rocks. And again I walked on alone.

At a little distance from me I noticed the tradition-
ary place, where the Saviour is said to have wept over
Jerusalem. Reaching the foot of the mountain, I stop-
ped at the garden of Gethsemane. At a little distance
on my right was the beautiful chapel and the sepul-
chre of the Virgin Mary. The traditionary belief is
that the dust of the mother reposes near the garden,
which witnessed the heavy trials of her Divine Son.
The garden of Gethsemane is now enclosed by a high
wall, which overlooks the channel of the Kedron. I
entered it and walked among the flowers, which the
hand of Christian veneration loves to cultivate on its
sacred soil, and beneath the shade of the aged olive
trees, the growth of many hundred, — perhaps of a
thousand years.

And this, I said to myself, was the garden of pre-
paratory suffering ; — the sad and memorable scene of
one of the most trying periods of the Saviour's life.
This was the place of his agony. It was here he
kneeled and prayed. " If it be possible, let this cup
pass from me. Nevertheless not as I will, but as
Thou wilt."

The world of spirits took an interest in this great
struggle. An angel appeared, — strengthening him.
His prayer was answered. The will of his Father
was accomplished. The Son of God was betrayed
into the hands of wicked men. His blood flowed up-
on Calvary. Jerusalem was destroyed. But a world
was redeemed.

468 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

LINES WRITTEN ON VISITING THE GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE,

MAY, 1853.

Oh let me not forget ! 'Twas here,
Earth of the Saviour's grief and toil !

He knelt ; — and oft the falling tear
Mingled his sorrows with thy soil ; —

When, in the Garden's fearful hour,

He felt the great temptation's power.

Here was the proffer'd bitter cup.

" Thy will be done.'1 The Saviour said,
His faith received, and drank it up,

Amazed, the baffled tempter fled, —
Repulsed, with all his hate and skill,
Before an acquiescent will.

Oh man ! In memory of that hour

Let rising murmurs be repress'd ;
And learn the secret of thy power

Within a calm and patient breast.
" Thy will be done." 'Tis that, which rolls
Their agony from suffering souls.

Such is the lesson that I find,

Here, in the Saviour's place of tears ; —

The lesson, that the trusting mind

Has strength to conquer griefs and fears ;

And doom'd upon the cross to die,

Finds death itself a victory.

(XLVIII.)

Departure from Jerusalem — Last view of it— Village of Beeroth — Spend
the night at Bethel — Visit to the mountain east of Bethel — Well of
Jacob — Christ's conversation with the Samaritan woman — Tomb
of Joseph — City of Shechem.

SHECHEM, FOOT OF MOUNT GERIZIM, MAY 24, 1853.

We left the city of Jerusalem, Monday, the 23d of
May. We were delayed in our preparations ; and it
was near noon when we departed. Our object was
to go into Galilee and the region of Nazareth. The

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 469

direction'of our route, therefore, was towards the nor-
thern part of Palestine ; the country of Ephraim and
Manasseh, of Issachar and Zebulon. Soon after leav-
ing the walls of the city, we passed through a large
grove of olive trees ; in which we met from time to
time with groups of people of both sexes, who seemed
to enjoy its retirement and shade. At the distance
of about a mile in a northwest direction, reaching a
piece of rising ground which afforded a wide prospect,
we stopped; and turning and looking back, took a
last view. The city with its walls and towers, the
valley of the Kedron, and beyond it the Mount of
Olives, were in full sight.

From no other point, with the exception of the
Mount of Olives, had it appeared to us so beautiful.
Was it strange, that we stopped thus to gaze upon it ?
Our visit had been short ; but the scene had brought
back so much of the past and so vividly, — as if some
beloved friend had arisen from the dead and spoken
to us once more, — that we naturally felt sad at part-
ing. But as the scene, rising above all ordinary forms
of association and interest, had a relationship to the
soul itself, it was easy to carry away its image in the
heart. From that hour, unseen by the outward sight,
it became the possession of the mind itself, — the liv-
ing child of memory.

The road we took is called the Damascus road. It
leads in the direction of that celebrated city. The
same day in the afternoon passing on our left the dis-
tant heights of Ramah and Nebi Samuel, we came,
at the distance of eight or nine miles from Jerusalem,
to the village of Beeroth ; — called by its present Arab
40

470 LETTERS— ESTHETIC,

inhabitants Beereh. A copious fountain, which pro-
bably gave its name to the village, flows near it. In
the neighborhood of the village are extensive ruins.
We spent a little time in walking among massive
columns and arches, — the remains and testimonies of
the art and power of distant ages. The people of
the modern village, which is situated at a little dis-
tance on a slightly elevated piece of ground, came
down to the fountains. It seemed to be the gather-
ing place of men and children. The young women
also filled their large water jars, and carried them
away on their heads. Camels and horses stood at
the watering troughs.

This place, rendered attractive from the earliest
times by the abundance of its water and its fertility, is
repeatedly mentioned in the Scriptures. It is situated
on the road to Damascus, which is also for some dis-
tance the great road to Nazareth ; and there is a tra-
dition that it was here, that Joseph and Mary, on re-
turning from Jerusalem to Nazareth from the feast of
the Passover, first discovered, that the " child Jesus,"
who had tarried behind without their knowledge, was
not in the company with them.

In accordance with the customs and traditions of
the country, which make Beeroth the first stopping-
place and the first day's journey from Jerusalem, the
people who conducted us, were desirous of remaining
here through the night. But this was inconsistent
with our arrangements and wishes, and we went on
three or four miles further, deviating a little from the
main route, and pitched our tents, about the time of
sunset, in a field in Bethel. The present name of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 471

Bethel, is Beiten : the Arabic variation of the orig-
inal Hebrew name. It was natural for us to desire to
reach this place, which is associated with interesting
names and incidents, and is often mentioned in the
Old Testament, though I believe it is not mentioned
in the New. The country around Bethel is uneven
and rocky ; sustaining in that respect the reputation
which it seems to have had in the days of the patri-
archs. It was here, that Jacob, journeying from Beer-
sheba, made at night a pillow of stones, and slept and
dreamed, and saw in vision the angels of God ascend-
ing and descending upon the ladder of heaven. It
was here that the Lord, who styled himself the Lord
God of Abraham and Isaac, appeared to Jacob in
this midnight vision of angels and of the opened
heavens, and spake to him, and promised him the
land on which his head was pillowed. And the place,
which had been previously called Luz by the Canaan-
ites, Jacob called Bethel or the Lord's house ; — the
name which it has borne since. We spent the night
here ; sleeping among the rocks. .

• Early the next morning we ascended a lofty hill
about a mile from our encampment, which seemed
to us to correspond to the description given in the
twelfth chapter of Genesis ; — " a mountain on the
east of Bethel, having Bethel on the West and Hai
on the East," and where it is said of Abraham, who
also as well as Jacob had travelled through this region
and at an earlier period, that he " builded an altar
unto the Lord and called upon the name of the Lord."
Here also are the fragmentary remains of buildings,
which are worthy of the notice of the antiquarian.

472 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

In the time of the Canaanites Bethel was a royal
city and the residence of a king; and in the time of
Jeroboam, after the revolt of the ten tribes, it obtained
an unhappy celebrity as the place selected for idol
worship, in opposition to the worship of Jerusalem.
It is perhaps impossible at the present time to indi-
cate the precise site of the ancient city. The foot-
prints of an hundred generations have greatly dis-
turbed and nearly obliterated the lines that were
drawn around it. The massive heWn stones, how-
ever, which are found at intervals on the surface of
the ground or projecting from mounds of earth, and
the remains of buildings and other works which are
found on the hill I have mentioned, or between it and
the village which bears the name of Beitin, indicate
the existence in ancient times of a large city in this
vicinity. There is a large square pool or water-reser-
voir here formed of hewn stones, similar in extent and
solidity to the great works of this kind which are seen
at Hebron and Jerusalem. We found this ancient
reservoir, as we did in some other instances, destitute
of water.

Pursuing our journey we reached, on the afternoon
of the second day from J erusalem, the celebrated well
which bears the name of the patriarch Jacob. Among
the people of the country it is denominated to this
day Ain Yacoub, the well or fountain of Jacob ; —
though it is sometimes called also Atn Samarieh, the
wTell of the Samaritan woman. By order of the Sy-
rian government, as we understood, and for the pur-
pose of preventing the injuries resulting in conse-
quence of persons constantly crowding around it and

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 473

into it, the top of the well has been closed for a num-
ber of years past by large stones placed over it. We
found, however, a small opening, which enabled some
of our party to let down a long measuring line ; and
thus to assure us of the correctness of the Scripture
statement, that the " well is deep." Before it was
closed this well had been repeatedly entered and ex-
amined by Christian travellers, who agree in ascrib-
ing to it a depth of about an hundred feet, Maun-
drell says of it, — " The well is covered at present with
an old stone vault, into which you are let down by a
very straight hole ; and then, removing a broad flat
stone, you discover the well itself. It is dug in a firm
rock, is about three yards in diameter, and thirty -five
in depth, five of which we found full of water."

It was by the side of this well that the wearied Sa-
viour, in his journey from Judea to Galilee, seated him-
self. And here, in conversation with the Samaritan
woman, he uttered those memorable words; — "Who-
soever drinketh of the water that I shall give him,
«hall never thirst ; but the water that I shall give him,
shall be in him a well of water, springing up to ever-
lasting life." And it was here that he uttered those
other words also, which are similar but still wider in
their import ; — " The hour cometh and now is, when
the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit
and in truth ; for the Father seeketh such to wor-
ship him. God is a Spirit j and they that worship
him must worship him in spirit and in truth."

How often have I thought upon these remarkable
sayings of the Saviour, so far beyond and above the
thoughts and anticipations of his age and his people,
40*

474 LETTERS — -.ESTHETIC,

not knowing or thinking that I should ever stand up-
on the spot where they were uttered.

It was in this place it was announced, and from
this time it was understood clearly and forever, that
the true worship of God is mental rather than physi-
cal or local. In other words, it consists in the recti-
tude of dispositions. The homage which God loves,
is the soul's harmony with Himself and his infinite
relations. The temple of Solomon, emblematic of
the formal and restricted nature of the first worship,
covered the small circuit of Mount Moriah. It fell at
the bidding of Christ ; and through its sundered col-
umns, this new Captain of our salvation led the eman-
cipated world into the wide and great freedom of
God's spiritual temple. The locality of God's tem-
ple, over-topping and out-shining all human temples,
is the infinity of space. It is not necessary to go
over six thousand miles of ocean and over burning
sands in order to find it. The place of the true wor-
ship, no longer exclusively at Jerusalem or Gerizim,
is everywhere. Every valley, where there is a soul
to be tempted and to weep, may be a Gethsemane.
Every hill-top, where there are hearts to rejoice and
sing, may be a Zion. Every town and secluded vil-
lage, no matter in what land or beyond what ocean,
may become a Bethlehem ; — and every mind of man,
which shall break the bonds of selfishness, and make
room for his coming, may be a manger where the in-
fant Jesus shall be born. This great announcement,
this Magna Charta of spiritual freedom, was made
here.
' Jacob's well, which suggested this remarkable con-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 475

versation, is not far from the narrow entrance, which
separates the mountains of Ebal and Gerizim. It is
excavated in the solid rock on the side of a gentle ele-
vation facing to the northeast, which gives a good
view of the large and beautiful plain, generally under-
stood to be the land, "bought by Jacob of the children
of Hamor." It was here that Jacob resided for a time ;
and there are but few places in Palestine more beau-
tiful and more fruitful than this. It is watered by a
large fountain, which flows at a little distance from
the well of Jacob. Beyond this clear fresh rivulet, and
less than a quarter of a mile's distance north from the
well, is the structure, which bears the name of the
tomb of Joseph. That the body of Joseph was brought
from Egypt and was buried in this vicinity, there can
be no doubt. It is expressly said in the book of Joshua,
that the children of Israel brought the bones of Joseph
out of Egypt and buried them in Shechem "in a par-
cel of ground, which Jacob bought of the sons of
Hamor." A square, stone edifice, open at the top, is
erected around the supposed place of his interment.
But at what time and by whom it was built, is un-
known. Within it is a small, unostentatious tomb,
such as is frequently seen in oriental burying grounds,
far different from the splendid tomb which I had seen
in the rocky heights of Beni Hassan, overhanging the
broad bosom of the Nile ; — and in which, according
to the traditions of the country, his remains were de-
posited till the departure of his people from Egypt.

Leaving this interesting locality, and advancing again
upon our journey, we passed at once between the lofty
mountains of Ebal and Gerizim. These mountains

476 LETTERS iESTHETIC,

are twenty-five hundred feet above the level of the
sea ; and nearly a thousand feet above the valleys and
plains immediately around them. Their sides are
rocky and steep ; and they stand face to face, un-
changed and unchangeable, as they stood thousands
of years ago. In looking upon the rugged heights of
Gerizim, I could not forget, that they were anciently
occupied by the place of Samaritan worship, to which
the woman of Samaria alluded, in her conversation
with the Saviour. " Our fathers worshiped in this
mountain."

At the entrance of the mountain pass, which com-
mences near the Well of Jacob, the two mountains
approach very near each other at the base ; — so near
that the human voice, as it seemed to me, might
be heard without difficulty from one to the other. It
was here, in the beautiful valley between them,-beau-
tiful now, and still more beautiful then,— that the Ark
of the Covenant once stood, in the days of Joshua.
Priests and Levites were gathered around it. The
tribes of Israel, rejoicing in their victories over the
Canaanites, and if I may so express it, fresh from
contemplating the great miracles of God, pressed with
their thronging masses into the valley and on the sides
of the two mountains. With half of the tribes on
Gerizim and half of the tribes on Ebal, they stood and
listened to the reading of the Law of Moses, and the
blessings and curses of Jehovah ; — blessings upon the
good and curses upon the evil.

The sight of the mountains where these things ac-
tually occurred, replaced this remarkable scene among
the vivid pictures of imagination and memory ; — and.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 477

it was not surprising that the mountains themselves,
as we passed between them, should seem a sort of
proclamation and testimony of the truth of the his-
torical events with which they had been connected.

Proceeding a little further, we reached the ancient
city of Shechem, which is called Sychar in the New
Testament. It is situated in a place in the valley,
where the two mountains recede a little more from
each other ; — a mile and a half distant from Jacob's
Well, and in a direction nearly west. It is supposed
to contain at the present time from six to seven thou-
sand inhabitants. At the time of the Roman domina-
tion in Palestine, and about forty years after the death
of Christ, this city was enlarged and underwent so
many alterations and improvements, that it was called
Neapolis or the new city. It is from the name of Ne-
apolis, which was given to it under these circumstan-
ces, that we have the name of Nablous, which is now
commonly applied to it. The city of Shechem, if I
may be allowed to substitute the ancient and biblical
name for that of Nablous, is often mentioned in the
history of the Jews ; and at the present moment I
think it may be regarded as one of the most flourish-
ing and interesting towns in Palestine.

In this city there are still to be found a few Samari-
tans,— the diminished and perishing remnants of a
once remarkable people, who retain their primitive at-
tachments to the Samaritan institutions and beliefs ;
and who are understood to be as far as ever from any
harmony or any associations with the Jews. When
the city of Samaria, in the vicissitudes of war and
conquest, had lost its original importance and had

478 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

gone to decay, it was natural that the Samaritans
should select that city as their place of residence and
as the centre of their religious authority and polity,
which was nearest to the mountain where their fa-
thers worshipped. They pride themselves that they
hold to the doctrines and ceremonies of the books of
Moses without accepting other portions of the canon
of the Old Testament ; — and it is said, that the smoke
of their sacrifices even now may be seen ascending
from time to time from the heights of Gerizim.

Earnestly did I gaze on the celebrated mountains
which enclose the city on both sides with their lofty
walls. Ascending a little distance on mount Gerizim,
I could not doubt from what came under my own no-
tice, that its accessible places had been occupied in
early times by the habitations of men ; and that the
mountain, grand and imposing in itself, had been
beautified by works of art. The heights above, mas-
sive and rugged with rocks, — the valley below, filled
with shrubbery and flowers, — constituted a combina-
tion of beauty and grandeur, which was not exceeded
by anything that had fallen under our observation in
any other places of Palestine.

It was at the city of Shechem that we spent the
second night after leaving Jerusalem. The trees of
the valley waved around our tent. I shut myself with-
in its folds, to make some brief records or to commit
more deeply to memory the impressions which had
been made upon me. And in the silence of the night
I did not forget those words, which the circumstances
of the day had brought so vividly to mind ;: — " God is
a Spirit ; and they that worship him must worship Him
in spirit and in truth."

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 479

(XLIX.)

Arrival at Samaria — Its ancient greatness — Church of John the Bap-
tist— Reach En-Gannim or Jenin — Proceed towards Tabor — Jez-
reel — Plain of Esdraelon — Arab horsemen — The Gazelle — Shu-
nem — Village of Nain — Arrival at Mount Tabor.

GALILEE, BASE OF MOUNT TABOR, MAY 26, 1853.

On the morning of the third day after our departure
from Jerusalem, we left Shechem ; — the Shechem of
the Old Testament, but bearing in the New Testa-
ment the name of Sychar. We started early in the
morning ; — on our way to another city of still greater
celebrity, the ancient city of Samaria. Our tents had
been pitched on a beautiful plain at the foot of Mount
Gerizim. Before the light of the morning sun had
reached them, they were once more struck ; — our Sy-
rian horses were saddled ; — and we went down at once
into a deep valley. Through this valley, which great-
ly attracted our attention in consequence of its various
enchantments, there flows a bright and musical stream.
It scatters richness in its path. The trees and shrubs
which spring up around it are such as are common in
these regions, — pomegranates, almonds, olives, mul-
berries, the fig-tree, the vine, the orange and the olean-
der. The valley, in its great fertility, seemed to be
loaded everywhere with the yellow richness of its fruits
and the varied hues of its flowers. The stars gradu-
ally retired from the sky. The golden sunbeams crept
silently among the dewy branches. I listened to the
voice of the rocky stream. The song of the morning
birds answered to the song of the waters. Nature

480 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

rejoiced and put on her ornaments at the sound of
these sweet voices.

Proceeding thus some eight or nine miles in a nor-
thern direction through a country, contrasting strongly
in the whole distance with the barren mountains and
plains, which are to be found in many other parts of
Palestine, we came to the city of Samaria. This city,
situated on the side of a lofty but gently sloping hill,
with broad and deep valleys around it, was once the
residence of the kings of Israel, after the revolt of
the ten tribes against the kings of the house of David.
Of the great wealth and splendor of Samaria, at dif-
ferent periods of its history, I suppose there can be no
reasonable doubt. It is said in the book of Kings,
that Ahab built a palace of ivory in Samaria ; and
prophetic denunciations, called forth by the luxury
and oppressions of the Samaritans, are found in the
book of the prophet Amos. " I will smite the winter
house with the summer house; and the houses of ivory
shall perish ; and the great houses shall have an end,
saith the Lord." These expressions indicate with
some distinctness the magnificence of the city of Sa-
maria at an early period. It had its vicissitudes ; but
its wealth and splendor remained for many years. —
After the conquest of Palestine by the Romans, and
during their authority here, Samaria was selected as
a place of vice-royal residence, and was enriched and
beautified by works of art. Herod the Great once
resided here ; and expending upon it all the vast re-
sources of his genius and tyrannical power, he gave
it the proud name of Sebaste, in honor of Augustus
Caesar. Christianity, also, at a later period, left the
impress of its piety and genius.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 481

Ascending the eastern brow of the Samaritan mount,
one of the objects that first met our view, were the
lofty remains of a Christian church, said to have been
built over the body of John the Baptist. Standing
afterwards upon the western brow, at a mile's distance
from this church, where the beauties of nature eclipsed
those of art, I cast my eye along the valleys of Sharon
towards the distant Caesarea and the waters of the
Mediterranean. The valleys and the waters live ; —
but cities perish, leaving a sad memorial. All around
us the dust was literally sown with columns ; — some
prostrate at full length on the ground ; — some partial-
ly buried and projecting from the side of the hill ; —
some standing erect in rows and at stated intervals,
but without capitals, like wounded and mutilated sol-
diers on the field of battle ; — some leaning towards
the ground, as if they were borne down with hearts
of sorrow, and were mourning the loss of their for-
mer greatness. They reminded me of those newly
ploughed fields in America, where the old stumps re-
main— the rough and ancient masters of the soil, —
refusing with stubbornness to be removed, and pro-
jecting raggedly and mournfully from the earth, in all
diversities of position.

Art, genius, power have been here ; — idolatry with
its abominations, wealth with its luxurious refine-
ments, art with its creative and adjusting eye, tyranny
with its kings, the just and purifying dispensation
of the Old Testament with the denunciations of its
Elijah and Elisha, and the peace, forgiveness and
purity of the New with its early and humble teach-
ers. The weary foot of the Son of God, the teacher
- 41

482 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

from another world, the man unknown, has left its
pressure on these hills and valleys. He came from
the Jordan to Jerusalem and from Jerusalem to Gali-
lee ; and he " must needs go through Samaria."

In our rapid march, we may be said merely to have
looked on this interesting place, and then to have de-
parted. We directed our course towards Mount Ta-
bor and the Sea of Galilee. In the afternoon we
stopped at Jenin, the Ginsea of Josephus, and the
place which is otherwise called En-Gannim, the foun-
tain of gardens. As usual we pitched our tents out-
side of the place. Jenin is a considerable town, said
to contain two thousand inhabitants, with some fami-
lies of Greek Christians residing in it. Its houses
are of stone ; and comparatively it has a marked air
of neatness and comfort. It has its bazaar, its public
water-reservoir, and numerous gardens fenced in with
the prickly pear. We walked through its streets, drank
of its fresh and beautiful fountain, made some little
purchases, formed the traveller's passing acquaintance
with some of its inhabitants ; but were not able to
connect with it any Scriptural associations, except
that we here first obtained a sight, as we supposed, of
the mountains of Gilboa.

The next day, going in a northerly direction towards
Mount Tabor, we passed in the early part of the day
the ancient Jezreel. Its modern Arabic name is Zerin,
which is formed from the Hebrew by changing El in-
to In, a change frequently made ; and by dropping the
Yod of the first syllable. It is situated on the eastern
side of the great plain of Esdraelon. A few houses,
located on a steep rocky eminence, which projects

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 483

from the mountains of Gilboa and overlooks the plain,
but with nothing inviting or remarkable in their ap-
pearance, constitute all that now remains of this once
considerable place. Travellers speak of a few ancient
ruins here ; but we did not go into the place ; and in
passing it, noticed nothing but an old and broken Sar-
cophagus by the wayside. The celebrated valley of
Jezreel, which extends along the northern base of
Gilboa, and connects with the great plain of Esdrae-
lon, opens into the plain not far from the elevated site
of the city of Jezreel. From this valley there are foun-
tains,— one of considerable size, — flowing towards the
Jordan. It was here at the foot and on the sides of
Gilboa, and at the junction of the valley of Jezreel
with Esdraelon, and near the fountains I have men-
tioned, that Saul and Jonathan were encamped in
their last disastrous battle with the Philistines.

The great plain of Esdraelon is bounded by Mount
Carmel on the west and by Tabor, Hermon and Gil-
boa on the east. Proceeding over the plain in a north
direction from Jezreel, we came, at the distance of
four miles, to Shunem, the place of the encampment
of the Philistines in the great struggle, which was so
disastrous to the Israelites. So that the two armies
were encamped in sight of each other. Shunem is
now called Solam. Its situation is elevated and pleas-
ant. This place was the residence of the Shunamite
woman, with whom the prophet Elisha resided, and
whose son he raised from the dead. From the high
ground of Shunem there is a good view of this great
plain in the direction of Carmel.

As we were passing this part of the plain of Esdrae-

484 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

Ion, our. Arab horsemen had a good opportunity to
exercise their skill in horsemanship, for which they are
much renowned. Their horses are small but full of
life, and exceedingly tractable. I am not prepared to
say, that they have all the intelligence, which Lamar-
tine and other travellers have sometimes ascribed to
them; but whether it be a part of their natural traits,
or is owing to that early and familiar training to which
they are accustomed, they certainly seem to have a
strange perception of their position*, and to sympathize
with their masters in a remarkable degree. They are
evidently susceptible of feelings of pride and mortifi-
cation ; and appear to understand very well, that their
master's honor is their own. They are well trained.
Their riders are skillful. They move with great swift-
ness ; — stopping at once in their rapid course at a sin-
gle word. They wheel suddenly. The dust rises un-
der their flying feet. They bound over the rocks.

When we were passing the part of the plain of Es-
draelon, which is between Jezreel and Shunem, and our
Arabs in great spirits were showing the skill of their
horses, they suddenly started a beautiful gazelle, that
was feeding quietly on the plain. The fleetest Arab
horsemen at once gave pursuit. The gazelle crossed
our path directly in front of me ; — taking a course over
the partially cultivated fields ; — bounding from furrow
to furrow, and from rock to rock. For some time it
was a doubtful contest. After a time the gazelle sud-
denly stopped and looked round, as if to understand
more fully the character of his pursuer. I involunta-
rily stopped my horse ; and looked on with sad amaze-
ment at this apparently hopeless want of wisdom

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 485

on the part of the poor animal. But in a moment, as
if he had ascertained precisely the rapidity of his ene-
my's movement and the danger and necessities of his
own position, he started again with renewed speed.
Fear or hope carried him over the reeds and rocks, as
if his little feet trod on the wings of the wind. I must
confess I experienced no small feeling of satisfaction,
when the baffled Arab wheeled around his panting
and smoking horse, and came slowly back to our
company. The victorious gazelle, gaining the top
of a rock on a little hill and lifting its sharp horn in
triumph, looked round with innocent but indignant
astonishment at this sudden and strange invasion of
the realm, which God had given and consecrated to
its life, its beauty and its freedom.

Shunem is situated at the western extremity of the
mountain, called the little Hermon. Turning the
western end of Hermon, we came about noon of the
same day to the small village of Nain on the northern
slope of this mountain ; — the place where the Saviour
raised the widow's son to life. The touching and sub-
lime narrative of the miracle performed in this ancient
city gave to the place a peculiar interest. Its situa-
tion is pleasant ; — so much so as probably to have
given origin to its name, which means the beautiful.
It is now small and decayed ; but we saw enough in
its present ruined condition to satisfy us, that it might
have been, and probably was, far different from its
present state, in former times. On the same side of
Hermon, but further east, and apparently a mile and
a half distant, is the village, — or perhaps I should ra-
ther say, — the site of the village of Endor ; — the resi-
41*

486 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

dence of the strange and mysterious woman, whom
Saul in his troubles visited just before his final battle.
Endor is in sight from Nain on a gentle slope of the
little Hermon ; but was more distinctly seen as we
advanced farther upon the plain. Continuing our
journey across the plain of Esdraelon in a north-east-
ern direction, and passing the dry channels of small
streams which seemed to be tributaries of the river
Kishon, we have pitched our tents again, early in
the afternoon of this day, (May 26th,) at the base of
mount Tabor. Tabor is distant from Nain about
four miles ; and is sixteen miles, as near as we could
judge from our rate of movement, from En-Gannim
or Jenin ; — the place from which we started in the
morning.

At the base of Tabor, and at a little distance from
our encampment, is the pleasant Arab village of De-
burieh. It has its cultivated fields in front, reaching
out into the great plain ; its gardens around it with
their strong hedges of prickly pear ; and its full, spark-
ling fountain of water, the Ain-El-Sherar, which
flows into the Kishon. By some persons, I believe,
the fountain which rises here, is considered the cen-
tral and principal branch of that river. I have ob-
served here, as almost everywhere else in this region,
flocks of sheep and goats, and numerous oxen and
camels. The people of the village, quietly pursuing
their labors, are gathering in the products of the fields.
In going through this town I have noticed in repeated
instances large and deep excavations in the rocks be-
neath the surface of the ground ; — but without any
suitable opportunity to make inquiries in relation to

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 487

them. Undoubtedly the region at the foot of this
mountain has teemed with population in former ages ;
— but time which erases the past in giving birth to
the present, has left but few intimations and marks
of their existence and history.

(L.)

Ascent of Tabor — Fortifications on its summit — Historical references —
Death of Saul and Jonathan — Elegy of David — Remarks upon
David — The Transfiguration.

GALILEE, MOUNT TABOR, SECOND LETTER.

Soon after our arrival at the base of Mount Tabor,
we ascended to its top. Entirely separate from the
other mountains, which are seen at no great distance
around it, it arises out of the north-eastern part of
the great plain of Esdraelon, in graceful and solitary
beauty. Taking a circuitous route, which was ren-
dered necessary by the steepness of the mountain, we
were enabled to ascend the greater part of the -way
on horseback. There are a number of such winding
paths leading from the base to the summit. Select-
ing that which commenced at the village near us, we
followed the leadership of two Arab horsemen whom
we had taken as guides, and who seemed to find in
the roughness and steepness of the ascent, something
which harmonized with their own wild and unregu-
lated spirits. Although the narrow way which we
travelled was rocky and difficult, our small but well
trained horses had been so much accustomed to such
rough places, that the ascent was completed in a little
less than an hour. The sides of the mountain are
everywhere covered with trees and clumps of bushes .

488 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

The oak tree is frequently met with. A tall, coarse
grass grows among the rocks.

The form of the mountain is that of a sugar-loaf or
of a truncated cone ; and standing apart from other
mountains, and being clothed with trees and herbage
to its top, it justifies, in its appearance, the celebrity
which it has long possessed. Its height has been esti-
mated at various times by travellers. It rises about
eighteen hundred feet above the Mediterranean, whose
waters can be seen from its top ; and a thousand feet
above the plain immediately below it. From the ir-
regular and rocky edge of its summit, we looked di-
rectly down upon our tents, which were pitched in a
grove of olives at its base. The mules and horses of
our little caravan were fastened under the trees. At
a little distance from the tents the ancient Arab vil-
lage of Deburieh, to which I have already alluded,
was also in sight. It is from the centre of this village
that the fresh and living spring of Ain-El-Sherar sends
out its contributions to fertilize the surrounding plain,
and to swell in the rainy season, the waters of the
Kishon.

The summit of Tabor is an oblong plain, nearly
level, not far from a mile in circuit, and covered with
tall grass, shrubs and trees. The remains of ancient
fortifications are found upon it, which appear to have
been originally of great strength. It appears from the
historical writings of Josephus, who held a military
command in Galilee, that fortifications were erected
upon this summit by his own orders, with a view to
resist the progress of the arms of Vespasian. It had
probably been held as a military position at an earlier
period.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 489

The prospect from the top of Mount Tabor can
hardly be exceeded in extent and beauty. The region
where the Saviour spent a large portion of his life,
was spread out in its length and breadth before us.
In the eastern direction, and at a few miles distance,
is the little Hermon ; and beyond it the celebrated
mountain range of Gilboa. The city of Nazareth,
not distinctly visible, on account of being shut in by
hills, is in the west, and only at the distance of six
miles. The sunken valley of the sea of Galilee, with
its hills and valleys around, is distinctly seen in the
the north-east. The vast plain of Esdraelon expanded
itself at our feet. Here is the city of Shunem. Here
are the sites of Megiddo, Jezreel and Taanach. Here
are the pathway and the waters of the Kishon.

The plain of Esdraelon, remarkable in its physical
features, has other claims upon the traveller's notice.
It possesses an historical celebrity which attaches to
few other places. In the year 1799, a fierce battle
was fought here between the French under the com-
mand of General Kleber, and a Syrian army much
larger in numbers. Kleber was relieved from his peril-
ous position, and the Turco- Syrian army was defeat-
ed, by the opportune arrival of Bonaparte, who thus
brought his name, which fills a large place in the san-
guinary and disastrous annals of men, into associa-
tion with the names and places of biblical history.
This plain, at an earlier period, was the scene of the
severe contest between Barak and Sisera, with which
the readers of the Bible are familiar. Barak seems to
have made his head-quarters near this mountain. The
expressions in the Scriptures are : — " Barak went down

490 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

from Mount Tabor, and ten thousand men with him."
Sisera was defeated ; and the triumphal song of Debo-
rah and Barak, with its highly poetic allusions to
Taanach and Megiddo and " the ancient river of Ki-
shon," its eulogy of Jael, and its graphic description
of the mother of Sisera, celebrated a victory which
gave rest to the land for forty years. It was here that
the Jewish king Josiah was defeated and lost his life,
in a contest with Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. And
it was in a great battle with the Philistines, on the
plain of Esdraelon and at the foot of Gilboa, that
Saul and Jonathan were slain.

The story of the last battle and of the fall of Saul
and Jonathan has a peculiar and melanchoy interest.
I had always felt the affecting sadness of its incidents,
and my presence among the scenes where their death
occurred, renewed those early feelings. The monarch
of Israel, standing face to face with what he felt to be
the last and decisive hour of his destiny, experienced
in his want of faith, the loss and want of that moral
strength which was necessary for the encounter. And
what a want — what a loss was this ! Man is so con-
stituted that he must believe in something. Such is
the innate sense of his own weakness, when he is
placed in difficult and trying circumstances, that he
finds it a strong necessity of his nature, which com-
pels him to seek some support. And if he does not
trust in God, he will naturally and almost necessarily
look round for something else, Saul had ceased to
place confidence in the God of Abraham and Isaac,
and went to seek counsel of the Witch of Endor.
The scene of this remarkable and unbelieving visit

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 491

is all in sight. It was here, — over these plains and
around these mountains — that the humiliated mon-
arch, shrouded in the darkness of the night and in the
mists of the valley, found his way to her mysterious
dwelling. Strange was the vision that met him. The
earth opened, and an " old man came up." Terrible
was the denunciation which was uttered.

u Death stood all glassy in his fixed eye;

His hands were withered, and his veins were dry ;

His foot in bony whiteness, glittered there,

Shrunken and sinewless, and ghastly bare.

Saul saw, and fell to earth as falls the oak,

At once, and blasted by the thunder-stroke."

The poetry of the English bard has not exceeded
the simple, but sublime and terrific statement of the
Scriptures.

In deep astonishment and sorrow the Jewish king
arose from the ground, on which he had fallen pros-
trate. He went back to the foot of Gilboa, where his
soldiers awaited him. He again put on his armor ;
but military skill has no power against the decisions
of Providence. God had left him. His spear, without
a higher power to hold and direct it, was shivered in
his grasp. And in dying he left a melancholy name,
which has attracted the memory and the sympathies
of men, because it was associated with that of Jona-
than, and because it is celebrated in song.

As I stood upon the top of Tabor, and cast my eye
towards the region where Saul fought and fell, I felt
anew how genius consecrates place — how mind im-
mortalizes matter. I remembered the touching allu-
sion to Gilboa in the sad elegy of David. I have al-
ready had occasion to speak of this great king and

492 LETTERS— .ESTHETIC,

poet. And here, also, amid the mingled scenery of
plains and mountains which he has celebrated in his
songs, he is once more brought to mind. In the over-
throw of the king who persecuted him and of the king's
son who loved him, unable to help, but with a heart
full of pity, he could only pour forth his lamentations
in such strains of tenderness and beauty as no other
one could utter.

A great poet is necessarily great in his character,
— and is great also, or is likely to be so, in the circum-
stances which surround him. David was a poet, be-
cause in his life and character he was himself a poem
i — a great dramatic and epic history, reaching from the
shepherd to the king, and filled up with thoughts, af-
fections and actions. And worthy to be celebrated
himself, he imparted immortality to others, because
his intercourse with God had opened in his own soul
the fresh springs of immortal life.

But if mind consecrates and immortalizes matter,
it is equally true that material nature, in connection
with the incidents of personal situation and relations,
give a character and development to mind. The fact
that the mind's inspiration, so far as it is really great
and true, is from God, is not at all inconsistent with
the additional and the obvious fact, that whatever is
special in the character and mode of its action, is from
the subordinate providence of situation and circum-
stances. This whole region seemed to me to claim
the great Jewish poet as a child even now. The mind
of David, as it is recorded and represented in the Bi-
ble, shows too distinctly to leave any doubt, in what
land and under what influences of religion and of his-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 493

tory it developed itself. If Homer, separated from his
own enchanted Greece, could not have been Homer,
but would have missed and lost the secret of his own
powers, amid the strange scenery and manners and the
barbarous language of the British Isles, or of other
rude and uncivilized places of his time, David could
not have been what he was in any other country,
among any other mountains, and under any other in-
stitutions and histories than those of Palestine.

This region is connected with another and far more
illustrious name than those which have been mention-
ed. It was the scene of the early life, and at a later
period, of many of the miracles of Christ. I can look
from this spot upon the village of Nain, on the west-
ern side of the little Hermon ; where he raised the
young man to life, the only son of his widowed
mother. Brought up in Nazareth, and possessing a
heart and eye open to the beauties of nature, it cannot
be supposed that he was ignorant of the varied and
beautiful scenery between Tabor, Nazareth and the
Sea of Galilee. In nature he saw and loved the God
of nature. It reminded him only of truth and beauty,
and not of sorrow and sin. He visited, no doubt,
these very heights. He looked down upon this great
plain. He beheld the rising and the setting sun here.
His locks were wet with these morning and evening
dews. To these interesting incidents, however, I may
perhaps take another opportunity to allude, and shall
leave them now.

Of one thing, however, I am obliged to speak here.
" And after six days," it is said in the Scripture nar-
rative, " Jesus taketh Peter and James, and John his
42

494 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

brother, and bringeth them up into a high mountain
apart, and was transfigured before them. And his
face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was bright
as the light." According to a tradition reaching back
to the close of the third century or about that period,
this was the mountain on which Christ was thus trans-
figured. The mere fact of such a tradition has some
weight with me. As a general thing, traditions may-
well be supposed to have a basis in fact. The nature
and instincts of the human mind require this supposi-
tion. It is undoubtedly true that traditions may be
falsified like everything else. But if nothing specific
and reliable can be said against them, the presump-
tion, more or less, is in their favor.

One of the objections, perhaps the leading one, to
the tradition that Mount Tabor was the scene of the
Transfiguration, is the fact that its summit was at
that time a fortified place ; and that the presence of
soldiers was inconsistent with that seclusion and si-
lence which were appropriate to such an occurrence.
To estimate accurately such an objection, a person
must visit the mountain itself. It is probably true
that soldiers were stationed in the fortifications, the
remains of which still exist on the summit of the
mountain ; but it is not very likely, under the strict
requisitions of Roman discipline, that they were per-
mitted to roam about very freely over all parts of the
mountain. The base of the mountain is some six or
eight miles in circuit at least, and any one who has
been upon it must be satisfied, I think, that it would
have been easy, in the vast circuit of its sides which
fill up such an area, to find many places suited to

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 495

religious retirement. The transfiguration, witnessed
only by a small number of persons, would not require
a large place ; and of all the mountains in this region,
it will probably be conceded that there is no one which
harmonizes so well in its .attractive and imposing
character with the sublime and joyful nature of the
event.

In estimating this question, I think we should not
forget the mutual attractions of the mind and of out-
ward nature ; — attractions which have a permanent
foundation and are universal in their operation. Every
inward mood of the mind may be well supposed to
have its counterpart, its correspondence, in something
which is external ; and it is in connection with this
mutual adaptation that these attractions exist. Ac-
cordingly, the mind in its sorrow, seeks the, shade ; in
its joy it seeks the garden of flowers ; in its hour of
contemplation it wanders into the place of silence and
retirement; in its sociality it mingles with the com-
panies of men. When the Saviour was baptized, and
the Holy Ghost descended upon him and proclaimed
him the "beloved Son," he stood upon the banks of
the Jordan. The waters were an emblem of his puri-
ty. The balmy incense of trees floated around him,
and flowers bloomed at his feet. When he was in the
sorrow and darkness of his first great temptation, it
was not by the river's side, but in the wilderness. He
sought a place where desolation could harmonize with
grief. He climbed alone some rugged height — per-
haps the traditionary Quarantana — barren, dark, flow-
erless, where truth and beauty never come, and never
had a disposition to come, except in the hour of trial

496 LETTERS JESTHETIC,

and of tears. When he was about to be transfigured
and to put on, though only for a short time and as it
were experimentally, the clothing of his celestial glory,
it was a natural instinct of his heart, a law of his in-
ward perfection, which led him to ascend a mountain
rather than go down into a valley, to go among flow-
ers and foliage rather than among desolate rocks, and
among all the mountains of his native Galilee to se-
lect that which stands apart from all others in its soli-
tary but unexampled beauty.

Such were some of the recollections and thoughts
which passed through my mind on Mount Tabor.
We descended to our tents just as the sun was shed-
ding his parting rays over the distant heights of Car-
mel.

(LI.)

Departure from Mount Tahor — Appearance of the country between Ta-
bor and Tiberias — First view of the lake — Valley and city of Ti-
berias— Jews — The Mishna — Emmaus — Turkish regiment — Beau-
ty of the lake — Country around it — Scriptural references — Poetry.

GALILEE, CITY OF TIBERIAS, MAY 28, 1853.

"We could have spent with much interest a longer
time at Mount Tabor and in its vicinity ; -but the in-
creasing heat and a desire to reach Beirout as early as
possible, did not permit us to delay. The remem-
brance of our own country, and the anticipated plea-
sure of once more meeting with our distant friends,
began to mingle with our thoughts. We left the
mountain on Friday, the 27th of May, early in the
morning, on our way to the Sea of Galilee ; — the sea,
or more properly the lake so often mentioned in the

Social, and moral. 497

Scriptures, and associated with so many interesting
events. We wished to see its celebrated waters, and
to catch a view of the surrounding scenery, without
being able to allow to it much time. Our destina-
tion therefore, was Tiberias,— the principal town which
now remains upon its banks. As we left the moun-
tain, the beautiful hills of Nazareth, covered with
groves of small oaks, were in sight.

The road from Tabor to the Sea of Galilee runs in
a north-easterly direction, and the distance is not far
from twelve miles. It runs at first along the lower
side of the mountain, among cliffs and clusters of
trees , and when it reaches into a more level country,
it is frequently broken and irregular. It passes over
hills and rocky swells with names unknown to me,
and over the plain El-Hamma, which extends in the
direction of the Jordan. On our left and not far dis-
tant from our route, there is a valley of some extent,
which carries its waters westward into the Kishon.
It is supposed to be the valley of Jipthah, which is
repeatedly mentioned in the book of Joshua. Our
route, thus diversified with alternations of ascent and
descent, of plain and hill, presented continually some
new views* of nature — views, whatever may be their
characteristics — which are always interesting to those
who have seen the countries of the East for the first
time. Leaving a number of high hills on our left,
one of which was the hill or mount of Tell Hattin,
to which reference is often made by travellers, we ob-
tained our first distinct view both of the lake of Gali-
lee and of the city of Tiberias, from the brow of a
lofty and steep eminence, over which the road from
42*

498 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

Mount Tabor approaches the lake and city from the
west. We were at that time, as I judged, about a
mile and a half distant from Tiberias.

The descent from the lofty hill which I have men-
tioned was over a long line of steep and irregular
rocks, so dangerous, as it seemed to me, that I chose
to walk a considerable part of the way rather than
ride. I had experienced on one occasion, by the fall
of my horse on a smooth and slippery ledge, that the
good training of the Syrian horses, and a sort of in-
stinctive foresight and carefulness which they mani-
fest, are not a perfect security against these dangers.
The view on the summit and side of this hill is ex-
ceedingly interesting. The eye first looks down upon
the lake of Galilee, or the sea of Galilee as it is call-
ed in the Scriptures, which is in view nearly in its
whole extent. It is not a large body of water, being
only sixteen miles in length by an average of four or
five in breadth. I now saw it, with the exception of
the partial glimpses from the top of Mount Tabor, for
the first time. The sun shone brightly ; there was
scarcely a breath of air stirring ; there was no cloud
upon the sky, and in the deep calm and silence of na-
ture, the lake lay in the arms of the steep mountains
around it, like an infant in the lap of its mother, and
with an aspect of tranquil and almost sad repose. —
But when the heavy winds and storms, which some-
times occur, break over the mountain tops and come
down upon its calm and sleeping surface, it is easy
to see that it might be suddenly and easily agita-
ted and thrown into the white dashing waves of the
tempest. Fleets have been built here, and naval

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 499

battles fought upon its surface ; — but that was in the
days of its ancient prosperity, and I saw only one
small boat upon it at this time.

The hills recede from the lake on the side of Tibe-
rias, leaving a pleasant plain or valley, though some-
what irregular in its surface, between the water and
the base of the surrounding heights. There was every
appearance to me that this undulating plain was once
a place of great fertility. The site of Tiberias, in the
centre of this once fruitful spot, was obviously well
chosen. The city, which is surrounded on the land
side by a strong wall a mile and a half in circuit, is
built upon the shore of the lake. It bears the marks
and characteristics of antiquity and orientalism, with-
out anything in particular which distinguishes it from
the old cities of the East. We noticed, however, on
the flat roofs of the houses, what we had not observ-
ed elsewhere, or but seldom, a sort of temporary tent,
erected of long reeds and branches of trees, which
seemed to be occupied chiefly as places of rest in the
warm nights of the summer. Though the country
around the city was once fruitful, it has now an aspect
of want and desolation. I missed much the fountains,
trees and gardens which sometimes imparted an air
of cheerfulness to other towns and cities. On the
south side and near the sea are the remains of an old
and strong fortification, which has been rent and sha-
ken to its foundations by the earthquakes which have
occurred here.

I will not undertake to say much in commendation
of Tiberias, although the general impression I receiv-
ed was more favorable than that which has been left

500 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

upon the minds of some other travellers. It cannot
be denied that the aspect of an oriental city has not
much in its favor, in the eye of an European or an
American. There is not time to the passing traveller
for the re-adjustment of old habits and thoughts. He
is apt to forget that he is in another land and under a
different climate. And hence, in judging of the large
towns of the East, he is liable to make a very low es-
timate of them — not only of their material comforts,
but of their civilization and their social character. A
closer examination might give a more correct estimate.
Within the dark and mutilated walls of the houses
which line their narrow streets, there is probably more
intelligence, refinement and comfort, than would be at
first supposed.

There is a comfortable hotel within the limits of
Tiberias, kept by a Jew ; but thinking it better for us,
in the pleasant weather which we experienced, to re-
main in our tents, we pitched them outside of the
walls ; but we were permitted to enter and leave the
city whenever we chose. The place is not large ; the
number of inhabitants is said to be two thousand ;
but that probably, judging from what came under our
notice, is a low estimate. It has fallen into decay, but
there are still some signs of business. The situation
of the place is such, relatively to the other parts of
Galilee, that it cannot altogether lose its importance.
The river Jordan flows through the lake ; and Tiberi-
as is in a situation to command the region both of the
upper and lower Jordan. We found a regiment of
Turkish soldiers encamped here, a little to the south
of the city. This was said to be in consequence of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 501

some disturbance among the people on the opposite
side of the lake.

There are many Jews in the city. As I was walk-
ing along in one of the streets near the sea-shore, I
addressed a man for the purpose of making some in-
quiries, whom I found to be a Jew, and who appear-
ed to be a man of intelligence and culture. He was
acquainted with a number of languages, and had
some knowledge of th.e English, though he spoke it
imperfectly. He conducted me into the Jewish Quar-
ter, which is in the middle of the city, and into two
Jewish Synagogues, one of which had the appearance
of neatness and even elegance. He seemed willing
to converse, and I gathered from his conversation that
the strong prejudices which formerly existed among
his people against Christians, were disappearing to
some extent.

Tiberias is understood to be a favorite resort of
the Jews. They attach to it, as compared with many
other places in Galilee, a peculiar sanctity. It has
also some interest with scholars, on account of the
reputation it formerly enjoyed as one of the princi-
pal places of Jewish teaching and culture — a repu-
tation which it has retained to some extent even
to modern times. After the destruction of the city of
Jerusalem by the Romans, a number of eminent Jews
collected together at this city, and established a school
of learning. Some of the teachers in the school or
college which was thus founded, were men of high
reputation for knowledge. It was here that the Mish-
na was written — a work containing the traditionary
opinions of the J ews on matters of religious doctrine
and practice. It was written or rather compiled near

502 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

the commencement of the third century, by a learned
Jew at the head of the school of Tiberias ; and con-
stitutes, with its continuation at a later period, under
the name of the Gemara, that celebrated Jerusalem
Talmud, which has had so great weight with the Jew-
ish people.

At the distance of a mile and a half from Tiberias,
and not far from the outlet of the Jordan, is Emma-
us — a place of some celebrity on account of its warm
mineral baths. The name of Emmaus, which is de-
scriptive in its meaning of the places to which it is
applied, is given to other places which have warm
mineral waters. The small stream which supplies the
baths here, issues from the base of the surrounding
hills. This place, which is mentioned by Josephus,
and has had a long celebrity, was visited by my Ameri-
can friends, from whom I learned the most that I know
of it. It was once a place of very considerable resort.
Buildings suitable for bathing are still erected upon it.
The water has been analyzed by chemists, but it is
not necessary to repeat the results here. My friends
found it of a very high temperature ; so much so as
almost to lead one to conjecture that it has a con-
nection with those subterranean fires which from time
to time rend and shake this volcanic region.

It was not convenient for me to go there, but this
circumstance gave me a little more time to stroll along
the lake shore. There was no want of objects, either
natural or artificial to take up my attention. It was
difficult for me to turn my eyes from this beautiful
sheet of water, with the dark mountains hanging over
it. I watched the ripples of the gentle waves as they

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 503

fell softly on the pebbly bank. The water is as clear
as a mountain brook. I gathered beautiful shells. I
saw flights of birds, such as usually make their haunts
near lakes and rivers. I stopped to watch the multi-
tudes of small fishes playing near the shore. The fish
in this lake are abundant. A person cannot walk on
its shores without seeing them in great numbers ; so
that it is not surprising that this place was formerly
the abode of fishermen, as it is now, though in a less
degree.

And then my attention was arrested by other ob-
jects. The drum beat here as I heard it in the des-
erts of Mount Sinai — a sound which has its stirring
but unpleasant associations. War is everywhere. —
My attention, therefore, was diverted from these ob-
jects of nature by the military manoeuvres of the
Turkish regiment already mentioned, which was sta-
tioned on the plain between the shore and the high
hills that bound it on the West. The soldiers went
through the formulary of military discipline ; and af-
terwards at sunset, I noticed that they repeated, under
orders and drawn up in line, the prostrations and pray-
ers of Mohammedan worship. And then I looked
from the floating crescent, the symbol of Mohamme-
dan power, to the mountains beyond. On the sides
of the surrounding heights which overlooked the en-
campment of the soldiers, are numerous excavations.
The hand of nature and of human art has been there.
"We had not the time at command which was neces-
sary to explore these dark excavations and to learn
their history, — but it is probable that some of them
are the ancient tombs which have been mentioned

504 LETTERS' — ^ESTHETIC,

from time to time by travellers. Undoubtedly, this
remarkable valley and these rocky hills have been a
great burying-place. Millions of inhabitants have oc-
cupied these now desolate places. Time, which com-
pletes the destiny of nations, has swept them away,
and their record remains in part in the dust beneath
the traveller's feet. As I walked along the shore, I
noticed the remains of walls and columns which indi-
cate that the ancient city, built or at least enlarged in
honor of a Roman emperor, extended in the direction
of Emmaus and of the outlet of the Jordan. These
remains are sad but convincing evidences, which es-
tablish, beyond any reasonable question, the fact of
its original wealth, refinement and greatness.

Attempts have been made to compare the lake of
Galilee with other lakes. To me it seemed highly
beautiful ; but with such marked and distinctive char-
acteristics, that it would be difficult to bring it into
comparison. Beauty, however, is the result of two
forces or powers, — that which is found in the object,
and that which is found in the heart which interprets
the object. It thus has two eyes, if we may so ex-
press it, which look into each other and complete the
image of its contemplation by their combined action ;
but when the veil of some inward sorrow or perverse-
ness is upon the traveller's mind, one of the eyes of
beauty is put out, and only half of her glory is seen.
And thus there are differences of opinion, sometimes
as to the fact of beauty, and still more frequently as
to the degree. But however this may be, eminent
beauty has been here. No eye is so blind as not to
see it. And yet it is necessary to add, amid the heavy

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 505

blows of time, nature and providence, that it is beauty
in its widowhood — shining in tears.

I said it would be difficult to bring the lake of Gali-
lee into comparison with other lakes. I have not been
in Switzerland, but once in the interior of America —
in my own land — in the wild mountainous region of
New Hampshire — I saw a lake, of which I have been
reminded by that of Tiberias. It bears the name of
the Newfound Lake. As I was travelling, I came up-
on it unexpectedly. It is some eight or ten miles in
length. It is near the head waters of the beauti-
ful mountain stream which the primitive inhabitants
called the Pemigewasset. Like Galilee, it is without
islands or nearly so. It lay dark and motionless in
the bosom of barren and rocky heights, — and I was
much struck with its peculiar expression of thought-
ful and solitary beauty.

This lake and the country around it is the scene of
many interesting incidents mentioned in the New Tes-
tament. To the northwest on a lofty eminence, which
rises some twenty-five hundred feet above the Medi-
terranean, is the city of Safed, to which the Saviour
is supposed to have made allusion as the " city set
upon a hill, which could not be hid." At the head of
the lake, on the western and northwestern shore and
not far distant from each other, were once the ancient
cities of Bethsaida, Chorazin and Capernaum. The
site of Capernaum has been ascertained with a con-
siderable degree of probability by the learned Ameri-
can travellers, Smith and Robinson ; but the precise
locality of Chorazin and Bethsaida, though we have
reason to suppose it to have been on the same shore of
43

506 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the lake and not far from Capernaum, is not definitely
known.

This lake was the scene of the miraculous draught
of fishes. The traditional place where it occurred is
still pointed out ; and at a little distance from the
shore, and in part in commemoration of this remarka-
ble event, a Catholic church is erected, called the
church of St. Peter. By some, however, this church
is said to be built over the site of the house of Peter
who resided here, — with the design to commemorate
the place of his residence. It was here, on this sea,
that the Saviour sat in a boat and taught the throng-
ing multitudes. It was here, among the fishermen
who pursued their humble and laborious calling on
these shores, that he selected a number of his disci-
ples. "And Jesus, walking by the Sea of Galilee,
saw two brethren, Simon called Peter, and Andrew
his brother, casting a net into the sea, for they were
fishers. And he saith unto them — l Follow me, and
I will make you fishers of men.' " It was here that
he walked upon the waters. It was here, when there
was a great tempest and the ship was covered with
the waves, that " he arose and rebuked the winds and
the sea, and there was a great calm." And it was
probably upon one of the heights rising above these
waters, (an old tradition says upon Tell Hattin,) that
he uttered those remarkable sayings, — without pre-
cedent in the annals of mere human thought and
wisdom, — which constitute the Sermon on the Mount.

At evening I stood at the door of our tent. The
stars began to show themselves again. The lake was
at a little distance. I heard its gentle voice. Ex-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 507

cepting the sound of the waters, there was silence on
the plain and on the mountains. One feeling occu-
pied my heart One thought subordinated all others.

LINES WRITTEN AT THE LAKE OF GALILEE.

Strange is the deep, mysterious tie
Which makes departed ages nigh ;
But God has formed it ; and its power
Has marked with me this sacred hour.
'Twas thus, I thought, as thy bright sea.
Blue-tinted wave of Galilee !
With gentle sound and motion sank
Upon the bold and rocky bank.

Oh, Lake and Land — where memories last —
Which link the present to the past ;
Whose waves and rocky heights restore
Departed scenes and forms once more !
'Twas here He pressed the conscious earth ;—
'Twas here His heavenly thoughts had birih.
Oh give me back, if yet ye can,
This " Son of God," this " Son of man."

He comes ; — He walks upon the sea 5 —
" Have faith," He says, "and walk with me."
I go, — I sink, — He takes my hand ;
I, too, upon the waters stand 5 —
But soon from cliff and mountain side
The tempest sweeps the foaming tide ;
The lightnings flash ; — the billows rise ; —
Storms lift and dash them to the skies.

'Twas to the weak His hand He gave ;
And has He power the weak to save ?
Fierce and more fierce the billows roll,
But faith has anchored in the soul.
Amid the clouds I see His form j
I hear His voice amid the storm ;
The tempest listens to His will ;
The winds are hush'd : — the waves are still.

508 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

(LII.)

Departure from Tiberias— Reach Cana of Galilee— Miracle of the water
and wine — Of other places, said to bear the name of Cana— Village
of Raneh— First sight of Nazareth— Its situation and appearance —
Mary's fountain— Franciscan convent— Residence of Joseph and
Mary— Joseph's workshop— Brow of the hill— Of Jesus Christ— His
personal appearance— Christ as a propitiatory sacrifice — Christ as
a moral teacher— Results of his teachings.

GALILEE, CITY OF NAZARETH, MAY 30, 1853.

We left Tiberias on our way to " Cana of Galilee "
and the city of Nazareth. Ascending the lofty hill to
the west of the city, we took a last view of the dis-
tant Safed, of the plain of Genessareth, of the deso-
late sites of Chorazin and Bethsaida, and of the lake
and its mountains. About noon we reached Cana —
known to the inhabitants at the present time under
the name of Kefr Cana. Passing through the village,
which covers a portion of a small hill, we stopped for
the purposes of rest and refreshment in a grove of
olive trees at a little distance. This grove is on the
side of the hill. A small brook, from which the vil-
lage is supplied with water, flowed at a short distance
below us.

It was at this village, if the common tradition is a
correct one, that the Saviour performed the miracle
of converting water into wine. And hence the brook
or fountain which I have mentioned is an object of
interest with travellers, as having furnished the water
which was thus miraculously changed.

The place of this remarkable miracle is called in
the Scriptures, " Cana of Galilee," in order to distin-
guish it from another Cana near the Mediterranean,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 509

and within the limits of the tribe of Asher. There
are other circumstances in addition to its name, which
aid in some degree in indicating its locality. When
the son of a certain nobleman at Capernaum was
healed, the Saviour was at this place. The nobleman
came to Cana, and desirous that Jesus should visit
his son at his own residence, he besought him that he
" would come down.11 And again it is said of the no-
bleman in his return to Capernaum, " As he was now
going' doiun, his servants met him, and told him, say-
ing, thy son liveth." We found that these expressions
correspond well with the situation of Cana as com-
pared with that of Capernaum ; the site of the latter
place being, in its relative position, much lower. It
does not appear that there are many references to Ca-
na in early ecclesiastical writers. It is mentioned,
however, by St. Jerome in a letter to one of his friends
by the name of Marcella, as a place known in his time,
and as being " near to Nazareth ;" — expressions which
also harmonize well with the locality of this village.

And yet it is possible, I suppose, that Kefr Cana is
a comparatively new village, which has taken the
place and which bears the name of some older and
deserted village in the vicinity. Such, at least, is the
opinion of some persons. Mr. Thompson and myself
were taken by a guide whom we obtained at the vil-
lage, to a rocky hill, a mile and a half distant, where
the remains of an ancient village may be seen, which
the guide seems to have regarded as the original Ca-
na. There is another place to the north of this, which
bears the name of Cana. It is situated within the
limits of the large plain of Buttauf. This place is
43*

510 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

some six or seven miles distant from Kefr Cana. On-
ly a few remains of buildings are now seen there. We
intended to have gone to this ancient and decayed
place, but our guide, professing to be ignorant of its
situation, and being quite unwilling to attempt to find
it, we gave up our purpose. The place last named
was visited by our learned countryman, Dr. Robin-
son, who gives reasons which are worthy of much
consideration, in favor of the supposition that the Cana
of Buttauf is the true Cana of the Gospels.

A few of these questions remain to be settled by
time and further inquiries. The resident people and
Christians in Palestine, who have the control of the
" sacred places," as they are called, seem to have de-
cided in favor of the Cana which is nearest to Naza-
reth. It was natural that we should take much inter-
est in this place, notwithstanding the doubts which at-
tach to it. We were shown, accordingly, into the
small but neat church, erected over the traditionary
place where the Saviour performed his first miracle.
Like the other churches of Palestine, both Greek and
Catholic, it is adorned with a number of paintings,
which, however, are of no especial merit. We saw
here also, in the interior of the building, and arrayed
in a row on the side of the wall, a number of large
water-jars made of stone and capable of holding from
ten to twelve gallons each. Of the history of these
jars, although they are regarded here as having some
connection with the miracle, we could obtain no in-
formation which would be entitled to reliance. Large
jars of this kind, some of them whole and others brok-
en, were seen by us in the fields of this village and in

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 511

the vicinity of its houses ; just as we had seen in other
places the scattered and broken fragments of columns.

Resuming our journey we went from Cana to Naza-
reth. Before reaching Nazareth, and at about two
miles distance, we passed a small, secluded village
on our right, — beautified by its fountain and trees.
There were many people at the fountain, watering
their flocks and camels. This is probably the place
which has sometimes been mentioned by travellers
under the name of Raneh.

We approached the city of Nazareth over the hill,
which lays to the south of it. It was from the sum-
mit of this hill that we obtained our first view. Im-
mediately below us was a basin or low sunken valley,
running in a northeast direction. It connects in that
direction with the great valley or plain of Esdraelon.
The eye could easily and accurately survey it for the
distance of more than a mile. On the eastern and
western sides were lofty hills, approaching each other
at the base, but gradually separating to the distance
of half a mile. The eastern hill is partially cultivated.
The city of Nazareth is directly opposite on the rocky
slope of the hill on the western side. The deep valley,
the precipitous rocks, the city, the hills, the lofty sy-
camores, the groves of olives, the green grassy spots
upon which the flocks of goats and sheep repose,
formed a wild but variegated and romantic picture
which is not often seen.

At the base of the southern hill and on the west-
ern side of the valley we pitched our tents under the
shade of some tall sycamore trees. A little below the
place of our tents there is a fountain, which flows

512 LETTERS— .ESTHETIC,

through the valley towards the plain of Esdraelon.
Many persons, chiefly young women, were almost con-
stantly passing and repassing with water-jars on their
heads. The fountain is called Mary's fountain, in
memory of the mother of the Redeemer ; and it is
certainly a reasonable supposition, when we remem-
ber the customs of the country, that she often came
to its waters in company with the " child Jesus." The
fountain cannot have changed its position, and the
customs of the country are the same that existed at
that time.

The city, which is surrounded by walls, is at a little
distance, occupying in all probability the precise place
where it stood in the time of Christ. Bare, frowning
rocks tower above it. To the top of these rocks we
did not go ; but it is said that their summit, rising
some fifteen hundred feet above the sea, furnishes a
very extensive prospect, reaching from the Jordan on
the one side to the Mediterranean on the other. In
the depths of the valley below the city, which is water-
ed by the fountain of Mary, are gardens and groves
of olive and fig-trees. Such is the place where the
Saviour spent the greater part of his life. It is a
place which is almost entirely secluded from the world ;
and thus is peculiarly fitted for the growth of a pure
and contemplative mind. In natural beauty, howev-
er, notwithstanding its great seclusion, it is one of the
bright and lovely places of the earth. In historical
interest it is second only to Bethlehem and Jerusalem.

We reached this interesting place on the afternoon
of Saturday, and remained there over the Sabbath. —
Soon after our arrival I left our tent and went into

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 513

the city. In going through the streets I was cheered
by the open and friendly countenances of many of the
people, — all strangers to me, — and yet I could not feel
that the heart was entirely a stranger. The name of
Jesus, operating by the inspirations of confidence and
love, constitutes the world into a family. And little
does he know of the power of that wonderful name
who has not experienced in himself a growth and ex-
pansion of the affections, — such as can place the ties
of humanity and of a common salvation above the
differences of situation, history and language. Mo-
hammedans are found here ; but the large majority of
the inhabitants, estimated to be four thousand in num-
ber, are Christians, — chiefly Roman Catholics and
members of the Greek church, — together with some
Maronites. Differing from those whom I saw around
me in various incidents of situation and of religious
belief, it was natural notwithstanding, that I should
feel a new impulse of gratitude and love to God — a
new strength of the bonds of the common relation-
ship existing between man and man — when I met for
the first time with groups of men, women and chil-
dren within the circuit of the hills which constituted
the earthly home of our common Saviour.

One of the principal edifices of the present city is
the Franciscan or Latin convent, which is enclosed
with walls and is strongly built. It is on the eastern
or lower side of the city, as it slopes down from the
western hill, and not far from a steep descent into the
lowest part of the valley. Within the walls of the
convent is the church of the Annunciation, occupying
the traditional place where Joseph and Mary resided.

514 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

On the Sabbath I went there at the hour of worship.
The interior of the church, which seemed to me a
well-built and in some respects a rich and costly edi-
fice, is adorned with paintings and hung with drapery.
Many people, decent in dress and quiet and serious
in appearance, were assembled. The place itself, in-
dependently of the utterance of religous truth and
of the methods of worship, could hardly fail to ex-
cite sentiments of religious recollection and homage.
There is truth, eloquence and inspiration in the sound
of the organ ; but it seemed to have a new power
of heavenly tenderness, as I heard it for the first
and last time over the rocky cavern which is supposed
to have formed a part of the home of the mother of
Jesus.

We were shown in another place, at a little dis-
tance from the convent, a -small chapel, which is said
to occupy the site of the workshop in which Joseph
pursued his trade as a carpenter. In another part of
the city and under the roof of a small chapel, we were
conducted to a large piece of rock, twelve feet long
by about nine in breadth, — which derives its interest
from the ancient tradition that it had been used by
our Saviour and his disciples as a table from which
they ate, both before and after his resurrection.

On one occasion when the Saviour was preaching
in the synagogue of Nazareth, the people were offend-
ed at the boldness and plainness of his instructions ;
and we are told by the evangelist Luke that they
u rose up and thrust him out of the city, and led him
unto the brow of the hill, whereon their city was built
that they might cast him down headlong." There are

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 515

a number of steep places in the vicinity of the city
which would answer to the terms of this statement.
The celebrated traveller, Dr. Clarke, who visited this
place a few years since, thinks that a precipice a little
beyond the limits of the city and above the Maronite
church, is probably the precise spot which is alluded
to in this passage.

Such are some of the objects, natural and histori-
cal, which interest the traveller's attention in Naza-
reth. But I stop here, after what we have thus seen,
both here and in other parts of Palestine, to meditate
a moment upon the character of that wonderful be-
ing, whose history is closely associated with these
places. We, who live in these later ages, have never
seen personally this great friend and teacher of our
race ; but I suppose I may be permitted to say in
common with many others, that long and grateful
meditations on his history have given an existence to
his image in the heart. He lives in the soul ; — always
in the consolations of his sustaining and sympathetic
presence ; and sometimes in the brightness of that
heavenly appearance, of that celestial personality,
which imagination loves to originate and to ascribe
to him. But perhaps, I may justly add, that these
scenes, where he grew up from childhood, and where
he toiled and suffered, have given him a greater dis-
tinctness in my thoughts ; — a greater nearness in my
affections.

In the passage in the Antiquities of Josephus, where
. -a reference is made to Christ, he is spoken of as a
man of wisdom, as a teacher, and as a doer of won-
derful works ; but no reference is made to his person-

516 LETTERS — ESTHETIC,

al appearance. Nor is there any account of his per-
sonal appearance in the more authentic record of the
evangelists. There is a painted portrait, however,
which is very ancient, and which purports in the Latin
inscription which accompanies it, to be a true portrait
of the Saviour. This celebrated portrait, which was
brought to Palestine from Spain many ages since,
was formerly in possession of the Franciscan convent
of Nazareth, and still belongs to it. We made in-
quiries for it, but learned that it had been taken for
some temporary purpose to another convent. It would
be interesting to know more fully the history of this
portrait, which naturally attracts a considerable de-
gree of curiosity.

There is also a letter extant, purporting to have
been written during the life-time of Christ by Pub-
iius Lentulus to the Roman Senate, which gives a
description of Christ's person. He says, " there ap-
peared in these our days a man of great virtue, named
Jesus Christ, who is yet living among us ; — and of
the Gentiles is accepted as a prophet of the truth, but
his own disciples call him the Son of God." The
writer goes on to describe him, as curing all manner
of diseases and as raising the dead. He then farther
describes him as comely or well formed, and some-
what tall in stature; — with a serious expression of
countenance, but such as is calculated to excite love
as well as reverence. His hair, which is represented
as being divided or parted on the forehead, varied in
color, — being of the color of a ripe filbert on the head,
but where it flowed and curled over his shoulders, of
a bright or orient hue. He represents his forehead as

*

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 517

smooih and delicate ; — the face without spot or wrin-
kle, and expressive of innocence as well as of serious-
ness. He speaks of him as a man of great modesty
as well as wisdom of speech, — courteous in admonish-
ing,— solemn and impressive in reproof.

These and other things are said in this letter, which
is admitted to be ancient, although it is not received
by learned men and critics as having been written at
the time claimed for it, and by the person to whom it
is ascribed. But without being necessarily regarded
as genuine in the matter of its authorship, it is not
unreasonable to suppose that it may possibly embody
some of the traditional ideas of the Saviour's person-
al appearance, which were handed down undoubtedly
for many ages. Some of the great painters have been
aided in their attempts to represent the Saviour's ap-
pearance by the ideas embodied in it.

I have been at the place where he was born and
the place where he died ; — to the river where he was
baptized and the garden where he suffered his agony.
It has been my privilege to visit that " well of Jacob,"
where he conversed with the woman of Samaria; and
in looking down upon the lake of Galilee, I may be
said almost literally to have seen the place of his foot-
steps on the sea. I am now in Nazareth. With deep
emotion I look upon the place where he grew up — a
child among children — the son of an humble and be-
lieving mother. It was here, on these hills and in this
deep and secluded valley — the playmate of the fountain
and the rocks — that he walked abroad in the evening
shade or in the early morning ray. It was here, in
the solitude of nature and in the divine stillness of
44

518 LETTERS — AESTHETIC,

the soul, that he listened to the holy revelations of
truth and love. It was here that he "increased in
wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man."
His story is in the Bible. The scene of it is in these
regions, which we have thus been permitted to visit.
Whatever doubts may now rest upon his personal
appearance, none rests upon the great facts of his in-
carnation, his character, his labors, the scenes of his
residence, and his history. Unchanging nature stands
up in faithful confirmation of the historian's statement.

Jesus Christ came into the world a sacrifice for sin.
He died that the world might be restored from sin by
his sufferings and death, and once more brought into
harmony with God. From the moment that he as-
cended the altar of sacrifice and was fastened there —
an offering so pure, so exalted, that all men and holy
angels and all holy existences might see it — from that
hour of transcendent agony and of infinite victory —
all types and shadows and offerings and sacrifices fled
away. The cross on the rock of Calvary was the last
altar. Christ was the last victim. That great suffer-
ing reaches and heals all other suffering. Of its
mighty power ill purifying the soul from evil and in
giving hope in sorrow and despair, what place, what
country, what period of time has been ignorant ?

But Christ was a teacher also. From the begin-
ning of time the question has been asked by wise
men of different countries, — what is moral goodness,
— what is virtue? Plato, instructed by the example
of Socrates and by the priests of Egypt, and aided
still more by his own reflections, made some approach-
es to the true answer j but spake nevertheless obscure-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 519

ly and with hesitation. But Jesus Christ, the child
of the mountains of Judea, not educated in Grecian
and Roman schools, but taught inwardly by the Holy
Ghost, spake openly and clearly. He grasped the
truth without reasoning upon it ; — because the truth
harmonizing with purity, and fleeing from everything
which is impure, is the necessary development of
holy hearts ; and because it proclaims its nature and
its name where there are such hearts to receive and
appreciate it, in the very fact of its existence. By his
own nature, therefore, he was a prophet of the truth.
Being born of God and taught of God, he had the
truth in himself; it was incarnated in his heavenly
nature , — it lived in his life and spake in his voice j —
and he uttered it, therefore, not in the slow process
of syllogisms, but by the intuitive impulse and neces-
sities of inspiration.

If virtue may be described very properly as the
highest excellence of moral beings, there is one thing
according to the doctrines of Jesus Christ and only
one thing which can constitute it. He gave it a name
on the Galilean mountains ; and he illustrated its
reality on the bloody rock of Calvary. It is Love ; —
not merely of father and mother, of brother and sister ;
— not merely of those of our own name, language
and nation ; — but the love, pure by being unselfish, —
of all men, of all climes, countries and situations ; —
and not only of all men but of all existences which are
the appropriate objects of love; — a love which flows
from God in its source, is sustained by God in its
action, and attaches itself to everything of which God
is the author, and in which He takes an interest.

520 LETTEKS .ESTHETIC,

Such love is Virtue ; — not merely the abstract con-
ception of virtue, but its living essence. Being a life,
it has life's mighty and living power. It unites God
with the creatures of God. It unites the creatures of
God with each other. It abolishes all exclusiveness
and all limitations, which are not founded in the high-
est wisdom and required by the highest good. And in
its mighty power and vast extent, passing as it does
from the centre to the limits of existence, it may be
said to harmonize infinity.

It was thus that the babe of Bethlehem, the child
of the hills and the fountain of Nazareth, without the
learning of those who professed to be philosophers,
and yet with a wisdom far above human wisdom, an-
ticipated and expounded the doctrines of Augustine
and Fenelon.

And yet it is worthy of notice, that he did not an-
nounce his doctrines, however novel and important
they might be, with any of the forms and affectations
of worldly ceremony. Brought up in the mountains,
and not in palaces, he was no son of the Caesars ; but
a plain humble man of the people. He spake " as
one having authority," and yet without the badges of
authority. He had no sword by his side, no diadem
on his head, and wore no floating and decorated robe
of office. The vaulted roof of his church was the
clear blue heavens above him. His rostrum was a
rock on the height of Tell Hattin, or a fisherman's
boat on the sea of Tiberias. His audience was the
universal heart of man embodied and represented in
the poor and suffering multitudes of men, women and
children around him. Humanity with him was some-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 521

thing which was far above the ordinary distinctions
which separate man from man. His insight into the
destinies of the future elevated the individual, and
gave a vastness to his character by means of the vast
sphere of development which expanded around him.
He saw in the small circle of man's present low es-
tate, an infinity of progress. He saw in the poorest,
the most ignorant man, — the man on whom power
sets its heavy foot and crushes him to the earth, — if
not the seeds and beginnings, at least the possibilities
of eternal truth, eternal good affection, and eternal
glory. And therefore his heart of love was filled with
the deepest sympathy — he recognized a bond of pity-
ing and sympathetic union between himself and the
greatest sinner, — and whatever he had to say, flowing
from the depths of eternal wisdom and goodness, was
said in the spirit of self-forge tfulness, — without the ar-
tifices of a false rhetoric, — truly, simply and feelingly.
But this is a subject on which more might be said,
and perhaps more appropriately on some other occa-
sion. I will only add a single remark. The truths
'of Christ, — I mean those which go most deeply into
man's nature and destiny, — are beginning to have an
effect which they have not had hitherto, because the
day appropriate to them had not yet come. They are
gradually, if not rapidly, altering the social and politi-
cal as well as the religious condition of things. Jesus
Christ, in the result of those great influences which
must necessarily originate from him, will be found at
last to be a king as well as priest. He came into the
world not only to save individuals, but to hold the
destiny and to be the Saviour of nations. And ac-
44*

522 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

cordingly the secret but mighty virtue which is pro-
ceeding from the bleeding hands and side of this great
leader of the people, is breaking up old political sys-
tems which had extended their gigantic limbs over
the world, and which age had strengthened into ada-
mant. "What means, during the more recent periods
of human history, this falling of towers and bastilles,
unable to withstand the billows of the great masses
of the world's population which are rising up from
their depths and dashing against them ? And at the
present moment, states, kingdoms, dynasties, no lon-
ger secured by the principles of hereditary authority,
are rocking to and fro on their uneasy foundations.
The instinct of a great fear, which foresees the com-
ing of unknown confusions and overthrows, pervades
the thought and heart of millions. It is a fear of that
change, or rather of that destruction of everything
at variance with the best social and civil interests of
man, which is embodied in the doctrines of Christ and
which cannot fail to come in its time.

The first contest is between the past and the pre-
sent— between institutions and rights — between ty-
ranny and freedom. But freedom, — great and desira-
ble as it is, — is rather a condition than a principle ; —
is rather the capacity of life than life itself. And yet
it is only in the wide area, which the arm of civil liber-
ty shall open and consecrate, that truth will be able to
establish the great and final empire of Love. The
battle-axe of the wars of freedom, lifted perhaps in
the severe and forewarning spirit of John the Baptist,
and sometimes striking without fully knowing its own
object, is nevertheless hewing the way for Christ's en-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 523

trance. Its heavy sound reminds one of that voice
which was heard in the wilderness, " Prepare ye the
way of the Lord."

Everything indicates the voice and the stirrings of
a great preparation for the coming of Christ. And he
comes, — whoever and whatever may be his precursor,
— to substitute his own principles for those of a differ-
ent character, and to realize his own pure and pacific
conceptions. He comes, therefore, not with the sword,
but the olive-branch ; not to reign by violence, but by
the authority of wisdom and brotherly kindness ; — not
to found dynasties, but to purify, elevate and estab-
lish humanity. If old systems of law are abolished
and constitutions of government pass away, if the dis-
cordant Babel of grey-headed antiquity is shaken to
its foundations, the patriot of a single and exclusive
interest and a single people, who sees no universe be-
yond the metes and bounds of a factitious nationality,
will undoubtedly mourn ; but the patriot after Christ's
great model — the patriot of all interests and all na-
tions— will put on heart and hope, because he fore-
sees that the institutions of the past which have al-
ways had selfishness and blood at their foundations,
will be displaced and substituted by the great charter
and kingdom of the Sermon on the Mount.

And here in the solitary valley of Nazareth, where
the beauty and silence of nature come in aid of re-
flection and memory, it is not easy for the traveller to
forget that the mighty Law-giver, from whom these
things proceed, sat in his mother's arms beneath this
sun-light; was nurtured beneath these overhanging
rocks ; and spent the days of his childhood and youth
by the side of this murmuring fountain.

524 LETTERS ^ESTHETIC,

(LIII.)

Departure from Nazareth — Mount Carmel — Arrival at Caipha — Ascent
of Carmel — View from its summit — Carmelite convent — River
Belus — St. John d'Acre — White Promontory — Phenician plain —
Ras El Ain — City of Tyre — Historical notices — Remarks — River
Leontes — Arabs.

SYRIA, BANKS OF THE LEONTES, JUNE 1, 1853.

We left Nazareth on the thirtieth of May, on our
way to Mount Carmel. In a short time, we came
again into the plain of Esdraelon. — We had not pro-
ceeded far when the lofty and beautiful ridge of Car-
mel came fully in sight. Descending into the long,
level plain, which terminates on the Mediterranean
at the bay of St John d' Acre, we came upon the track
of the river Kishon, which here collects its waters and
becomes a considerable stream. This stream flows
for some distance along the base of the mountain.
The ridge of Carmel, covered with its groves of small
oaks, rose above us on our left.

Carmel has its place in history and poetry. The
events of which it has been the scene, connect it with
history. Its numerous caverns, which is one of its
peculiarities, rendered it the abodes of men, whose
marked and towering characters necessarily made them
historical. — It was here that Elijah and Elisha, too
stern and uncompromising for the smooth and vicious
civilities of palaces, oftentimes made their residence.
It was at this mountain that the contest took place
between Elijah and the prophets of Baal; which may
well be regarded as one of the remarkable historical

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 525

incidents in the Scriptures. The graceful beauty of
Carmel, rising at times into magnificence, connects it
with poetry as well as history. Picturesque and often
grand in its appearance, it is a mountain which is fit-
ted to fill and delight a creative and imaginative eye.
And accordingly references, such as naturally suggest
themselves to a poetic mind, are made to it in the
prophets — Amos, Jeremiah and Isaiah, — and also in
the book of Canticles. In those better days, to which
the people of God look forward with such great inter-
est, the solitary place and the desert shall blossom
and rejoice, in the language of the prophet Isaiah,
" with the glory of Lebanon and with the excellency
of Carmel"

Originally it was very fertile and well cultivated.
I am not surprised that the ancients, struck with its
beauty and fertility, called it by the poetic name which
it bears, and which means the " vineyard or garden of
God." It has not wholly lost its ancient reputation.
Unlike the naked mountains in the neighborhood of
Jerusalem, it is covered with a variety of trees, such
as oaks, olives, pines and laurels. Odoriferous plants
and flowers are found upon it. Without laying claims
to its ancient fertility, it is still susceptible of cultiva-
tion in many places, and furnishes pasturage for cattle
on its sides and summit. Flocks of goats browse
among its cliffs. The long plains which stretch from
its base, are fertile now ; and formerly must have
been so in a remarkable degree. — -In the rainy season
numerous brooks rush down from its sides. These
brooks, sometimes collecting in large pools at the
base of the mountain, find their way into the Kishon.

526 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Clusters of bushes and flowering plants grow on the
edge of their narrow channels.

Passing some six or eight miles along the base of
these celebrated heights, with but little to diversify
our journey except from time to time the sight of a
small Arab village or a herd of cattle tended by the
herdsmen on the reedy plain, we came at last to the
pleasant, maritime town of Caipha; — situated on a
small bay by the same name, forming a part of the
great bay of Acre. Without thinking it necessary to
delay at this town, we passed on through an extensive
grove of large and aged olive trees, which is a little
beyond it. From this grove, whose grateful shade
protected us for a time from the burning heat of the
sun, we ascended the mountain by a steep and difFcult
path to the portion of the lofty summit, which hangs
almost perpendicularly over the sea. As we looked
down, the sea was at least a thousand feet below us.
We stopped and gazed intently upon the wide and
magnificent prospect which was thus opened to our
view. Along the shores of the bay of Acre, which is
bounded on its southern side by the projecting heights
of Carmel, the billows, with their hoarse and unchang-
ing sound, fell heavily upon the sandy beach. The
town of Caipha, to which I have already referred, was
directly beneath us. The dark wreck of an English
vessel, at no great distance, lay fastened in the sands
and beaten by the waves. A few merchant vessels,
with their broad white sails, glittered upon the blue
and unruffled ocean. St. John d' Acre, the ancient
Ptolemais, was in sight, a few miles distant, on the
other side of the circuitous bay. And leaning upon

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 527

the vapory sky beyond the city, were dimly seen the
rough and misty heights of Lebanon and Anti-Leba-
non.

Upon the abrupt and lofty eminence which we had
thus reached, there is a Carmelite convent ; — a large
and convenient and even elegant building, erected and
sustained by the contributions of pious Catholics in
different countries. The material, of which it is com-
posed, is a light-colored sandstone. Lofty in its posi-
tion, and glittering in a bright Syrian sun, it made an
imposing appearance. It has been erected within a
few years, — and upon the site of an old one, which
once occupied its place. — This convent is understood
to be one of the richest in Palestine ; and everything
which we saw, tended to confirm its reputation in this
respect. It bears the appropriate name of the con-
vent of Elijah ; whose name and history are associa-
ted with Carmel as that of Moses is associated with
Sinai. We were very kindly received within its walls.
A monk, in the simple garb of a Carmelite, but with
no want of propriety or even refinement of manners,

showed us its various apartments and paintings.

The circular chapel of the convent, into which we
were conducted, is erected over a grotto, which reli-
gious tradition has consecrated as having once been
honored by the residence of Elijah. Near the close
of the day we came down from the mountain, and
pitched our tents and spent the night in the vicinity
of Caipha.

E»rly on the next morning, the 31st of May, we re-
newed our journey ; — passing along the bay of Acre
towards its northern extremity. Our path was upon

528 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

the smooth sands of the beach. The waves dashed
at the feet of our horses. Their heavy, but regular
and not unmusical sound, is in strange contrast with
the silence of the desert. We crossed the river Ki-
shon near its entrance into the sea ; and were thus
reminded once more of the plain of Esdraelon and of
mount Tabor. At the distance of four or five miles
beyond the Kishon, we crossed the river Belus ; — a
small stream, and at this time easily fordable, but
which has some historical interest, in consequence of
being connected with the discovery of the method of
making glass. This river is supposed to derive its
name from Baal or Bel, the deity of the ancient Phe-
nicians. Leaving the city of St. John d'Acre on our
left, which we had not time to visit, we pitched our
tents at the close of our day's journey some eight or
ten miles beyond it, — on the shores of the Mediter-
ranean.

St. John d'Acre, situated near the northern extremity
of the large bay which bears the same name, is known
under the name of Accho in the book of Judges ; and
under that of Ptolemais in the book of Acts. The
latter name was given in honor of one of the Ptole-
mies. Its harbor is small, and unfavorably situated ;
but still it is a place of some commerce and much his-
torical interest. It was taken by the Saracens in the
year 636. In the year 1099, when Europe had be-
come aroused by the sense of impending dangers, it
was wrested from the Saracenic control by the efforts
of the crusaders ; but afterwards, in 1187, was retaken
by the Saracens under Saladin. It is connected, also,
with the strange and bloody wars of modern history.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 529

In the year 1799, it was successfully defended by Sir
Sidney Smith against the attacks of Bonaparte. It
would have been pleasing to have stopped at a place
which had become renowned by so many incidents ; —
but we were obliged to pass on. The vicinity of Acre,
however, reminds us that we are now entering upon
the small but celebrated territory of ancient Phenicia.
The sites of its great and ancient cities, Tyre and Si-
don, are not far distant.

At the close of this day we are seated in our tents
on the side of a gently rising hill. A small, uninter-
esting village is at a little distance. Clustering trees
wave above us. The sea breaks sadly and heavily
upon the long, sandy beach.

In the morning, June 1st, we resumed our march.
We soon began to ascend rocky heights, which pro-
ject from Anti-Lebanon, and look directly down upon
the Mediterranean. These heights are the Djebel
Nakhura. Then we came, in the course of a few
miles, to the celebrated place called the White Pro-
montory,— the Album Promontorium of the ancient
Romans. In order to furnish a passage here, a way
has been cufrwith great labor over the lofty limestone
rock, which overlooks perpendicularly the waves of
the ocean. Both the ascent and descent are aided by
these steps, which have given to the place the name
also of the " ladder of Tyre." Ascending this worn
out and broken ladder, which time and constant travel-
ling have altered very much from its primitive shape,
we reached the summit at the height of some five or
six hundred feet. The road goes upon the very edge
of this terrible precipice. We looked down upon the
45

530 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

dashing waves. The sea-birds spread their wings and
screamed beneath us. A single vessel was in sight,
on what was once the great highway of commerce.
It was over this dizzy rock that Alexander led his for-
ces to the conquest of Tyre.

As we approached the middle of the day, we came
upon the celebrated Phenician plain, bounded on all
sides except the west by the rocky heights of Lebanon
and Anti-Lebanon ; — a region small in extent, but re-
nowned for its fertility, and rendered illustrious in
history by the wealth, arts and genius of its two great
cities — Tyre and Sidon. The Phenician plain is thir-
ty miles in length by an average of two or perhaps
two and a half in breadth ; if we reckon it in the usual
way as extending from the White Promontory on the
north of Tyre to the small river called the Nahr-El-
Auly, three miles south of Sidon. Before reaching
the city of Tyre, at the distance of two miles and a
half from it, we stopped at K/as-El-Ain or the Foun-
tain-head. At this remarkable place a subterranean
brook, collecting its supplies of water probably from
the base of the mountains not far distant, bursts out
from the earth. The clear, pure water gushes up with
much force ; and is first collected in a number of large
reservoirs composed of stones and gravel strongly
united with cement. The reservoirs, four in number
and varying from fifteen to twenty feet in height, are
so constructed, that we could easily ascend them, and
walk about on their broad, smooth tops. The water
is raised by means of these artificial works to a con-
siderable height; and anciently through well con-
structed aqueducts, the remains of which are still

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 531

seen, was conveyed in large quantities, both to the
city of Tyre and over the surrounding country. At
the present time a single mill is turned by the water
which flows from one of the reservoirs. The water,
which was once employed for purposes of irrigation
by means of aqueducts and for the supply of the city,
now flows off for the most part in a rapid brook to-
wards the sea.

Having spent a little time in examining these re-
markable remains, we advanced in sadness over the
beautiful plain, which was once covered with Tyrian
magnificence. We could not help seeing that God,
whose great artistic hand is everywhere building
homes of beauty out of fragmentary earth and stone,
had designed this spot between the mountains and
the sea, as the residence of a favored people and a
great city.

Tyre, like Damascus and Thebes, was one of the
primitive cities of the Avorld ; — one of the cradles of
wealth, knowledge and civilization. It is mentioned
as a strong city in the book of Joshua. It is again
mentioned in the time of Solomon. The minute de-
scription of the city in the prophet Ezekiel is particu-
larly worthy of notice.

The harbor of Tyre, which reminded me, on a minia-
ture scale, of that of Alexandria, was formed originally
by an island ; but was extended and completed by a
sea-wall of immense strength. The ancient city,
which is now all swept away by the destructive in-
fluences of war, barbarism and time, was built chiefly
upon the shore, and not upon the island. This old
and flourishing place, renowned for its commerce and

532 LETTEKS .ESTHETIC,

arts, was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, the Assyrian
king, — or at least that portion of it which was built
upon the main land, — 573 years before the time of
Christ. A little more than, two hundred years after,
the insular city, or that portion which was built upon
the neighboring island, was attacked and taken by
Alexander the Great, after a siege of eight months.
Making use of the materials of the first city, which
were scattered in fragments upon the shore, he
constructed a vast mole, two hundred feet in breadth,
which extended from the continent to the island.
The sands have drifted over this great work ; and
thus the ancient island, which is at the distance of a
half or three fourths of a mile from the shore, is con-
verted into a peninsula, upon which the modern
city of Tyre now stands. Treading literally in the
steps of the Macedonian conqueror, we passed slowly
over the isthmus, and went through and around the
city. There are still some remains of commerce here.
A few small vessels were in the harbor. The tide
had receded ; and the rocks were laid bare. Upon
these rocks the fisherman spreads his nets. All around
the city, — on the sandy shore and the sea-beaten rocks,
— were melancholy evidences of the wealth and gi-
gantic labors of other days ; — fragments of walls and
of numberless large and beautiful columns, which
seemed still to have a voice and to utter the story of
their greatness and their degradation.

On this spot, before the city of Alexandria had a
being, was the centre of ancient commerce. Tyre was
the London of ancient days. Situated at the head
of the great sea, midway between the old pillars of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 533

Hercules on the one hand and the Persian Gulf and
the Indian seas on the other, she held her commer-
cial dominion for nearly a thousand years. In these
streets walked the merchants of Egypt. The loaded
camels of Judea and Damascus kneeled at her gates.
On these waters rose the masts of Lebanon ; and the
sea foamed under the stroke of oars made from the
oaks of Bashan. The loud sound of her sailors'
voices echoed over the great sea-wall of her harbor,
as they came in from distant Spain and barbarous
Grecian isles. Arabia poured her spices and balm
and frankincense into her lap. The ivory and the
costly woods of the Persian gulf adorned her pala-
ces. The mother of arts, she clothed the world in
her linen and purple. The mother of knowledge, she
sent her Cadmus to teach mankind the mystery of
letters. States, cities, were born in her bosom. She
built Carthage, the powerful rival of Rome, from the
treasures of her wealth and "love. And the cities of
Cadiz in Spain and Utica in Africa were among her
children. But to-day how changed is all this ?

-With deep interest the traveller looks upon the re-
mains of this great but fallen city. He beholds it a
mighty and a memorable desolation. It was predict-
ed that it should be so. Speaking in the language
of the prophet Ezekiel, God is represented as addres-
sing Tyre in terms which indicate his displeasure.
" Behold I am against thee, Oh Tyrus, and will cause
many nations to come up against thee, as the sea
causeth his waves to come up. And they shall de-
stroy the walls of . Tyrus and break down her towers.
I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her
45*

534 LETTERS ESTHETIC,

like the top of a rock. It shall be a place for the
spreading of nets in the midst of the sea."

It is thus, that nations and cities, one after another,
have perished and passed away. Since I left Europe,
— and Europe itself is only an exception in part, — I
have found only desolate cities and nations. It might
have been otherwise. At least it seems so to me. If
any nation had in the beginning adopted the princi-
ples of the Gospel, — the principles which are the op-
posite of selfishness, — which bless them that perse-
cute us and which do good without asking for reward,
— its principles would have conquered the destructive
tendencies of time ; and triumphing over death and
decay, would not have failed to establish an immor-
tality of beauty. Of this it is difficult for me to
doubt.

Principles are the life of action ; and if our princi-
ples are the old Tyrian principles of exclusive or sel-
fish possession, — everything for ourselves and nothing
or comparatively nothing, for others, — with that watch-
ful and contentious jealousy which always attends it ;
— in other words, if it be a principle or the shadow of
a principle differing from that which measures the
love of our neighbor by the love of ourselves ; it is
necessarily the principle of death ; — in the first place,
hostility and death to others, and in the end death to
those who adopt it. It is this, and this only, which
has spread desolation over the fairest portions of the
earth, which has substituted on the banks of the Nile
and the Euphrates the sandy plain and the barren
rock for the flower gardens of Eden ; — not antiquity,
but falsehood', — not time, which is only the measure-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 535

ment of bright, revolving suns, but the pride, luxury,
and enmity which have resulted from not walking in
God's glorious and everlasting truth.

And I ought to say something further. In going
from country to country, I have mourned not only for
man, but nature. Not only great cities, but the earth,
also, is desolate. What was more beautiful once than
the great Phenician plain ? But now, — like the cities
which once adorned its bosom, — how sad, how desert-
ed ! Nature, like nations, has gone to decay. She
mourns and weeps, like a sad mother. She is silent,
sorrowful and sometimes fretful. She puts on sack-
cloth,— she sits upon the rocks, — she throws mud into
her chrystal rivers, — she buries her flowers in the sand.
But it is not time which has made her desolate ; — it
is not the consciousness of guilt which has rent and
marred her veil of primitive beauty ; — the cause of
her sadness is in others more than in herself. She
lives like one in hopeless widowhood, and turns away
and hides herself, because man, her child, for whom
she built the earth's beautiful home, has ceased to love.
She laments the spirit of contention, which has lacera-
ted her heart in all ages. She mourns for the millions
of her children, scattered and bleeding on every shore.

And this is not mere imagination, — is not the play-
ful or unmeaning metaphor of poetry. Man and ma-
terial nature are parts of one great system, which are
designed to harmonize with each other, not merely on
the principle of adaptation, but on the principle of a
true but mysterious sympathy ; and accordingly there
is a truth and life in nature, resulting from its corres-
pondence with man. Does not the fibrous root of

536 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

trees and plants, as if it were a thing of thought and
intelligence, seek the earth and water which are most
appropriate to it. Does not the plant itself, seeking
to realize the beauties and harmonies of growth, creep
along the ground with the same object; Does not
the flower turn towards the sun ? Everything shows
that nature has a true life, an instinctive but silent
intelligence, and also a triumphant beauty, which
crowns and perfects that life ; — though now, in conse-
quence of the crimes and sorrows which she witnesses,
she hides herself in her sad garments of barrenness
and mourning. The divine principle of sympathy has
been violated. She has been struck and wounded in
the heart. Such, and so wide-spread are the miseries
which flow from sin.

And this also may be reversed. A disappointed,
grieved and bleeding affection is not necessarily a
dead one. When man, from whose heart should flow
out fountains of love and whose face should beam
with a brightness clearer than the sun's, shall be what
he is yet destined to be, and what Christ's loving
power shall yet make him to be ; — then shall nature
restore itself from the silence and weakness of its
mighty sorrow ; — and everything, as if touched with
a divine consciousness, shall recognize man's presence;
— the leaves and branches shall strew his path and
twine themselves about him ; — the flowers shall cease
to weep and shall grow bright with smiles ; — the very
rocks shall utter a song of joy.

Snch are my meditations, as I sit thoughtfully at
sunset on the banks of the Leontes. To this place
have we come after leaving Tyre. We stay here to-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 537

night. I suppose it to be seven or eight miles dis-
tant from Tyre. I love to spend the night at the
foot of a mountain or on the bank of a river. I seek
some solitary place, where man and his crimes are un-
known. The silence sings. The stars dance upon
the mountain tops, or look up brightly and smilingly
from the water. How beautiful flows this murmur-
ing, rapid stream ! The golden sunset throws the
veil of its bright yellow over the blue waves. It is
comparatively tranquil now ; but in early spring it is
covered with foam, and is dangerous to travellers.

Rising in the neighborhood of the ancient city of
Baalbec, it sweeps down through the valley between
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. It waters the old, ro-
mantic gardens and rude terraces of Coele- Syria. It
is spanned by a well constructed bridge, near the
place of our encampment. A company of Arabs is
encamped near us. This is a remarkable people. I
love to gaze upon them. Their spears are long, —
their horses are beautiful, — they stand erect, and look
upon us, through their dark, burning eyes, with much
curiosity. But if I understand that dark look aright,
I must describe it as the curiosity of indifference.

Old historians speak of the Leontes. But rivers
never die. It flows now as it flowed a thousand years
ago ; — old in history, but young in its life of never
ceasing movement. At a little distance, on the side
of a hill overhanging it, are some rude habitations. —
Its steep banks are covered with reeds and flowers. —
The light of its flowers, like the light of its waters, is
bright in the radiance of the setting sun.

538 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

(LIV.)

Ruins of Sarepta — Scriptural allusion to this city — Reach Sidon— Its
situation — Arrival at Beirout— American missionaries— Services
on the Sabbath — Rev. Mr. Whiting— Dr. Eli Smith— Influence of
Christian missions—Mount Lebanon— Its appearance — Its inhabi-
tants--America —Thoughts on leaving Palestine— Poetry.

PASHALIC OF SYRIA, CITY OF BEIROUT, JUNE 8, 1853.

In going from the banks of the Leontes to the old
city of Sidon, June 2d, we passed over the site and
among the ruins of Sarepta. Our course was along
the shore of the Mediterranean, and over the plain
between the mountains and the sea. The site of Sa-
repta is near the sea on the old Phenician plain which
has already been mentioned, — eight or nine miles
north of the Leontes, and seven miles south of Sidon.
It was to the city of Sarepta, which is mentioned un-
der the name of Zarephath in the Old Testament,
that the prophet Elijah was at one time sent. Here
he dwelt with a poor widow, whose meal and oil he
miraculously supplied ; and whose dead son he restor-
ed to life. In the command which was given to Eli-
jah, and under which he acted, — of which we have the
account in the first book of Kings, — it was said to
him: "Arise, get thee to Zarephath, which belongeth
to Sidon, and dwell there." The Saviour in the Gos-
pel of Luke refers to the event mentioned in Kings j
and says of this prophet, that he went to a widow in
Sarepta, a city of Sidon. We passed directly over this
spot. There was not much remaining of the ancient
city, which, I ought to say, is to be distinguished from

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 539

the modern Sarepta, at a little distance to the east, on
the side of a hill. The site of the city is considered
as well ascertained, not only by the unanimous tradi-
tion which reaches back to an early period, but by the
fragmentary remains of streets and buildings which
still exist, and by the allusions and statements of his-
tory. It is true that the ruins which now remain are
comparatively few; but it is a matter of historical
record, that those which existed in the thirteenth cen-
tury were such as to indicate that it was once a place
of much wealth and splendor.

It must be admitted, however, that the interest
which attaches to Sarepta, consists chiefly in the fact,
that it was the residence of a poor woman, who had
faith in God, and who furnished a home to one of His
persecuted and exiled prophets. The Crusaders erect-
ed a chapel over the traditionary place of her resi-
dence ; but her true memorial is in the Bible. The
name of kings and conquerors is forgotten ; but the
memory of this poor woman, who in her poverty and
suffering never thought of fame, is protected by God's
providence, and is written in His imperishable records.

Our route was from the south to the north. On
our left was the sea. On our right were the moun-
tains. In some places the mountains came down near
to the sea ; leaving but a narrow space between them.

Following this route, we next came to the city of
Sidon. This city was the mother of Tyre ; as Tyre
was the mother of Carthage ; — and although the
daughter surpassed the mother's splendor, Sidon also
had its wealth, its commerce, and its name of renown.
The situation of Sidon is beautiful. And this I have

540 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

had occasion to notice in relation to many of the old
celebrated places. I have seen and heard of no great
city of antiquity, which did not vindicate the wisdom
and the glowing heart of its founders, by its relations
not only to the useful, but the true, the expansive,
and the grand in nature. Sometimes they built upon
mountain tops that they might look upon the clear sky
above or upon the valleys beneath. Sometimes they
built upon the banks of great rivers, like the Nile and
the Euphrates ; — which, flowing on forever, and scat-
tering around them the seeds of fertility and beauty,
filled the heart with great and glowing sentiments. —
Sometimes they selected a spot in the midst of moun-
tain rocks, with heights on either side, — with a deep
valley between and a gentle brook flowing through
it, — and there, amid the silence of nature, which is
favorable to the activity of thought, made a new world
for themselves in palaces and statues carved from the
changeless stone. Sometimes they built upon the
ocean, — in sight of its immense expanse and in hear-
ing of its mighty voice ; but only where it had estab-
lished, if I may so express it, an aesthetic or spiritual
harmony with the shores, by moulding itself into
those forms of beauty which appeal both to the eye
and the heart.

Sidon is situated on a promontory running into the
sea, in a southwest direction. It is enclosed by a wall
on the land side. It was interesting to look upon this
old town, — almost as ancient as the foundations of
the world. The eye took in at a single glance the cir-
cuitous and beautiful harbor, which was once all that
could be desired, but has been much injured from

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 541

various causes. The rich environs of the city are oc-
cupied by numerous gardens, filled and blooming with
the various fruit-trees and flowers which are common
in this region. It has some remains of the skill and
labor of other ages. Our attention was attracted in
the distance to an old square tower, — forming a pic-
turesque object on the southern end of the promon-
tory. At what time and by whom it was first built,
is not certainly known. As we spent but a little time
in the city, I will not attempt to speak more particu-
larly of this or of other objects which claimed a slight
notice. All I can say is, that we came, saw, and left
it ;- — without time to make minute inquiries, and yet
with time enough to receive the general outlines of
its image upon the mind and heart. It has its con-
venient residences, — some of them built of stone and
beautiful, — its flourishing gardens, its mechanic occu-
pations and arts ; — and though it is no longer the pos-
sessor of its ancient wealth and commerce, it is com-
paratively flourishing. Such was the impression left
upon my mind, in one of those rapid judgments
which a person sometimes forms when merely passing
through a place. It seemed to me, that there are
some distinct evidences of that recovery of wealth
and strength which characterize Alexandria and Jaffa.
At Sidon is an American sub-consulate ; and the
Americans have a missionary establishment there ; —
a branch, I suppose, of the important mission, which
has its central operations at Beirout.

Sidon, as well as Tyre, is repeatedly mentioned in
the Bible. It is first mentioned in Genesis. In the
book of Joshua it is called "great Sidon." Referen-
46

542 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

ces are made to it also in the books of Kings and
Chronicles, and in Ezra, Isaiah and Ezekiel. It is
repeatedly mentioned in Homer. In the earliest times
Sidon was one of the great centres of knowledge and
the arts. Before the injuries to its once convenient
and beautiful harbor, it was the sea-port to the great
inland city of Damascus, from which it is distant by
a journey of a little more than two days. The route
to Damascus leads in a north-east direction over Mt.
Lebanon ; and then passing through the intervening
valley of the Leontes, crosses the more distant heights
of Anti-Lebanon. The business intercourse of Sidon
with Damascus, the most of which is now transferred
to Beirout, increased its commerce. Its harbor was
once covered with sails. The vessel in which the
apostle Paul sailed from Palestine for Italy, touched
at Sidon. The Saviour himself visited this region.
He had been teaching in the region of Gennessareth,
which is not far distant ; and it is added by the Evan-
gelist, " Then Jesus departed thence, into the coasts
of Tyre and Sidon." It was here that he performed
the miracle upon the daughter of the Syro-Phenician
woman.

We encamped the night of this day, June 2d, a few
miles beyond Sidon. About the middle of the next
day, we reached Beirout, the ancient Berytus. Before
reaching the city, and at a few miles distance, we
passed the river called the Nahr-El-Tamour, — the
same with the ancient Tamyras. The stream is rapid ;
and when swollen by rains and melted snows, must
be difficult to pass. We noticed a little above where
we crossed it, the remains of a stone bridge which had

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 543

been swept away. Like the Leontes, its banks were
lined with oleanders. The near approach to Beirout
was through a long grove of pines, succeeded by cul-
tivated gardens. Numberless mulberry trees lined our
path.

At Beirout I felt quite at home. The hotel at which
I stayed, had every convenience. The presence of the
excellent American consul,* who had apartments in
the same hotel, gave a sort of reality to the idea of
national protection. At a little distance, the Ameri-
can flag floated over the consulate. The strong arm
of a great though distant nationality, which is rapidly
extending itself to every land and sea, placed itself
around me.

I had with the place also some pleasant personal
associations. This city had been the residence, a
number of years ago, of a former friend and fellow-
student, Rev. Mr. Bird, who labored here as a faithful
and successful missionary. I was reminded of him
not only by the circumstance of his having resided
here ; but by an incident which recalled the memory
of his self-denying labors. Passing one day a book-
store, I went in. The books were chiefly of a reli-
gious character. This led to some conversation with
the bookseller, who could speak English, and to whom
I found that no subject was dearer than that of re-
ligious truth and experience. In the great truths of
the Bible and the great facts of religious experience,
we found a common ground to stand upon, broader
than that of sect or nationality. He told me that it
was Mr. Bird, who many years ago directed his atten-
tion to these interesting topics, and who was the in-

* J. JHorsford Smith, Esq.

544 LETTEKS .ESTHETIC,

strument under God of leading him to the study of
religious truth, and to inward liberty and life.

On the Sabbath after our arrival, I went to the re-
ligious service in the American missionary chapel.
The sermon, imbued with a pure and deep religious
spirit, was preached by Rev. Mr. Whiting, whose long
and arduous labors as a missionary are well known in
America. The sermon was in that plain, simple lan-
guage which befits great subjects; — full of well di-
gested thought, and practical and serious in its appli-
cation. Christ was its theme. Redemption was its
object. And it was pleasant to an American, from a
land unknown when these great announcements were
first made, to hear such a theme dwelt upon and such
an object held up with sincerity and zeal on the shore
of the Mediterranean and under the shadow of Leba-
non.

In the afternoon of the same day I heard another
member of the same missionary establishment, the
learned and justly celebrated Dr. Eli Smith, preach
to a congregation in the Arabic language. I cannot
be supposed to have understood the sermon ; but the
circumstances were such, — the time, the place, the
man, the audience, the language, — that I felt its power
in the heart, without the aid of any pentecostal mira-
cle to interpret the unknown words in which it was
uttered. Mr. Smith had the kindness during my stay
at Beirout, to take me over the large printing estab-
lishment under the direction of the missionaries. The
labors of this learned and devoted missionary are not
limited to preaching. He has aided the great object to
which he has devoted himself, by the religious works

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 545

which he has written in* Arabic, or has translated into
that language. His geographical labors, the results
of which are incorporated into the great work of Dr.
Robinson, have given him a claim to the respect of
scholars as well as of Christians. He appears to have
a critical and entire mastery of the Arabic language.
And it would not be hazardous to predict, that his
translation of the Bible into the Arabic, — a work
which is already considerably advanced, — will in-
crease the favorable opinion which already exists, of
his learning, untiring industry, and usefulness.

I should do injustice to my feelings, if I did not
here express my opinion of the favorable influence of
the various Christian missions which are now estab-
lished in many parts of the world. If I may be per-
mitted to judge, not only from what I have learned
from others but from what I have myself seen, the
real impression which the sincere and laborious men
of these missions have made, is much'greater than is
apparent to the public eye. From their gentle voice,
uttered in conversation, in the pulpit, and in the silent
announcement of the circulated tract, has gone forth,
into the heart of thousands and millions, the thought
and the hope of a higher and truer life. The years,
which have been spent in missionary labor, have not
been lost time. Those who have died far away from
their native home, — the good and the beautiful, the
men and women of the Christian faith, — have not
died in vain. The seed which has been sown on
many a barbarous shore, in tears always and some-
times in blood, — though it has sometimes lain long
buried in the dust, — is springing up at last in the
46*

546 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

blade and flower of a freer thought, a liberated hope,
a more generous confidence, and a looking on every
side and, often with an intensity of desire, for the
coming of that kingdom of Christ, without sword or
floating warlike banner, which shall bring with it not
only individual restoration, but universal harmony
and peace.

My health did not allow me to go into the moun-
tains while at Beirout. I could only gaze upon them,
as they arose in majesty around the city. The great
range of Lebanon, with its irregular and rocky surface,
comes down upon the sea, — on the north side of the
harbor ; — Lebanon, renowned of old, which has its in-
terest for the geologist and naturalist, and which, by
its rude grandeur, is the delight of poetry. Unchang-
ing in its position and features, it is also a living and
eloquent protest against Scriptural infidelity. Al-
though the mountain has a desolate appearance, the
small patches of earth in its ravines and valleys, wa-
tered by the rills and brooks that find their way among
the rocks, are everywhere cultivated. Scattered among
the mountains are many small villages ; and the gen-
eral appearance of wild and rocky barrenness is re-
lieved at times by clusters of mulberries, and of fig
and olive trees.

The mountains of Lebanon consist of two great
ranges, running nearly north and south, extending
the distance of a hundred miles from the neighbor-
hood of Tyre on the south, to the bay of Tripoli on
the north ; — parallel with the Mediterranean and paral-
lel with each other ; — with the valley of Coele- Syria
and the Leontes between them. The western range,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 547

fronting and overlooking the Mediterranean, is called
Lebanon. The eastern range, including within its
limits the snowy peak of the Great Hermon, which is
said to be ten thousand feet in height, and overlook-
ing a considerable portion of Palestine, is called Anti-
Lebanon. The rock of these mountains is a whitish
limestone ; and it is either the white appearance aris-
ing from this cause or from the snows which gather
upon the high peaks, which has given them their name.
Lebanon is a word of Hebrew origin, and means the
"White Mountain.

These mountains, which have now in a great de-
gree a naked and barren appearance, were once cov-
ered with forests. Frequent references are made in
the Scriptures to the fountains, forests and snows of
Lebanon. In these celebrated mountains were found
the masts for the Sidonian and Tyrian navies. Here
were the cedars, wilich were wrought into the temple
of Solomon. In a distant and secluded part of the
mountains a few cedars yet remain. The memorial
of past ages, they still spread their aged arms upon
the winds. Travellers of great enthusiasm, who have
the requisite time, make it a point to climb over the
rugged rocks and visit them ; though they are few in
number and are marred and changed by time.

The inhabitants of the region of Lebanon are ob-
jects of much interest. In tfiese mountains, which I
here look upon for the first and last time, as they thus
overhang the eity of Beirout and the great sea which
washes their base, is the home of the Druses. In these
heights of Lebanon, like the Savoyards and the Wal-
denses in the fastnesses of the Alps, dwell also the

548 LETTERS iESTHETIC,

remains of a Christian people, called the Maronites.
The Maronites accept the Bible as the source of their
religious ideas, and are properly called Christians.
The Druses are a peculiar people; — adopting Chris-
tian ideas and thoughts in part, but mingling and de-
basing them with a semi-paganism. In the heights
of Lebanon are Christian missionaries from America,
laboring diligently and successfully, and carrying back
the blessings of Christianity to the lands from whence
it came.

I stop my pen here, so far as the objects around
me are concerned, in order that I may indulge in
a few thoughts which naturally arise. It is from
this place that I begin my return home. I hear the
ocean's sound. I look out upon its vast waves, — so
vast that they bind together distant continents, — and
my heart sighs once more for my native land. It is
an hour of thought and solitary meditation. Every
man has his history. I have mine. My feet are walk-
ing under the mighty shadow of Lebanon. My heart
reposes in the mountains of America. It is a season
of deep and joyful anticipation. It is a season also
of gratitude. God has permitted me to see what I
had desired ; but which I had hardly hoped to see.
I shut my eyes to the future, that I may indulge
a moment in memory, and fill my heart with thank-,
fulness.

Once more I went back in memory to the sacred
scenes which I was about to leave. I recalled
my wanderings in the various parts of Palestine. I
thought again, as one thinks of an absent friend, of
the sea of Galilee, of the Jordan, and the Mount of

SOCIAL,- AND MORAL. 549

Olives. I called to mind the beautiful and varied
scenery of Bethlehem, the valleys of Hebron, the hills
of Nazareth, and the mountains "round about Jeru-
salem." I repeated, both in memory and in the deep
consciousness of inward experience, those seasons of
sweet and heavenly communion, where I may be said
to have walked and conversed with him who bears
the title of the " Son of Man," on those hills and
mountains which were now fading from my view.
But the humble and believing Christian will under-
stand what I mean when I say, that I did not leave
him behind. I found him there; but he does not and
cannot cease to be present with the heart that receives
him as the " Truth and the Life." In the deep con-
viction of his faithfulness I claimed and possessed,
in thoughts and feelings which struggled for utterance,
the consolations of his presence.

0h; Saviour ! Thus I leave the land

Which thou hast loved and looked upon ;
No more upon the hills to stand,

Where thou hast stood in ages gone.
And yet the breeze, the sail that tills,

Is whispering to my pensive mind,
That, thus in leaving Judah's hills,

I do not leave her King behind.

The faithful soul shall know it true,

That every land and clime is thine ;
That He, who trod in Hermon's dew,

Finds everywhere his Palestine.
I go ; — but cannot go from Thee.

I tread once more the ocean's tide ;
But He, who walked on Judah's sea,

Will not be absent from my side.

550 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

(LV.)

Departure from Bei root — City of Caesarea—Stop at Jaffa — Reach Alex-
andria— Companions in quarantine—Sisters of Charity — Malta —

Coast of Africa — Carthage Straits of Gibraltar — Arrival at

Liverpool — Departure in the Arctic for New York.

CITY OF NEW YORK, AUG. 1, 1853.

On Thursday, the ninth of June, I left Beirout on
my return home. It was a long journey of six thou-
sand miles ; but faith and joyful anticipation had an
influence in shortening the aspect of the distance.
There were many vessels in the bay ; — the larger ones
at some distance from the shore. They were of dif-
ferent nations, — Austrian, English, French and Sar-
dinian. I saw no American flag. It is but recently
that American vessels have traded here. Among the
vessels was the French steamer, the Tancrede. She
floated proudly among the smaller ones around her.
As she was to sail immediately for Alexandria, I took
passage in her.

At Beirout I parted with the much valued and be-
loved companions, with whom I had travelled from
England. Mr. Thompson went to Damascus ; Mr.
and Mrs. Walcott to Constantinople. I went to the
Tancrede alone ; and there was no one on board with
whom I was acquainted. There were passengers from
different nations ; but there was no one from England
or America, with whom I could recall or establish
some community of thought and feeling. As our cap-
tain gave the signal for departure, I looked once more

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 551

upon the city. It rose gracefully from the shores ; its
ranges of light-colored stone houses ascending one
above another, interspersed beyond the walls with its
flowering gardens and with its groves of orange trees
and mulberries. I saw the mountains of Lebanon
for the last time.

The sun was setting when the steamer left the har-
bor. In the evening I walked the deck. The sails
were set. The stars shone brightly. Around us was
the great desert of the waters. With the stars and
the wide heavens above, and the vast trackless ocean
beneath, and with no one with whom I could converse,
I felt much as in the deserts of Sinai. My heart was
in solitude ; but in that great and glorious solitude
which disrobes itself of false and earthly influences
and leaves it with truth, with contemplation, and
with God.

The next day we passed the site of the ancient
city of Csesarea ; — the work of Herod the great, once
so celebrated for its artificial harbor, and which has a
connection with the events mentioned in the New
Testament. This city was about fifty miles distant
from Jerusalem, and thirty-five miles from Joppa, in a
north direction from the latter city. St. Paul was
kept a prisoner in Csesarea for the space of two years.
It was in Caesarea that the Apostle made his eloquent
plea before Felix ; and also his speech before Festus
and king Agrippa. Cornelius, the praying and alms-
giving Centurion, who was converted to Christianity,
resided here. This also was one of the remarkable
scenes of the labors of the Apostle Peter.

Near the close of the day the steamer stopped at

552 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Jaffa, the Joppa of the Scriptures ; — of which I have
given some account in a former letter. We anchored
in the open ocean. Boats from the city soon came
out. I took a boat and went on shore ; — the boat-
men, for the purpose of saving a little in the distance,
carrying the boat through a narrow pass in the boil-
ing and dangerous reef of rocks, which encloses the
old harbor. I saw once more the excellent American
consul, who is a resident of this place, and is one of
the reformed Armenians, who are awakening thought
and spreading truth in these regions. I was enabled
also to make some further and very satisfactory in-
quiries in relation to the little company of Americans,
to whom I have formerly referred, who are settled in
the vicinity of Jaffa, with a view to the instruction
and benefit of the Jews. The labors of this small bat
devoted band, who pursue their work of benevolence
on principles somewhat peculiar to themselves, are
known to the Christian community.

In the course of a few hours we proceeded again
on our voyage. This is the third French vessel in
which I have sailed since I left America ; and it is
with pleasure that I bear a favorable testimony in
each case to the good order and conduct of the crew,
and the kindness which I personally experienced. In
our voyage from Beirout to Alexandria, the weather
was favorable, and nothing of special interest occurred.
I had access to books, which were placed at my dispo-
sal by a French gentleman on board. The crew, with
that vivacity and easiness to be amused, which are
characteristic of Frenchmen, contrived to occupy a
portion of their time with the feats of a young bear

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 553

which had been recently caught and taken on board
from the Lebanon mountains. The bear had made
a rather intimate acquaintance with a cat ; and once
a day and sometimes oftener they were let loose upon
deck, and by an amicable contest of attack and flight,
of pursuit and vigilant retreat, in which the cat's ac-
tivity had on the whole quite an advantage over the
violent but clumsy movements of the bear, they be-
guiled many hours of the thoughtless sailors.

Our next stopping-place was the city of Alexan-
dria ; where we arrived early on the morning of the
twelfth of June. Slowly the vessel made its way
through the narrow, winding entrance into the mag-
nificent harbor. It was at Alexandria that we com-
menced our journey up the Nile and for the deserts
of Sinai. I have said in a former letter what I had to
Bay of that city. We had now, however, a new form
of experience. Coming from Syria, we were obliged
to pass a number of days in quarantine. A state of
quarantine, though adverse to action, is generally not
Unfavorable to silence and reflection. But this is not
always the case. In the room assigned me I had the
company of a travelling merchant from South Ameri-
ca, and a monk from Palestine of the Franciscan or-
der. The merchant was from Colombia. He was a
well disposed man ; a man of information ; and made
himself entirely agreeable. The monk was originally
from France ; — from some small town on the banks
of the beautiful Rhone. He had been residing many
years in Palestine, and was returning to the place
of his residence in early life. He had with him a
Bible in the Latin vulgate translation, which he read
47

554 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

almost constantly. It was pleasant to converse with
him. He manifested no asperity or indifference to-
wards those who differed from him in opinions. He
was an old man, very gentle in his manners ; — had
seen much of men and things ; and I was favorably
impressed with his appearance.

At Alexandria I left the French steamer, which re-
turned in a few days to Beirout, on its way to Smyr-
na and Constantinople. Abandoning the plan which
I had formed of again visiting France, I engaged a
passage for Liverpool by the way of Malta, in an
English screw-steamer, the Glasgow. This vessel was
delayed a few days after the expiration of our quaran-
tine, which enabled me to revisit some of the objects
and places in the city, to which I have formerly re-
ferred. I found that even the lapse of a few months
had made changes in its appearance. Additional
buildings were in the rapid course of erection. The
beautiful English church, which adorns the great Eu-
ropean Square, was far advanced towards its comple-
tion ; and I saw many signs of growth and prosperity,
which led to the opinion that Alexandria might yet
recover, by means of its great advantages of position,
and under the influence of renovated rights and institu-
tions, something of its ancient wealth and importance.

In the city of Alexandria are collected together
many who have fled from the political convulsions
and revolutions of Europe. In banishment, poverty,
and sorrow, they often sink into the grave, leaving
behind them orphan children, who need a degree of
sympathy and care, which could hardly be expected
in a foreign country and under great differences of

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 555

religion. But I found on this renewed visit, that the
" Sisters of Charity," an organized and permanent
community of Catholics, who devote themselves to
works of benevolence, had established themselves
here ; and had become the adoptive mothers of many
of these orphans.

It was with pleasure that I visited their large Or-
phan Asylum. No letters of introduction were ne-
cessary in order to gain admission. Giving a signal
at the gate which was at once opened, I entered one
of the. apartments which was both parlor and library,
and was soon introduced to one of the members of
the establishment, a native of Ireland. She exhibited
a calm propriety and dignity of manner, which in-
dicated intellectual and social culture, as well as
the quiet and self-controlling influences of religion.
When I told her that I was from America, she showed
an increased interest, the cause of which I did nofc at
first understand. She showed me over the establish-
ment, and very cheerfully gave much information in
relation to it. At parting she informed me that she
-had two sisters in America, who like herself were
members of the " Sisters of Charity," and although
they resided at New Orleans, far distant from my
place of residence, yet the sight of one from the same
land gave her much satisfaction and seemed to bring
them nearer to her. As a Protestant, but disposed to
rejoice in everything which is good under whatever
name, I mention these incidents with satisfaction and
interest.

I sailed from Alexandria on Monday, the twentieth
of June, in the English steamer which I have men-

556 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

tioned. One of the last objects which I saw in leav-
ing this " clime of the sun," and which still seems in
its polished and lofty grandeur to stand before me,
was Pompey's Pillar. The captain of the Glasgow
was a Scotchman by birth, but had his residence in
Liverpool. He had often been in America \ and at
one time had the charge of one of the Cunard steam-
ers which touch at Boston. This led to some con-
versation and acquaintance; and made me feel quite
at home. The arrangements of this steamer were ad-
mirable. There was a clergyman of the Church of
England on board, and religious service was regularly
held on the Sabbath, at which the crew attended.

We sailed for a time along the coast of Africa, and
then directed our course towards Malta. "We stopped
a few hours at Malta, which we reached on Saturday,
the 25th of June, but did not go on shore. A number
of English ships-of-war were in the harbor ; but the
greater number had recently left for Constantinople,
in the anticipation of the outbreak of war between
Russia and Turkey, which would necessarily involve
England. I say necessarily; but in using that ex-
pression, I do not refer to any necessity which God
has created, or which a higher Christian principle and
greater forbearance and love would not obviate, but
to those pressing exigences, those necessities of state,
which arise out of the complications of diplomacy,
and from the strength of human pride, interest and
passion. The idea of another general war in this age
of Christian progress and civilization — a war without
any assignable direction and without any termination
which could be foreseen — was exceedingly painful to

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 557

me. Malta is a great arsenal ; — in the language of
Scripture, a " munition of rocks." I had stopped here
in going to Egypt ; and gave some account of it in a
former letter.

In going from Malta to Gibraltar, we were for some
time in sight of the African coast on the southern
side of the Mediterranean. One morning as we were
sailing in the neighborhood of Cape Bon and along
the Bay of Tunis, the site of ancient Carthage was
pointed out to me. The very name excited no
small emotion. Among my early recollections there
is scarcely any place or any historical event, which
affected me more, or has left a deeper place in my
memory, than Carthage and the events connected with
it. The poets and historians of Rome, though not
without biasses unfavorable to strict truth, have elo-
quently commemorated the greatness and the terrible
overthrow of her mighty rival. The Roman histo-
rians say, that when the young Hannibal appeared
for the first time as a leader in the Carthaginian army,
the old soldiers, now decrepid with years and living
upon past memories, saw in his form and countenance,
and military step, the restoration and the once more
living presence of his father Hamilcar, under whom
they had fought in their youth. It was thus that the
mere sight of the spot upon which Carthage was built, ,
now a sandy desolation, restored the city and the sen-
ate, and gave a momentary existence to the celebrated
names, which are associated in history with the arts
of war or the wisdom of legislation. No assembled
senate is there now. No ships of war or commerce

cover the sea with their sails. No Hamilcar or Han-

47*

558 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

nibal leads armies to battle. No Mago pleads his
country's cause. On that sandy shore is the burial-
place of a great nation. Her mighty image, as it ex-
ists in the dimness of history, — vast but faint in its
outlines, — sits in sad but solitary grandeur on the
place of her tomb.

Soon after leaving Cape Bon, our vessel changed
its direction from the coast of Africa to that of Spain.
We passed along the base of cliffs and mountains,
with plains and valleys opening between them ; but
no longer resounding with the hum of a busy popula-
tion, and destitute of their ancient fertility and beau-
ty. This land too, though much changed both in
its physical and moral attributes, is the birthplace, —
the ancient and celebrated home, — of a great people.
I could not fail to gaze with deep interest upon a
country, whatever may be said of its present condi-
tion, which in past ages has had its varied epochs of
bitter trial and successful conflict, and which has been
illustrated by renowned literary names ; — a country
which the genius of Irving, Prescott, and Tichnor
has made familiar, both in its history and literature,
to American readers.

On reaching Gibraltar, Friday, the 1st day of July,
our vessel went into harbor ; and gave us an oppor-
tunity to wander for a few hours through the streets of
the city, and to get some idea of its amazing strength
as a military position. The beautiful bay of Gibral-
tar, formed by the isthmus and the lofty promontory
called the Mountain of Gibraltar on one side, and by
the mountains and coast of Spain on the other, is
very capacious ; — capable of holding a large fleet.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 559

The appearance of the rocky and insular height which
bears the name of the mountain,and is the same with
the Mons Calpe of the ancient Romans, is quite sin-
gular. With its northern termination lifting its rug-
ged and frowning head above the southern, aided by
the slight depression in the part of the summit which
is between them, it easily suggests the idea of a lion
couchant, reposing in strength, but ready to awake in
terrible and irresistible action, at any approach of
danger. Numerous cannon, lining the shore or look-
ing darkly from the sides of the mountain, are ready
to pour forth destruction upon the invader. But Gib-
raltar is too well known to require a description.

In many respects the city of Gibraltar, with its mag-
nificent bay, with the straits uniting two oceans, with
the varied country around it, its position in relation
to the countries on the Mediterranean, its immense
fortifications, and its history, is one of the most re-
markable of places. At this renowned spot was the
termination of the most adventurous voyages of the
ancient world. For many ages all that lay beyond it
,was a region unknown. But from that unknown ex-
panse a new power has arisen. Strength is born of
liberty. What was once a small barbarian island has
become, by refusing the claims and domination of
slavery, and by being true to itself, a mighty nation.
Its presence and authority are felt in every part of
the world. England, taking her position here by the
right of conquest, though it must be allowed, in viola-
tion of the rights of position and nature, — England,
the mother of nations, and strong in thought and free-
dom as well as in physical power, — holds this great
key and pathway of the East.

560 LETTERS iESTHETIC,

When, in coming through the Straits of Gibraltar,
we passed from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic,
my mind was the subject of a momentary experience,
which was powerful but perhaps not unnatural. It
seemed to me as if I were passing out of one world
into another. The East, though my travels had been
rapid, had taken a strong hold upon my imagination,
and become a sort of home to me ; but from the new
scene, upon which I was now entering, it could be
seen and known no more. The transition from one
to the other was immense ; so that I was reminded of
that celebrated gate of Dante, standing at the bounda-
ries of existence, which separated the world of the liv-
ing from the world of the dead, where those entered
who were not destined to return. In a moment, as it
were, countries, climates, the appearances of nature,
arts, history, were changed. The strong steamer
dashed upon the waves. I stood upon the deck and
looked back, like one that is loth to lose a beloved
object, upon that eastern world, from which the last
ray of light was beaming. It was near the close of
the day. On one side were the mountains of Spain.
On the other were the mountains of Africa. The
lofty heights, which once bore the proud name of the
pillars of Hercules, and which the limited knowledge
of antiquity had established as the boundary of things,
stood face to face. The path of the narrow, foaming
ocean was between them. In a few moments, as I
stood gazing upon this memorable gateway, more ma-
jestic than the gates of Thebes, the clouds and dark-
ness of heaven came down upon it, and closed the
portal of the Orient forever.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 561

Farewell, bright vision of an hour !

Fading away, like early dew,
All passed ; and yet the soul hath power,

Its varied image to renew ; —
Restor'd with tints as clear and true,
As sunbeams in their morning hue.

The olive grove, the mountain height,
The vale, where many a flock is tended,

The shepherd's tent, the starry night,
A vision past, but not yet ended, —

Vanished to sight, and left behind,

And yet eternal in the mind.

In memory shines that Eastern sky,
By day and night as clear as ever ; —

In memory flowers, that quickly die,
Resume the tint that fadeth never ; —

In memory frowns the sunless rock,

"Which shades the shepherd and his flock.

Oh strange, mysterious power, possest

Of what is lost to outward sense !
To thee, the mirror of the breast,

I give this past inheritance ; —
Knowing thou wilt not let it die,
But hold it for eternity. .

"With the aid of steam, and of the sails almost con-
stantly set, we went rapidly on. Soon after leaving
the Straits of Gibraltar, we passed the Cape of Trafal-
gar, which projects from the south-western coast of
Spain ; — going over the very place in the ocean, which
has been rendered celebrated by being the locality of
Nelson's last great and bloody battle. Altering our
direction at Cape St. Vincent, we approached near
the coast of Portugal, so near as to look into the spa-
cious mouth of the Tagus and bring the environs of
Lisbon full in sight. Altering our direction again at
Cape Finisterre, we crossed the bay of Biscay, and
favored much by the weather, again came in sight

562 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

of Ireland, and reached Liverpool the second time,
July 16th.

Here I found friends, who had just arrived from
America, and gave me news of my family. I was
once more welcomed by the valued Christian friend,
who had extended to me his hospitality when I reached
England the first time. But I could not remain long.
I made a rapid visit to London, — which seemed to
me after all I had seen, as entitled to be regarded, in
comparison with other cities, as the great seat of com-
merce, of general intelligence, and of European liberty.
I returned to Liverpool, took passage in the steamer
Arctic, which sailed for America on the 20th of July ;
and after a voyage which was not diversified by any
special incidents, reached the city of New York on
Saturday, the thirtieth of the same month.

In another and last letter I wish to say a few words
on certain dispositions of mind, which are favorable
in distant travelling. But I will say a word more
here. It is this. I am satisfied with the land and
the home which God has given me. I will say a
word more. I thought that I was an American ; but
I have found out that the world is my country. I am
one of those, who are willing to testify, that man in
his central nature, is the same everywhere. In his
joys, his griefs, his hopes, his affections, he is one.
He may differ in his location, his history, his modes
of thought, the form of government under which he
lives, his language, his multiplied associations. But
his heart, which embodies the secret of universal al-
liance, is one. He has learned the folly of separation.
He sighs for unity.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 563

This is the world's hope. And I will add, that it
is this, which points to the world's great duty. And
that duty is to recognize more and more the idea of
central unity ; and to believe in and to aim at that
unity continually, under the name and form of uni-
versal brotherhood, as the great object and the glori-
ous result of Christian civilization.

The fact that I and my brother man are born in
different countries, that we speak different languages,
that we live under different governments, — although
these things are undoubtedly of the nature of dividing
elements and tendencies, — cannot have the effect es-
sentially to separate us, while the chords of the heart
are united together. To this union,— not so much of
the intellect, as of the affections, — all things tend.
War and all contention have become obsolete ideas.
I do not say, that they have become obsolete in prac-
tice. But I will venture to say, that, in the estima-
tion of reflecting and enlightened minds, ,and con-
sidered as the means of effectual protection and of
real and permanent good, they are rapidly becoming
obsolete as ideas or truths. The world, — (and by the
world I mean particularly the great masses of men,
who have at last* awakened to wider and clearer per-
ceptions,) is beginning to discover, that amid multi-
plied differences there is a common centre ; — that the
differences among men are incidental and temporary,
and that the central element is essential and eternal.
The light of Christ in the soul has revealed it as a
matter of speculative truth to them ; and Christ's
bleeding and mediating heart will make it good, as a
matter of practical and positive realization. Through

564 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the clouds and smoke of the world's long contest the
harmonial sky is dawning. I have been at Trafalgar
and have seen the ocean wave that was reddened by
the dying blood of Nelson ; I saw the lifeless dust of
Wellington carried to its grave ; I have stood at the
tomb of Napoleon. The day of warriors is over.
And I hear once more from the heights of Bethlehem
the voice too long disregarded, (the voice uttered in
numbers because it is the harmony of the universe,
and uttered by angels because it is the announcement
of angelic life,) which proclaims good will to men,
and heavenly peace on earth.

(LVI.)

At home— Home feelings— My own room — Scenery around me — Re-
flections on travel — Divine companionship — Illustrations from the
circumstances of my departure— Illustrations from the circumstan-
ces attending my arrival in England— God seen in his works — God
seen in national providences — God seen in the arts — Oneness or
unity of religious feeling — God in all places— God within us.

BRUNSWICK, MAINE, AUGUST 4, 1853.

I am again at home. The date of this letter is the
day subsequent to my arrival. I will say nothing of
the joys I experience, in being once more in the bosom
of my family. If I could command adequate lan-
guage on such a subject, still I should hardly venture
to trust my feelings. I will only say that my heart is
grateful, not only for what I have experienced in the
affections of my own family ; but for every expres-
sion of kindness, with which my other friends have
received me.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 565

I am seated again in the room, in which I have
spent the hours of a large portion of my life. I look
out from my window. Below me is the beautiful
village. Beyond the majestic river which encircles
it, — which flows in part from the mountains and
lakes of my native State, — are the hills of Topsham,
crowned with trees and verdure. The clear beaming
sunlight comes down in silence on the tranquil forest.
The scene fills both the eye and the thoughts. My
heart rests.

But in again returning to other thoughts and cares,
and in bringing these letters to a close, I will venture
to say a few words on a subject which interests me
much, — namely, the moral and religious aspects and
influences of travel.

My general proposition on this subject is, that if a
man wishes to travel into other countries pleasantly
and profitably, he must take God with him for a com-
panion ; — starting with Him when he goes, in order
that he may find Him, and know Him, and rejoice
with Him on the way. He who travels thus, will find
God watching over and supplying his wants, estab-
lishing the harmonies between faith and providence,
revealing the Infinite in the finite, and showing not
only truth and beauty, but how all truth and beauty
centre in Himself. What I have further to say will
illustrate in some degree this general position. My
statements, it is true, are the slight and imperfect
records of personal experience ; but I hope, without
professing to exhaust the subject, that they will throw
some light upon it.

I left my native country, September 18th, 1852.
48

566 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

My leaving at that particular time was somewhat un-
expected to myself, and under circumstances which
precluded the ordinary preparation. I was unused to
distant travel. My health, broken by long anxieties,
was quite feeble. I knew not that I had friends, or
should be likely to find friends in foreign countries ;
and took no letters of introduction -except one to a
person in London, which, however, failed of reaching
its place of destination. In my physical weakness,
which wTas one principal cause of my going abroad,
and which naturally produced an unfavorable effect
upon the mind's action, I could hardly be said to be
able to take care of myself.

But still, the peculiar combination of circumstances
which surrounded me, constituted a voice of provi-
dence, which seemed to me to require me to depart.
Unwilling to go in my own .will, I believed, never-
theless, that I was required to go in the decisions
of a higher will. This conviction was a great conso-
lation to me, because I had been led to adopt strongly
the opinion that a man's safety and happiness depend
very much upon his harmonizing with providential
arrangements. Harmony with providence is of course
harmony with the God of providence ; — and as the
providential adjustments which touched my case, were
such that I could not well do otherwise than I did, I
did not doubt that I went, not so much in self-choice
and self-will, as because God required me to go. But
where he was to send me, — what I was to see, —
whether my health was to be restored, — or whether I
should be the subject of increased sufferings and per-
haps of death itself in a foreign land,— I did not know,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 567

nor had I any special anxiety to know. I stood upon
the deck of the steamer Arctic, as she proudly made
her way down the bay of New York ; feeling that I
held the only hand which could rightfully and truly
guide me, and satisfied that I was led into this novel
situation by a wisdom higher than my own. And
this was sufficient for me.

The ocean was a new scene to me. I had never been
upon it before, — at least out of sight of land. Day
after day brought nothing but the same expanse of
wave added to wave. Space, multiplying itself by
time, seemed to enlarge itself; — and man, at least in
his relation to material expansion, became a very little
thing. And then came the accession of unknown for-
ces. The winds and the waves beat upon us ; and
at one time, in St. George's channel and near the coast
of England, we encountered a very violent storm.
Perhaps it was owing to my ignorance, but it seemed
to me at this time, as if our situation was a perilous
one, — with a rocky coast near at hand, a raging sea,
and in the darkness of the night. But I found the
-lessons of religious faith available at this trying junc-
ture, and sustaining the soul without murmurs or
fears. This is an illustration of what I have said in
a general way of the relations of God to the incidents
and exigencies which occur in journeying in foreign
lands. The ocean was a revelation of God ; — the
dangers of the ocean were a revelation of the little-
ness of man ; — and in the protection which shielded us
in the hour of peril, we found the truth of the Psalm-
ist's saying, " because thou hast made the Lord thy
habitation, there shall no evil befal thee, neither shall

568 LETTERS iCSTHETIC,

any plague come nigh thy dwelling ; for He shall give
His angels charge over thee to keep thee in all thy
ways."

I will illustrate the subject in other ways. We had
scarcely entered the river Mersey and set foot upon
the shores of England, when I formed an acquaint-
ance with a gentleman of wealth and piety, never
seen by me before, who offered me the hospitality of
his house, and in various ways exhibited a strong and
generous desire to render my stay in England profita-
ble and pleasant. I have referred to him in one of
my early letters. My personal obligations for the
marked kindness of this excellent man* can never be
forgotten ; and it was the more pleasing, because I
saw that his wealth, his position and influence in so-
ciety and in the church of which he is a member, and
his assiduous personal labors, were all devoted to the
cause of truth, religion and humanity. I thus found
that Providence, in not furnishing at my departure
the ordinary letters of introduction, had not left me
without friends ; and that full faith in the present and
protecting care of God is a letter of introduction and
credit, which, the great Being on whom it is drawn
would not allow to be dishonored.

Nor was this the only instance of providential in-
terest and care. Other friends were raised up; other
arrangements were made, almost without any care or
effort on my own part, which gave a new distinct-
ness and impressiveness to the great practical truth,
that God will take care of those who believingly put
their trust in him.

* Mr. George Pennell, of Liverpool.

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 569

In regard to the particular places and results of my
journeyings, I have already said that I had no special
anxiety. I knew that there was one, who could plan
for me better than I could plan for myself. I found,
however, that the thought occurred to me from time
to time, that it would be a consolation to me, in these
last days of my life, if that Being in whom I trusted
should enable me to travel in those lands and to see
those places, which have been rendered memorable
by the events recorded in the Scriptures. I had no
definite expectations ; — it seemed to be hardly within
the range of possibility ; — but still it was natural that
I should desire, if it should be God's will to grant it,
to see the places where the Saviour was born, lived
and died. God was pleased, in a manner unexpected
to myself, to raise up friends, by means of whose
kindness this desire was fulfilled. The persons, to
whom I now allude, were the valued American friends,
to whom I have already often referred. They cheer-
fully consented to admit me to the privilege of their
society, took the most friendly interest in my com-
paratively helpless situation, relieved me from many
duties and cares which would have been beyond my
strength, and contributed in many ways to my happi-
ness, as we travelled together in France, Savoy, Sar-
dinia, Tuscany, Rome, Naples, Malta, Egypt, the pen-
insula of Sinai, and Palestine. It is hardly necessary
to say, that I could see nothing but the hand of God
in this favorable and unexpected occurrence.

It was thus, that starting with God, or at least en-
deavoring to do so, I found God on the way. And I
not only recognized and felt the divine presence in
48*

570 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

the arrangements, which facilitated my travels ; but
also in other respects.

In the state of mind in which I was, and which led
me to think much of things in their causes or original
source, I could not travel without seeing God in the
works of which he is the author. With the excep-
tion of sin, the origin and relations of which are not
easily understood, it is, I suppose, a just and com-
monly received idea, that God has a real and positive
relation to everything which exists, or which takes
place, both natural and moral. He is, therefore, not
far from every one of us at all times. And there is a
pure and believing state of mind, (of which the soul,
as it advances in Christian experience, will not fail to
be the subject,) in which all existences, and all events
and providences also, will become of the nature of
divine revelations. He, therefore, who has an oppor-
tunity of seeing most of nature, (I speak now particu-
larly of physical or material nature,) may expect to
see most of God, if he has within him that opened
and purified eye, by which the great fact of the divine
presence and agency is perceptible. In other words,
the world is God's book — the embodied and finite rep-
resentation, so far as it can be made, of that which is
Infinite ; and he, who has an opportunity of turning
over its pages and seeing most of it, has an oppor-
tunity, other things being equal, of seeing and know-
ing most of God himself. In passing, therefore, from
land to land, from ocean to ocean, along beautiful
or mighty rivers, the Seine, the Arno, the Tiber, the
Rhone, the Thames, the Nile, the Jordan, and over
lofty mountains, the beautiful Tabor, the majestic

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. . 571

Carmel, the snow-clad Alps, the wooded Appenines,
the burning brow of Vesuvius, and the rugged granite
peaks of Sinai, the conception of the Deity, aided by
these vast objects of sight, greatly expanded and mag-
nified itself. It seemed to me, as if my heavenly
Father, as he thus went with me from place to place,
held me by the hand and opened in my presence on
each new river's bank or mountain height some new
page or picture in that vast and wondrous volume of
nature, which is in part the record and monument of
his unsearchable glory. The letters which formed the
great name of Jehovah, were made up, if I may so
express it, of rivers and oceans, of vast plains and
mountains ; and I read and understood them on that
account, the more easily. I cannot tell how my heart
rejoiced — how it exulted — in these new revelations.

I must say further, in giving an account of the re-
ligious suggestions to which an acquaintance with
different and distant countries gives rise, that I was
led to think much of God, and to appreciate more
fully the excellence of his character, considered as the
God of nations, as well as of individuals.

There is a providence of individuals. There is also
a providence of states and empires. And it is to the
last I now particularly refer. It is not easy to tread
among the ruins of buried or prostrate nations, with-
out learning a moral lesson. And the more we know
of the mighty power of right and wrong, — whether
by the rewards or the sorrows which they bring, — the
more we know of God, and the greater confidence we
have in Him. I cannot be expected to go into par-
ticulars ; but will make one or two allusions. If no

572 LETTERS .ESTHETIC,

nation of ancient times arose to greater power and in-
fluence than ancient Rome, extending her sway as
she did over a great part of the world, it is also true
I think, that she reached that overshadowing position
by a course, characterized not unfrequently by decep-
tion, and almost always by pride and cruelty. In
completing the measure of her glory, — or rather what
the world calls glory, — she completed also the measure
of her sin. And in travelling over Italy, we saw every-
where, in broken walls and scattered columns, the
fragments of a prostrate nation, which had fallen at
the touch of Providence, because it had been founded,
not on justice and mercy, but on ambition and vio-
lence. Not only invading armies had trampled on
her gates, but making our way through the ashes and
lava of Pompeii and Herculaneum, it was not easy to
forget that burning mountains and tossing seas had
also risen up in testimony against her.

At an earlier period Egypt had its grandeur. The
Pharaohs were as proud and as cruel as the Csesars ;
and the massive monuments of the Nile cannot justly
be regarded as inferior in extent and grandeur to the
magnificent ruins, which are scattered on the banks
of the Tiber. But the greatness of Egypt, — a great-
ness which is sufficiently indicated and proved by the
extent of its remaining desolations, — could not sup-
port itself against that providential law, which pro-
nounces death upon everything that is not sustained
by principles which meet the divine approbation. If
I saw God, therefore, among the ruins of Rome, I
saw Him also among the ruins of Egypt.

Nor was this all. Amid the tottering walls and the

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 573

sea-beaten columns of the proud cities Tyre and Si-
don, I had before me other evidences, perhaps not less
striking than those to which I have referred, that God,
in the light of his providential dealings with nations,
is impressively revealed in his great attributes of
power and justice. So true it is, that morality, hav-
ing its foundation in the unalterable constitution and
relations of things, has its practical development and
its commentary in historical events ; and that desola-
tion itself, when viewed in the light of a just philoso-
phy, will "vindicate the ways of God to man." Pal-
estine itself, the land of God's chosen people, found
no exemption from this great truth. I looked down
from the mountains of Judea on the Dead Sea, and
remembered the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah, which
sleep in silence beneath its dark waters. And as I
stood on the Mount of Olives and beheld Jerusalem,
I called to mind the sad prediction of the Saviour,
which the sword of Titus and the gathering of the
" Roman eagles" had accomplished.

My religious convictions were strengthened also in
another way ; — and so much so as to draw still more
closely the bonds of communion and love. Provi-
dence so ordered my journey, as I have already been
led to say, that I was enabled to travel over lands
which have a connection with Biblical history ; and
everything which came under my notice tended to
confirm that great record of God's intercourse with
men. And thus I became more intimately acquainted
not only with the God of nature and providence, but
with the God of the Bible. I travelled that Appian
way — I passed the site of that Appii Forum and the

574 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

Three Taverns, of which I had read, or to which I
had found references in the book of Acts. At Puc-
cioli, where the apostle Paul first landed in Italy, at
the Island of Malta, were he was shipwrecked, and at
Rome, where he was a prisoner, and where he was
put to death for Jesus' name, I felt I was treading
upon soil, honored by eminent religious associations.
On the Nile, at the Red Sea, in our long march
through the wilderness of Sinai, at Hebron, at Beth-
lehem, at Samaria, at Esdraelon, at the Sea of Gali-
lee, and in many other places, we found striking con-
firmations of the narratives and statements of the
Bible.

I had never doubted the Bible. I ever had a deep
abiding conviction of its truth ; — a conviction result-
ing not only from the external evidence which may
be brought to bear upon it, but especially from the
evidence which it carries in itself. And yet in some
way which perhaps it would not be easy for me to
explain, the Bible seemed to me, when I had actually
been amid the scenes of its wonderful narratives, to
have more distinctness, more fulness of truth, more
transcendent power. I shall not easily forget, how,
on Judah's hills and at the base of the mountains of
Gilboa, the songs of David echoed through my spirit,
as if they were flung for the first time from the mas-
ter's lyre. On the hill of Bethlehem, in the valley of
Nazareth, and on the Mount of Olives, the Saviour's
life assumed a greater distinctness and reality, and I
seemed to hear more audibly the divine words, which
proceeded from his lips.

I know not how it may have been with other travel-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 575

lers, but I am obliged to add further, that the works of
art which we saw from time to time in different coun-
tries, not unfrequently inspired emotions, which har-
monized wTith and strengthened the highest religious
sentiments. It is something to see the judgment
scenes of Michael Angelo, and to stand in the pre-
sence of the historical events of the Bible, as they are
brought to light in the miraculous cartoons of Ra-
phael. It would argue but poorly for a person's reli-
gious sensibility, who should not find it quickened
and strengthened in some degree by scripture scenes
and events, as they are combined together, and re-
vealed anew, as it were, in the pamtings of Correggio
and Murillo and of the other great masters, whose
works are so frequently found in the galleries of art
and in the palaces of Europe.

And I think it may be said further, that there is
a sense, in which the works of art may be regarded
without impropriety as the works of God; and in
which we may associate God with them, much in the
same way in which we may associate Him with the
works of nature. Who made the marble which the
chisel has wrought into shape ? Who fashioned the
hand that holds the chisel, or which guides the pain-
ter's pencil ? From whom came that inspiring thought
in accordance with which the marble is modelled, or
which gives harmony and inspiration to color ? Ge-
nius is not an accident ; but everything which is true
and good in it, everything which harmonizes with
nature and gives strength to virtue, has a divine ori-
gin. To the eye of faith which sees causes in effects
and which traces the multiplied relations of things to

576 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

their central element, God sits enthroned in the Ro-
man Capitol amid the countless works of art which
he has inspired, no less than on the Alps and the
Appenines.

These views might be presented in another and
little different light. The traveller not only meets
with flowers and trees, with rivers and mountains,
which elevate his thoughts to God, — not only with
works of art, which also have their moral and reli-
gious influences upon the mind ; — but the power of
association, operating strongly in connection with
memorable localities, restores, and places before him,
almost with the distinctness of real life, the powerful,
or illuminated men of other days, who have imparted
clearness to truth, or beauty to virtue ; — men who
have illustrated humanity by thought, or have honored
it by suffering and action. I have referred to this in
part, — in connection with what I have said of the
associated influence of scenes in Palestine. But I
would extend the view to all lands, to all periods of
time, and to all truly great men. When I came to
the places, over which their memory and their spirits
hovered, it is hardly an exaggeration to say, that they
appeared personally before me. The mind created
them anew. Let it not be considered strange, then,
if I say, in a sense which is susceptible of a just ap-
preciation, that I met with Somers, Chatham, and
Burke in the Parliament House of England, — with
Wesley and Addison on the banks of the Isis and
Cherwell, — with Shakspeare in Windsor Forest and
on Dover Cliffs, — with Algernon Sidney on Tower
Hill, — with Fenelon at the Seminary of St. Sulpitius,

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 577

— with Dante at Florence, — with Cicero in the Ro-
man Capitol, — with Moses in the wilderness, — with
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob at Mamre and the cave
of Macpelah, — with David on the hill of Zion. The
mind seized upon what remained, and restored what
had departed. The inward senses were opened with
a power greater than that which belongs to the out-
ward. The eye of the mind saw them. The ear of
the heart heard them.

Can atheism thus give life to the dead? Can infi-
delity, which has no confidence in virtue, thus restore
the men of other ages, whose memory remains, be-
cause their life was the teaching and the illustration
of virtue ? How can these things be, if there be no
God? And how can they be, with that explanation,
which a belief in God alone can give of them, without
a juster appreciation and a higher love of Him, who,
in being the Source of all things, is the Centre of all
just thoughts, the Mind of all minds ?

One of the pleasant things of a religious nature,
which increases the interest and happiness of the
Christian traveller in foreign countries, is the evidence
which he often obtains, of the essential unity or one-
ness of character, which exists in religious experience.
In Europe, Asia, Africa, America, the child of God
is one. Under blazing suns, and in polar snows,
under all forms of government and diversities of edu-
cation, as well as in all varieties of climate, the image
of Christ is the same, — drawn in immortal lines by
the same mighty architect, — not always completed,
but filling out, with each day's added lines and touch-
es, into the likeness of that great and beautiful model,
49

578 LETTERS AESTHETIC,

which exhibited, in the person of Christ in his earthly
incarnation, the soul of the Godhead in man's hu-
man heart. Names, sects, parties, have no power to
hide it, — any more than diversities of language, gov-
ernment, and color. This beautiful image, I saw in
my travels, in countries and places far remote from
each other ; — on the banks of the Po and the Tiber,
in London, in Florence, in Alexandria, in Jerusalem,
in the cottages of Waldensian Mountains, as I had
seen it before in the mountains of America, — differ-
ing, undoubtedly, in degrees of completeness, but al-
ways true to the great Master's hand. It needed no
letter of introduction. I saw it with the eye of the
heart. I embraced it with the arms of the affections.
I cannot say how much I rejoiced in this multiplica-
tion of universal brotherhood. It was more pleasant
to me, than the beauties of nature, delightful as they
are ; — brighter than the light of the morning sun on
the mountain tops.

Among other developments of religious feeling, or
perhaps I should say, of those feelings which have
a close connection with our religious nature, I am
tempted to give the following illustration. It pre-
sents a form of experience, related to, and yet, in some
respects, very different, from that which I have just
given.

One day, after reaching Alexandria, I occupied
myself, in company with the friends who were with
me, in making a short excursion along the banks of
the Mahmoudie Canal. On the shore of the canal,
engaged in various occupations, or strolling at leisure
on its banks, were Turks and Arabs, — and not unfre-

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 579

quently with a group of children around them. To
me they were a new race of beings, — differing from
what I had been accustomed to see, in dress, and in
outward bearing and deportment, as well as in their
history and language. But under these differences
of dress and peculiarities of manner, I recognized, in
the " human face divine," the signatures of a common
heart, a common nature. None of the outward dif-
ferences to which I have referred, no diversities of de-
scent and history, of language, or even of religion,
were capable of limiting my affections. My eyes had
no sooner looked upon them, than my heart gave
them its sympathy and love as promptly and as strong-
ly, as if they had been, as in fact they were and are,
u bone of my bone, and flesh of my flesh." And I
must confess, that this unprompted unity of feeling
made me very happy for a short time. I was rejoiced
to find, that in every part of the world I could meet
a great multitude to whom I could apply, as repre-
sentative of my feelings, the sacred names of brothers
and sisters, of fathers and mothers.
" This was my first experience. Only a very short
time, however, had passed, when I had inward mis-
givings ; and indeed, the thought was strongly im-
pressed upon my mind, as if by some unseen power,
that I had done wrong, in thus promptly giving my
heart to those of a different religious faith. An in-
ward suggestion seemed to upbraid me with placing
confidence and affection in a race of men, who re-
jected the Christian religion, and had often shown
hostility and contempt to that Saviour, in whom alone
1 was entitled to place my dearest hopes. What was

580 LETTERS AESTHETIC

a Turk to me ? Or what was I to a Turk ? Had
not the whole history of these Mohammedan races
been adverse to Christianity? Had not the scimetar
been bathed in the blood of Christians?

Whether these suggestions came from a good or
an evil source, from God or from Satan, I was at a
loss to know. The embarrassment, however, and the
sorrow arising from this state of mind, were not small;
and I was not relieved from them till I had made it
a subject of inward reflection. I sought retirement.
In simplicity and earnestness of spirit, I carried the
matter to God, as the great source of truth. I was
soon relieved, and so convincingly and distinctly, that
I was not troubled afterwards. God said to me, — if
I may be allowed to employ the unusual language of
the ancient Mystics, but which, I must confess, more
accurately describes the intimations and experience
of my inward consciousness than any other, — that my
business was to love ; — that God alone could know
and appreciate the diversities of situations and creeds ;
— that He alone could estimate the un propitious ten-
dencies of a birth and education in a heathen or Mo-
hammedan land ; — that I could not be born into the
image of Him who died for His enemies, while I re-
pulsed from my bosom the man of any clime, or any
belief; — and that, in all cases, he who wishes to con-
vey the truth to any people, and to do them good,
must carry before him, as its precursor, the open ban-
ner of a generous and disinterested affection.

One of the results of these long travels, was a clearer
and deeper impression than I had experienced ever

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 581

before, that the presence and influence of God are
not limited by locality.

Every man, who has a truly religious heart, has
what may be called his sacred places. What I mean
to say, is, that every man, in looking back upon his
past religious life, is able to recall places which are
associated with religious incidents, — places which are
allied in his recollections with resolutions of amend-
ment, or with remarkable developments of religious
truth, or which have been consecrated by the sorrows
of penitence, or by the joys of gratitude. This, I sup-
pose to be the general experience ; and I am neither
able, nor have I any desire, to plead an exemption
from it. My mind has never ceased to recall such
places ; and often it has recalled them with profit and
pleasure. I remember the Bible which my mother
gave me ; nor is the place forgotten in which she gave
it. I remember the places where I read it alone. I
remember the garden, the wood, the valley, the river's
bank, where I spent many hours in pondering the prob-
lems of salvation, and in seeking the great Central
"Source of light. I remember the humble abodes,
rude and solitary perhaps, but yet consecrated in the
religious affections, where, in the evening of a long
summer's day, I stole secretly apart, to listen to the
prayers of gray-headed old men, or to learn from their
lips the wondrous things of God in glory, and of
mankind redeemed.

The teachings of God, therefore, and the various
religious influences of which he is the source, had be-
come associated, in some degree, with places ; and
undoubtedly, forgetting the difference between the

49*

582 LETTERS -ESTHETIC,

Finite and the Infinite, I had a secret feeling, hardly
perceptible to myself, that such gracious influences
were more likely to be repeated in some places than
others. A wider experience dissipated this natural
and common illusion. I found that God could travel
as far and as fast as any of his poor children. And
when I set my foot on the ocean, to visit, for the first
time, climes remote and lands unknown, I left my
country and friends, but did not and could not, leave
my God behind me. Wherever I went, I found him
at my side. On the ocean and on the land, in the
storm and in the sunshine, amid the matchless beau-
ties of Richmond hill, and in the sterility of Arabian
deserts, in mountain tops, and in lowly valleys, in
the palaces of the Thames and the Seine, and in the
Bedouin's tent and the Fellah's cottage of clay, every-
where, and under ail circumstances, I found Him
present, to guide, to counsel, and console. And it
seemed to be an actual, and not merely a hypotheti-
cal and constructive presence, — a presence which is
recognized by the heart, as well as by the intellectual
conviction, — and which harmonizes with the expres-
sions of the Saviour, when he said, " The kingdom
of God is within you."

I have incidentally referred to this experience in
some other letters. I made records of it from time to
time. I have sometimes thought, that it is the ten-
dency of raised emotions, when they have harmony
in themselves, by being in harmony with God and
the universe, to strive after an outward expression in
numbers. Whatever is not in harmony, — whatever
is discordant with character, position, and all just re-

\

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 583

lations, is, at least, not in the highest form of truth ;
and hence it was, perhaps, that these slight records of
religious feeling, without making pretensions to po-
etical merit, often took the form of measure or verse.
I will give one or two illustrations. Our boat was
one day anchored on the banks of the Nile. I wandered
away alone, a considerable distance. I came to the vast
silent sands of the Lybian desert, which limits the
fertility and the cultivation of the Egyptian river.
I sat down. Around me was vastness, desolation,
unutterable silence. But this great solitude was peo-
pled with the presence of God's company. If, in this
vast but lonely place, my heart, as it seemed to me,
was emptied of all earthly things, I seemed to be at
least equally conscious, that it was occupied and filled
with the Infinite. I felt the pressure and the embrace
of that mighty arm, which holds the ocean and the
land, the mountain and the desert.

'Tis thus in solitude, I roam

O'er many a land and tossing sea ;
And yet, afar from friends and home,

I find, 0 God ! a home in Thee.

I pass from things of space and time,

The finite meets or leaves my sight ;
But God expands o'er every clime,

The clothing of the Infinite.

He left me not in that far land,

Which I have lov'd to call my own ;
And walking now on Egypt's sand,

I feel that I am not alone.

He walks the earth, He rides the air ;

The lightning's speed He leaves behind.
His name is Love. And tell me, — Where

Is sea or land He cannot find ?

584 LETTERS J3STHETIC,

Oh long I've known him. Could it be,

That, if He did not hold me dear,
He thus would travel land and sea,

And throw His arms around me here ?

I could not leave Him, if I would ;

I would not, if the power were given ;
'Twould be to leave the True and Good,

The soul's Repose, the spirit's Heaven.

On other occasions, also, and not tmfreqently, I
made slight records in verse of religious feelings ; —
which would not be inserted here, were it not they
are to be read by those who will know in what way
to understand them. In reflecting, for instance, upon
the inward experience of which I had been the. sub-
ject, I had a clearer view, perhaps, than ever before,
of that passage of Scripture to which I have just now
referred, " The kingdom of God is within you." Be-
ing in such a number of places, and in such a variety
of circumstances, I was enabled to understand more
fully what I had already read in books of philosophy,
that external things take their character, in a great
degree, from the mind ; and that the kingdom of God
in the soul, by the diffusion of its own beauty, can
change any place, however rude and desolate in itself,
into a heavenly mansion.

And in accordance with this view, I found my heart
allying itself with all objects, animate and inanimate,
which came under my notice ; and it found alliances
and sympathies in return. The rock, which symbol-
izes the hardness of a fallen nature, was smitten and
pierced within me; the fountain of the central deep
was broken up ; and love, which changes everything

SOCIAL, AND MORAL. 585

into its own beauty, flowed out in rivers. Not only
varied and conflicting humanity, becoming harmo-
nized at last into universal brotherhood, clasped me
to its bosom, but also material and inanimate nature
revealed itself as the clothing or outward expression
of a divine principle and life within. There was a
voice in the winds. There was a song in the ocean
waves. The desert struggled to scatter a few flowers
at my feet. The very rocks smiled upon me.

With the kingdom of God in the heart, I found no
difficulty in understanding the vision of the New Je-
rusalem, and in beholding its descending brightness
in everything around me. It is in the influence of
such views and experiences, that you will find, in part,
the explanation of what follows, with which I now
close this long letter ;

THE KINGDOM OF GOD IS WITHIN YOU.

How oft our thoughts and hopes arise
To thee, the City of the Skies !
How oft we sit in grief, and sigh,
Because thy brightness is not nigh j
Forgetting that a power is here,
Which makes the high and distant near.

Oh yes ! To man the power is given,
To bring to earth that distant heaven j
The power of faith, which has the art
To build God's kingdom in the heart j
The power of love, which has the skill,
With God himself, the soul to fill.

'Tis faith, that conquers time and space,
And love makes heaven of form and place ;

586 LETTERS .ESTHETIC, &C.

Their strength combined makes all things new ;
It mars the false, it builds the true ;
It plants on martyr'd heads the crown,
It brings the golden city down.

Oh then arise, poor child of tears !
Put on thy faith, put off thy fears ;
And when the power, which faith bestows,
Hath met and crushed thy spirit's foes,
Light in the heart love's shining gem,
And be thine own Jerusalem.

ERRATA .

Page 130— far Hudson — read Hundson.
« 280— for in different ages— read of different ages.
" 310— for Greek— read Greeks.

MAR 30

1948

mm

H Ha